TN00173 BLACK BULLHEAD ICTALURUS MELAS
| Species ID | TN00173 |
| Name | BULLHEAD, BLACK |
| Other Common Names | |
| Category | 01 Fish |
| Elcode | |
| Phylum | CHORDATA |
| Subphylum | |
| Class | OSTEICHTHYES |
| Subclass | |
| Suborder | |
| Order | SILURIFORMES |
| Family | ICTALURIDAE |
| Genus | ICTALURUS |
| Species | MELAS |
| Subspecies | |
| Authority | RAFINESQUE |
| Scientific Name | ICTALURUS MELAS |
Comments
Other local common name: mud cat *1187*. Jenkins accepts that this species should be listed in the genus Ameirus; formerly listed as Ictalurus melas *4205*. AFS Common Names lists as Ictalurus and is used as standard *816*.
| Status Code | Status Translation | References |
| 000 | Unclassified | 4451 |
| County Name | Historical Occurrence | Resident Occurrence | General Occurrence | Seasonal Occurrence | Abundance |
| Absent Within Counties | Unknown Within Counties |
Hydrologic Unit Code References
| Quadrangle | Quadrangle Name |
Quadrangle Distribution References
| Ecoregion | Ecoregion Name |
Ecoregion Distribution References
| River Reach | River Reach Name |
River Reach References
Distribution General Comments
General Distribution References
Habitat(s): Aquatic
Comments on General Habitat
This species is associated with warm water; it is found in pools and backwaters of streams, and in ponds, lakes, and reservoirs *4205*.
General Habitat References
| Forest Size Class Association |
Forest Size Class Association References
| Society of American Forester's Type Associations | Seral Stage | Canopy Closure |
References on SAF Type Association
| Land Use/Land Cover Associations |
| Water |
| Streams and Canals |
| Lakes |
| Reservoirs |
Land Use/Land Cover Association References
1187, 6711
| National Wetlands Inventory Associations | Class | Modifier | Special Modifier |
| Riverine, tidal | Unconsolidated bottom, mud | Nontidal, permanent | |
| Riverine, intermittent | Unconsolidated bottom, mud | Nontidal, permanent | |
| Lacustrine | Unconsolidated bottom, sand | Nontidal, permanent | |
| Lacustrine, littoral | Unconsolidated bottom, sand | Nontidal, permanent | |
| Lacustrine | Unconsolidated bottom, mud | Nontidal, permanent | |
| Lacustrine, littoral | Unconsolidated bottom, mud | Nontidal, permanent |
NWI Association References
1187, CPC2
| Animal/Plant Associations |
Animal/Plant Association References
6712, 4863, 1187
Habitat Evaluation Procedures V1 riverine; percent pools and backwaters during average summer flow: maximum 0%; minimum 100%; optimum 50-75%; V2 riverine, lacustrine; Percent cover ( e.g., vegetation, brush, or debris) within pools, backwaters, or littoral areas during summer; minimum 0%; maximum 100%; optimum 25-100%; V3 riverine; Average current velocity at 0.6 m depth during average summer flow; minimum 0 cm/sec; maximum 40 cm/sec; optimum 0-4 cm/sec; V4 riverine, lacustrine; Maximum midsummer water temperature within pools, backwaters, or littoral areas; minimum 10 C; maximum 40 C; optimum 18- 28 C; V5 riverine, lacustrine; Dissolved oxygen range within pools, backwaters, or littoral areas during summer; ranges: A) seldom < 6 mg/l B) usually 4-6 mg/l C) usually 2-4 mg/l D) frequently < 3mg/l (near lethal D.O. concentrations) optimum = range A); V6 riverine, lacustrine; pH range during the year; Ranges: A) Usually 6.5-8.5 B) Usually 4.5-6.5 or 8.5-10.0 C) Frequently < 4.5 or > 10.0; optimum = range A); V7 riverine, lacustrine; Maximum salinity during the summer (adult and juvenile); minimum 0 ppt; maximum 15 ppt; optimum 0-2 ppt; V8 riverine, lacustrine; Maximum salinity during the early summer (May-July) (embryo and fry); minimum 0 ppt; maximum 8 ppt; optimum 0-2 ppt; V9 riverine, lacustrine; Maximum monthly average turbidity (suspended solids) during the growing season; Ranges: A) clear (< 25ppm) B) moderate (25- 100 ppm) C) turbid (> 100 ppm); optimum = range B); V10 riverine, lacustrine; Average water temperatures within pools, backwaters, or littoral areas during spawning and embryonic development; minimum 18 C; maximum 28 C; optimum 20-22 C; V11 riverine, lacustrine; Dominant substrate type within pools, backwaters, or littoral areas for spawning (embryo); Ranges: A) fines (< 2mm diameter) and gravel insignificant (<= 10%) B) fines noticable (> 10 - <= 25%) C) fines and gravel present in equal amounts, combined ( > 25 - <= 50%) D) fines dominant ( > 50%); optimum = range D); V12 riverine, lacustrine; Percent cover objects ( vegetation, brush, and debris) within pools, backwaters, and littoral areas during spawning ( embryo); minimum 0%; maximum 100%; optimum >= 24%; V13 lacustrine; Average toatal dissolved solids (TDS) during summer. If the sulfide-chloride > carbonate- bicarbonate ion concentration, the SI rating should be reduced by 0.2; minimum 0 ppm; maximum 2000 ppm; optimum 100-600 ppm; V14 lacustrine; percent littoral area during summer; minimum 0%; maximum 100%; optimum >24%; V15 lacustrine; Lake or resevoir size; minimum 0 ha; maximum 400 ha; optimum 0 - 200 ha; V16 lacustrine; Resevoir drawdown during spawning and embryonic development (embryo); minimum 0 m; maximum 2.0 m; optimum 0 - 1.5 m; *CPC2* Comments on HEP
Assumptions of the models: V1 the preference of black bullheads for a diversity of velocities and structural features indicates that some pool/ backwater areas must be present for optimal conditions to occur; V2 the preference of the species for cover indicates that moderate to extensive cover must be present for optimal conditions to occur; V3 current velocities where the species is most abundant are optimal, higher velocities are less suitable; V4 optimal temperatures are those where the growth rate is highest, temperatures at which the growth rates are low are suboptimal, and those at which no growth or death occurs are unsuitable; V5 dissolved oxygen levels where growth and survival of channel catfish are highest are optimal, levels that reduce growth and suvival are suboptimal, levels which may be lethal to black bullheads are unsuitable; V6 optimal pH levels for freshwater fish are those which allow for successful growth and reproduction, levels which impair growth and reproduction are suboptimal, and those which result in death are unsuitable; V7 salinity levels where adult and juvenile catfishes are most abundant are optimal, those which impair growth or result in death are suboptimal to unsuitable; V8 same as V7, except it applies to the embryo and fry life stages; V9 turbidity levels where growth and survival of catfishes are greatest are optimal, those which may reduce growth or survival are suboptimal; V10 temperatures which result in successful spawning and subsequent embryonic development are optimal, those which lead to little or no embryonic survival in brown bullheads are unsuitable; V11 the substrate which is preferred for spawning is optimal for embryonic development, other substrate types are suboptimal; V12 the preference of the species for cover during spawning indicates that some cover must be present for optimal spawning and subsequent embryonic development; V13 total dissolved solids (TDS) levels correlated with high standing crops of and species abundance are optimal, those correlated with lower standing crops or species abundance are suboptimal, the data used to develop this curve are primarily from southeastern and Great Plains resevoirs; V14 the preference of the species for shallow areas indicates that extensive littoral areas provide optimal conditions; V15 smaller impoundments have a greater proportion of cover areas and are optimal because the species has a definite preference for cover; V16 resevoir drawdowns which exceed average depth of nests are suboptimal to unsuitable; *CPC2*
HEP References
CPC2
| Potential Natural Vegetation Associations |
PNV References
| USFS Associations |
USFS References
| Tennessee Habitat Associations | Habitat Value | Translation |
References on TENHAB Association
| Habitat Relationships | Special Habitat Relationships |
References on Habitat Relationships
Trophic| References | |
| Omnivore | 4205 |
| Lifestage | Food Item Consumed | Part of Food Item |
| Larva | Roundworms | Not Specified |
| Larva | Oligochaetes | Not Specified |
| Larva | Crustaceans | Not Specified |
| Larva | Ostracods | Not Specified |
| Larva | COPEPODS | Not Specified |
| Larva | Diptera | Not Specified |
| Juvenile | Diptera | Adult stage |
| Juvenile | Diptera | Larva stage |
| Juvenile | Diptera | Pupa stage |
| Juvenile | Hirudineans | Not Specified |
| Juvenile | Arachnids | Not Specified |
| Juvenile | Ostracods | Not Specified |
| Juvenile | COPEPODS | Not Specified |
| Juvenile | Coleoptera | Not Specified |
| Adult | Detritus - Organic | Fruit/Seeds |
| Adult | Oligochaetes | Not Specified |
| Adult | Molluscs | Not Specified |
| Adult | Hirudineans | Not Specified |
| Adult | Crustaceans | Not Specified |
| Adult | Malacostraca | Not Specified |
| Adult | Trichoptera | Not Specified |
| Adult | Diptera | Not Specified |
| Adult | Diptera | Larva stage |
| Adult | Diptera | Pupa stage |
| Adult | Odonata | Not Specified |
| Adult | Coleoptera | Adult stage |
| Adult | Snails | Not Specified |
| Adult | Osteichthyes | Egg/Fetus stage |
| Adult | Osteichthyes | Not Specified |
| Adult | Cypriniformes | Not Specified |
| Adult | Perciformes | Not Specified |
| Adult | Ephemeroptera | Larva stage |
| Adult | Caudata | Not Specified |
| Adult | Bivalve Molluscs | Not Specified |
| Adult | Rotiferans | Not Specified |
| Adult | Ostracods | Not Specified |
| Adult | COPEPODS | Not Specified |
| Adult | Plecoptra | Not Specified |
| Adult | Odonata | Not Specified |
| Adult | Hemiptera | Not Specified |
| Adult | Salientia | Not Specified |
| Adult | Percopsiformes | Not Specified |
| General | See Comments on Food Habits | Not Specified |
| Juvenile | See Comments on Food Habits | Not Specified |
| Adult | See Comments on Food Habits | Not Specified |
| General | MICROORGANISMS | See Comments |
| General | Plants | See Comments |
Comments on General Food Habits
In a South Dakota study, seasonal variation occurred in response to availability of prey items *6713*. In Kentucky, adult feeding changed markedly with the seasons. From its peak in early spring, feeding diminished with progression of summer, increased again in early fall, and appeared to cease in winter *6711*. 9999S, Young of the year are planktivorous, feeding on cladocerans, copepods, and ostracods *CPC2* The young feed primarily on microcrustaceans; juveniles and adults eat a wide variety of invertebrates and fishes. Plants are also consumed *4205*.
Comments on Adult Food Habits
Also eat aq. plants & their seeds *6712*. In SD study, were selective for the largest cladocerans & for chironomus spp. pupae *6713* 9999S Adults utilize : snails, chironomids, amphipods, decapods, filamentous algae, forage fish, and clams *CPC2*
Comments on Juvenile Food Habits
In IA, juv. .9 long fed almost exclusively on entomostracans *6712*, in SD, young ate 94.4% planktonic crustaceans & 5.6% chironomids *6713* In WI study, 50% of diet was amphipod Hyalella azteca *1508* 9999S Juveniles utilize : snails, chironomids, amphipods, decapods, filamentous algae, and clams *CPC2*
| References/Lifestage | Reference Numbers |
| General | CPC2, 4205 |
| Adult | 1187, 6712, 1499, 6711, 6713, CPC2 |
| Juvenile | 6712, 6713, 1499, 1508, CPC2 |
| Larval | 6711, |
| Lifestage | Environmental Association |
| Adult | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel |
| Egg | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel |
| General | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel |
| General | Flow: Medium streams [50-1000 cfs mean annual flow] |
| General | Flow: Large streams [1000-5000 cfs mean annual low] |
| General | Flow: Rivers [greater than 5000 cfs mean annual low] |
| General | Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments |
| Limiting | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel |
| General | Turbidity: Clear water |
| General | Turbidity: Clear water but tolerate periodic cloudiness |
| General | Turbidity: Specified in Comments |
| General | Substrate: Sand |
| General | Substrate: Rocks |
| General | Relation to Substrate: Unattached - normally free living |
| General | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand |
| General | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Pebble |
| General | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel |
| General | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Specified in Comments |
| General | Aquatic Vegetation [specified type]: Specified in comments |
| General | Flow: Medium streams [50-1000 cfs mean annual flow] |
| General | Flow: Large streams [1000-5000 cfs mean annual low] |
| General | Flow: Specified in Comments |
| General | Water Level: Permanently flooded areas |
| General | Reservoir Water: Specified in Comments |
| General | Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments |
| General | Aquatic Features: Specified in Comments |
| General | Inland Wetlands: Inland open fresh water |
| Limiting | Turbidity: Clear water |
| Limiting | Turbidity: Clear water but tolerate periodic cloudiness |
| Limiting | Turbidity: Specified in Comments |
| Limiting | Water Temperature: Specified in Comments |
| Limiting | Reservoir Water: Specified in Comments |
| Limiting | Flow: Medium streams [50-1000 cfs mean annual flow] |
| Limiting | Flow: Large streams [1000-5000 cfs mean annual low] |
| Limiting | Substrate: Sand |
| Limiting | Substrate: Rocks |
| Limiting | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand |
| Limiting | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Pebble |
| Limiting | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel |
| Limiting | Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments |
| Egg | Turbidity: Clear water |
| Feeding Adult | Turbidity: Clear water |
| Breeding Adult | Turbidity: Clear water |
| General | Gradient: Specified in Comments |
| General | Gradient: Moderate |
| General | Elevation: 1000-2000 ft. |
| General | Elevation: Specified in Comments |
| General | Water Depth Preference: Less than 1 ft. |
| General | Flow: Small streams [5-50 cfs mean annual flow] |
| General | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Organic debris |
| General | Stability of Bottom: Stable |
| General | Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Specified in Comments |
| General | Aquatic Features: Pool areas |
| General | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Bedrock |
| Limiting | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Bedrock |
| Limiting | Aquatic Features: Pool areas |
| Juvenile | Substrate: Rocks |
| Juvenile | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel |
| Juvenile | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Bedrock |
| Juvenile | Aquatic Features: Pool areas |
| Adult | Substrate: Rocks |
| Adult | Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Bedrock |
| Adult | Aquatic Features: Pool areas |
| General | Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft. |
Comments on General Environmental Associations
0 TN00265POOL AREAS OVER CLEAN SUBSTRATE
Comments on Limiting Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Adult Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Breeding Adult Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Feeding Adult Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Resting Adult Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Juvenile Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Feeding Juvenile Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Resting Juvenile Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Larval Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Feeding Larva Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Resting Larva Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Pupa Environmental Associations
0
Comments on Egg Environmental Associations
0
| References/Lifestage | Reference Numbers |
| General | 2, 72, 9286, 807, 787, 821 |
| Limiting | 2, 72, 807 |
| Breeding Adult | 2, 72, 807 |
| Feeding Adult | 2, 72, 807 |
| Resting Adult | 2, 72, |
| Egg | 2, 72, 807 |
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-size bullhead. It has an emarginate tail, dark chin barbels, and usually 17-19 gill rak- ers. The body is robust, and compressed posteriorly. The head is depressed; lateral profile of its dorsum straight in the juvenile and subadult to distinctly convex in some adults; the mouth is slightly subterminal; the eye is small. The pectoral spine is straight or slightly recurved; posterior serrae are variable. The dorsal fin has 1 spine, 6 rays; branched caudal rays 15; anal rays (19)20-24(25); pelvic rays 8; pectoral with 1 spine, 8 rays;gill rakers (15)17-19(21). Color: Dorsum and upper side olive, brown, or black; lower side green- gold, yellow or white; boundary of upper and lower side sometimes mot- tled; venter white to yellow; fins brown to black. In the breeding male, the dorsum and upper side are black, the venter milky white to bright yellow *4205*. REPRODUCTION: In Virginia, this species probably spawns in late May and June. Water temperatures at spawning range from 21-30 degrees C. Spawning occurs over sand in backwaters. The female excavates a shal- low nest by fin fanning and pushing the substrate with the snout. Spawning adults assume a lateral head-to-tail position, the male em- bracing the female by wrapping his caudal fin about her snout *4205*. In Kansas, they spawn from May-August *2980*; in Missouri, they spawn in May or June *1187,7092*; in Iowa, the spawning condition was noted in June-August, with the speak spawning period in early July *6712*; nests often under logs or other large object elevated above the stream bottom, but may also occur where no overhead cover is present *1187*; nests in weedy areas found at depths of 0.5-1.5 m *CPC2*; nests in Iowa were 6-14 inches in diameter *7092*; clutch size in Iowa was 2000 to 6000 eggs *7092; fecundity: females in Kentucky spawn mid-May to July, attain spawning condition later in ponds than in lakes and streams *1508*;average fecundity of Kentucky females: with an average length of 190 mm was 2552 eggs; 198 mm was 3372 eggs; 182 was 2645 eggs; both parents defend the nesting territory, and remain with the fry until they are about 1 inch long *1187,2980*; the young school dur- ing the fry stage; fall and winter are critical periods for their survival *6712*; they reach sexual maturity at 2-4 years, depending on food supply and population density *2980*. BEHAVIOR: Feed in streams, lakes, or ponds, and prey on organisms in littoral, limnetic, and benthic zones *6713*; in Wisconsin, the young fed mainly at dawn and dusk, and were active in the day and inactive at night; adults were active and fed at night, and were inactive dur- ing the daytime *1508*; in Kentucky, larvae were seen feeding at the surface during the daytime *1508*. ORIGIN: Native from Montana to Appalachians, introduced outside their native range *816*. LIMITING FACTORS: Nest predators include minnows & sunfish *1187*; survival of the young seems to be most critical in late fall and winter *6712*; Parasites include leeches, yellow grubs, trematodes, and cestodes *6712,4863*. POPULATION PARAMETERS: In Missouri, few individuals live more than 5 years, though the maximum lifespan is 10 years or more *1187*; In Oklahoma, growth was slowest in overpopulated ponds and streams, and fastest in new impoundments *6715*; in fast growing populations, this species may reach 10 inches in 1 year; in slow growing populations, it may take 5 or 6 years to get to 10 inches *6715*; in Missouri, adults seldom exceed a length of 16 inches or a weight of 2.3 pounds; the largest specimen weighed 3 pounds 2 ounces *1187*; in Iowa, they may reach a weight of 2 pounds or more *7092*; size at maturity ranges from 170- 250 mm *CPC2*; maximum size ranges from 43 cm and 1.3 kg in southern waters to 38 cm and 0.9 kg in central waters *CPC2*. AQUATIC/TERRESTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS: The young feed primarily on micro- crustaceans; juveniles and adults eat a variety of invertebrates and fishes. Plants are also consumed, but do not seem to form a large part of the diet of this species *4205*.
| Life History |
References for Life History Codes
1187, 6713, 6712, 7092, 6715, 4863, 2980, 1508, 816, 6595, 2927, 1490, 2737, 1514, 1516, 6596, CPC2, 4205
Comments on Life History Codes
| References/Result | Reference Numbers |
Comments on Management Practices
In a stunted Iowa population, removing catch limits resulted in a reduced population density and an improved growth rate for the remaining population *6716*.
2* Pierce, R.J. 1977. Life history and ecological energetics of the gizzard shad (Dorodoma cepedianum) in Acton Lake, Ohio. UNPB., Miami Univ.:214. 72* Cottam, C., Nelson, A.L., Clarke, J.E. 1939. Food of the black bear. J. Mammal. 20(3).:310-314. *... 787* Burkhead, N.M., Jenkins, R.E. 1982. Five-year status review of the slender chub, Hybopsis cahni a threatened cyprinid fish of the Upper Tennessee drainage. Rep. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Newton Corner, Mass:27. 807* Jenkins, R.E. 1975. Hybopsis chani (Hubbs and Crowe), 1956. UNPB,:30. 816* 1980. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. Lee, D.S., Gilbert, C.R., Hocutt, C.H., McAllister, R.E., Stauffer, J.R., Jr. (eds.). Pub. 1980-12 of N. Car. Biol. Surv, N. C. State Mus. of Nat. Hist., Raleigh:854. 821* Parker, W., Dixon, L. 1980. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Washington, D.C:45. 1187* Pflieger, W.L. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Mo. Dept. Conserv.,:173. 1490* Fowler, H.W. 1917. Some notes on the breeding habits of local catfishes. Copeia 1917.:32-36. 1499* Rickett, J.D. 1976. Growth and reproduction of largemouth bass and black bullheads cultured together. Progr. Fish Cult. 38.:82-85. 1508* Darnell, R.M., Meierotto, R.R. 1965. Diurnal periodicity in the black bullhead, Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque). Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 94(1).:1-8. 1514* McCammon, G.W., Seeley, C.M. 1961. Survival, mortality, and movements of white catfish and brown bullheads in Clear Lake, California. Calif. Fish Game 47(3).:237-255. 1516* Raney, E.C., Webster, D.A. 1940. The food and growth of the young of the common bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus nebulosus (Lesueur), in Cayuga Lake, New York. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 69(1939).:205-209. 2737* Harlan, J.R., Speaker, E.B. 1956. Iowa fish and fishing 3rd. ed. 3rd ed. State Conserv. Comm., State of Iowa,:377. 2927* Breder, C.M., Jr. 1935. The reproductive habits of the common catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus (Lesueur), with a discussion of their significance in ontogeny and phylogeny. Zoologica 19.:143-185. 2980* Cross, F.B. 1967. Handbook of fishes in Kansas. Misc. Publ. No. 45. Museum Natural History, Univ. Kansas, Lawrence:357. 4205* Jenkins, R.E. 1984. Fishes of Virginia (tentative).. 4451* 1983. Wildlife Code of MO. MO Dept. of Conservation.:112. 4863* Albaugh, D.W. 1969. Sources of growth variation among individual black bullhead, ictalurus melas, and channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus. Trans. Amer. Fish. 98.:35-44. 6595* Breder, C.M. 1939. Variations in the nesting habits of Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). Zoologica 24(3).:367-368. 6596* Kelso, J.R.M. 1974. Influence of a thermal effluent on movement of brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) as determined by ultrasonic tracking. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 31.:1507-1513. 6711* Campbell, P.D., Branson, B.A. 1978. Ecology and population dynamics of the black bullhead, Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque), in central Kentucky. Tulane Studies Zool. Bot. 20(3-4).:99-136. 6712* Forney, J.L. 1955. Life history of the black bullhead, Ameiurus melas, in Clear Lake, Iowa. Iowa ST. Jour. Sci. 30.:145-162. 6713* Repsys, A.J., Applegate, R.L., Hales, D.C. 1976. Food and food selectivity of the black bullhead, Ictalurus melas, in Lake Poinsett, South Dakota. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 33(4,1).:768-775. 6715* Houser, A., Collins, C. 1962. Growth of black bullhead catfish in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Fish. Res. Lab. Rept., No. 79.:1-18. 7092* Heins, D.C., Rabito, F.G., Jr. 1986. Spawning performance in North American minnows: Direct evidence of the occurence of multiple clutches in the genus Notropis Notropis. J. Fish Biol. 28.:343-357. 9286* Virginia Dept. Game Inland Fisheries. 1988. Proceedings of symposium on species of special concern in Virginia. In Press,. CPC2*...