TN00218    SMALLMOUTH BASS    MICROPTERUS DOLOMIEUI 

Taxonomy

Species ID	TN00218
Name	BASS, SMALLMOUTH
Other Common Names
Category	01 Fish
Elcode
Phylum	CHORDATA
Subphylum
Class	OSTEICHTHYES
Subclass
Suborder
Order	PERCIFORMES
Family	CENTRARCHIDAE
Genus	MICROPTERUS
Species	DOLOMIEUI
Subspecies
Authority	LACEPEDE
Scientific Name	MICROPTERUS DOLOMIEUI

References

835, 1178, 4205

Comments

There are two forms recognized and in Virginia, the native form is M. d. dolomieui *4205*.

Status

Status Code	Status Translation	References
221	Game (Consumptive Recreational)	2655
123	Sport Fish	2659
999	See Comments	2660

County Name	Historical Occurrence	Resident Occurrence	General Occurrence	Seasonal Occurrence	Abundance
Anderson	2	2	2	All Seasons
Bedford	2	2	2	All Seasons
Benton	2	2	2	All Seasons
Bledsoe	2	2	2	All Seasons
Blount	2	2	2	All Seasons
Bradley	2	2	2	All Seasons
Campbell	2	2	2	All Seasons
Cannon	2	2	2	All Seasons
Carroll	2	2	2	All Seasons
Carter	2	2	2	All Seasons
Cheatham	2	2	2	All Seasons
Chester	2	2	2	All Seasons
Claiborne	2	2	2	All Seasons
Clay	2	2	2	All Seasons
Cocke	2	2	2	All Seasons
Coffee	2	2	2	All Seasons
Crockett	5	2	2	All Seasons
Cumberland	2	2	2	All Seasons
Davidson	2	2	2	All Seasons
Decatur	2	2	2	All Seasons
DeKalb	2	2	2	All Seasons
Dickson	2	2	2	All Seasons
Dyer	5	2	2	All Seasons
Fayette	5	2	2	All Seasons
Fentress	2	2	2	All Seasons
Franklin	2	2	2	All Seasons
Gibson	5	2	2	All Seasons
Giles	2	2	2	All Seasons
Grainger	2	2	2	All Seasons
Greene	2	2	2	All Seasons
Grundy	2	2	2	All Seasons
Hamblen	2	2	2	All Seasons
Hamilton	2	2	2	All Seasons
Hancock	2	2	2	All Seasons
Hardeman	2	2	2	All Seasons
Hardin	2	2	2	All Seasons
Hawkins	2	2	2	All Seasons
Haywood	2	2	2	All Seasons
Henderson	2	2	2	All Seasons
Henry	2	2	2	All Seasons
Hickman	2	2	2	All Seasons
Houston	2	2	2	All Seasons
Humphreys	2	2	2	All Seasons
Jackson	2	2	2	All Seasons
Jefferson	2	2	2	All Seasons
Johnson	2	2	2	All Seasons
Knox	2	2	2	All Seasons
Lake	5	2	2	All Seasons
Lauderdale	5	2	2	All Seasons
Lawrence	2	2	2	All Seasons
Lewis	2	2	2	All Seasons
Lincoln	2	2	2	All Seasons
Loudon	2	2	2	All Seasons
McMinn	2	2	2	All Seasons
McNairy	2	2	2	All Seasons
Macon	2	2	2	All Seasons
Madison	5	2	2	All Seasons
Marion	2	2	2	All Seasons
Marshall	2	2	2	All Seasons
Maury	2	2	2	All Seasons
Meigs	2	2	2	All Seasons
Monroe	2	2	2	All Seasons
Montgomery	2	2	2	All Seasons
Moore	2	2	2	All Seasons
Morgan	2	2	2	All Seasons
Obion	5	2	2	All Seasons
Overton	2	2	2	All Seasons
Perry	2	2	2	All Seasons
Pickett	2	2	2	All Seasons
Polk	2	2	2	All Seasons
Putnam	2	2	2	All Seasons
Rhea	2	2	2	All Seasons
Roane	2	2	2	All Seasons
Robertson	2	2	2	All Seasons
Rutherford	2	2	2	All Seasons
Scott	2	2	2	All Seasons
Sequatchie	2	2	2	All Seasons
Sevier	2	2	2	All Seasons
Shelby	5	2	2	All Seasons
Smith	2	2	2	All Seasons
Stewart	2	2	2	All Seasons
Sullivan	2	2	2	All Seasons
Sumner	2	2	2	All Seasons
Tipton	5	2	2	All Seasons
Trousdale	5	2	2	All Seasons
Unicoi	2	2	2	All Seasons
Union	2	2	2	All Seasons
Van Buren	5	2	2	All Seasons
Warren	2	2	2	All Seasons
Washington	2	2	2	All Seasons
Wayne	2	2	2	All Seasons
Weakley	5	2	2	All Seasons
White	2	2	2	All Seasons
Williamson	2	2	2	All Seasons
Wilson	2	2	2	All Seasons

Absent Within Counties	Unknown Within Counties

Hydrologic Unit Code References TN5072

Quadrangle	Quadrangle Name

Quadrangle Distribution References

Ecoregion	Ecoregion Name
221100	Mixed Mesophytic Forest
221400	Appalachian Oak Forest
221500	Oak-Hickory Forest
231200	Southern Flood Plain Forest
232000	Southeastern Mixed Forest

Ecoregion Distribution References TN5057, 4205

River Reach	River Reach Name

River Reach References

Distribution General Comments

General Distribution References

Habitat(s): Aquatic

Comments on General Habitat

The activities of this species are associated with shoreline and open water, although it prefers cover or the proximity thereof *1152*. They prefer cool to warm, generally clear streams with rocky substrates and a frequent succession of riffles and pools. They are found in reservoirs and natural northern lakes. In Virginia, they may reside in tidal freshwater. During the winter, stream dwelling smallmouth seek shelter in pools. They are found over a variety of substrates *4205*.

General Habitat References

1152, 4205

Forest Size Class Association

Forest Size Class Association References

Society of American Forester's Type Associations	Seral Stage	Canopy Closure

References on SAF Type Association

Land Use/Land Cover Associations

Reservoirs

Streams and Canals

Lakes

Bays and Estuaries

Water

Land Use/Land Cover Association References

1187, 6481, 816, 4205

National Wetlands Inventory Associations	Class	Modifier	Special Modifier
Riverine, lower perennial	Rock bottom, boulder
Riverine, lower perennial	Unconsolidated bottom, sand
Riverine, lower perennial	Unconsolidated bottom, organic
Riverine, lower perennial	Aquatic bed, submergent vascular
Riverine, lower perennial	Aquatic bed, floating-leaved [rooted]
Riverine, lower perennial	Flat, cobble/gravel
Riverine, lower perennial	Flat, mud
Riverine, lower perennial	Streambed, cobble/gravel
Riverine, lower perennial	Streambed, mud
Riverine, lower perennial	Streambed, organic
Riverine, upper perennial	Rock bottom, boulder
Riverine, upper perennial	Unconsolidated bottom, sand
Riverine, upper perennial	Unconsolidated bottom, organic
Riverine, upper perennial	Aquatic bed, submergent vascular
Riverine, upper perennial	Aquatic bed, floating-leaved [rooted]
Riverine, upper perennial	Flat, cobble/gravel
Riverine, upper perennial	Flat, mud
Riverine, upper perennial	Streambed, cobble/gravel
Riverine, upper perennial	Streambed, mud
Riverine, upper perennial	Streambed, organic
Riverine, upper perennial	Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel
Lacustrine, limnetic	Rock bottom, boulder
Lacustrine, limnetic	Unconsolidated bottom, sand
Lacustrine, limnetic	Aquatic bed, submergent algal
Lacustrine, limnetic	Aquatic bed, submergent moss
Lacustrine, limnetic	Open water
Lacustrine, limnetic	Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel
Lacustrine, littoral	Rock bottom, boulder
Lacustrine, littoral	Unconsolidated bottom, sand
Lacustrine, littoral	Unconsolidated bottom, organic
Lacustrine, littoral	Unconsolidated bottom, organic
Lacustrine, littoral	Aquatic bed, submergent moss
Lacustrine, littoral	Open water
Lacustrine, littoral	Flat, sand
Lacustrine, littoral	Emergent, nonpersistent
Lacustrine, littoral	Emergent, narrow-leaved nonpersistent
Lacustrine, littoral	Emergent, narrow-leaved persistent
Lacustrine, littoral	Emergent, broad-leaved persistent
Lacustrine, littoral	Unconsolidated bottom, cobble/gravel
Riverine, intermittent	Unconsolidated bottom, sand

NWI Association References

1187, 2324, 6481, 6482, 2650, 6493, 1178, 835, 836, 842, 1151, 1152, 4205

Animal/Plant Associations

Parasites: bass tapeworm

anchorworm

grubs

nematodes

fungi

bacteria

viruses *1290*

Animal/Plant Association References

TN5182, 1290, 1156, 2318, 2643, 2650, 2658

Habitat Evaluation Procedures V1=Dominant substrate type within pool, backwater or shoal area; minimum preference: silt and sand (.2 cm) and /or rooted vegetation, pebble (.2-1.5 cm), bedrock; optimal preference: gravel, broken rock (1.6-2.0 cm), and boulder with adequate interstitial spaces; V2=percent pools; minimum < 50%, maximum > 75%, optimum 50-75%; V3=average depth of lake or reservoir during mid-summer; minimum < 9 m, maximum > 10 m, optimum 9-10 m; V4=average depth of pools during mid-summer; minimum < 1 m, maximum > 5 m, optimum 1-5 m; V5=percent cover inthe form of boulder, stumps, dead trees, and crevices; minimum < 25%, maximum > 50%, optimum 25-50%; V6=average pH level during the year; minimum < 7.8, maximum 8.1, optimum 7.9-8.1; V7=average TDS level during the frowing season (May-October); minimum < 100 ppm, maximum > 375 ppm, optimum 100-375 ppm; V8= minimum dissolved oxygen level through out the year; minimum < 4 ppm maximum > 4 ppm, optimum > 4 ppm; V9=maximum oonthly average turbidity level during the summer; minimum < 95 JTU, maximum > 95 JTU, optimum 0-30 JTU; 0=water temperature in selected habitat during the growing season (May-October); minimum < 28 degrees C, maximum 31 degrees C, optimum 28-29 degrees C; V11=water temperature in selected habitats during spawning and for 45 days afterwards; minimum < 12 degrees C, maximum 27.5 degrees C, optimum 12-27 degrees C; V12=water temperature in selected habitat during the growing season (fry); minimum < 22 degrees C, maximum 32.5 degrees C, optimum 22-30 degrees C; V13=water temperature in selected habitat during growing season (juvenile); minimum < 22 degrees C, maximum 32.5, optimum 22-29.5 degrees C; V14=water level fluctuations during spawning and for 45 days after spawning; minimum preference rapid fall durning spawning or afterwards (.5-1 m), rapid rise during spawning (1-2 m), optimum slow rise previous to spawing (.5-1 m) with stable levels during spawning and afterwards *1287* Comments on HEP

HEP References

2891

Potential Natural Vegetation Associations

Mosaic of Bluestem Prairie and Oak-Hickory Forest

Cedar Glade

Southeastern Spruce-Fir Forest

Oak-Hickory Forest

Mixed Mesophytic Forest

Appalachian Oak Forest

Northern Hardwoods

Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest

Southern Mixed Forest

Southeastern Floodplain Forest

PNV References

TN5057, 4205

USFS Associations

USFS References

Tennessee Habitat Associations	Habitat Value	Translation

References on TENHAB Association

Habitat Relationships	Special Habitat Relationships

References on Habitat Relationships

Food Habits

Trophic	References
Carnivore	1178

Lifestage	Food Item Consumed	Part of Food Item
Adult		Not Applicable
Important		Not Applicable
General	Annelids	Adult stage
General	Oligochaetes	Adult stage
General	Crustaceans	Egg/Fetus stage
General	Crustaceans	See Comments
General	Crustaceans	Larva stage
General	Crustaceans	Pupa stage
General	Crustaceans	Juvenile stage
General	Crustaceans	Adult stage
General	Branchiopods	Egg/Fetus stage
General	Branchiopods	See Comments
General	Branchiopods	Larva stage
General	Branchiopods	Pupa stage
General	Branchiopods	Juvenile stage
General	Branchiopods	Adult stage
General	Insects	Larva stage
General	Insects	Pupa stage
General	Insects	Juvenile stage
General	Insects	Adult stage
General	Ephemeroptera	Larva stage
General	Ephemeroptera	Pupa stage
General	Ephemeroptera	Juvenile stage
General	Ephemeroptera	Adult stage
General	Odonata	Larva stage
General	Odonata	Pupa stage
General	Odonata	Juvenile stage
General	Odonata	Adult stage
General	Orthoptera	Adult stage
General	Plecoptra	Larva stage
General	Plecoptra	Pupa stage
General	Plecoptra	Juvenile stage
General	Plecoptra	Adult stage
General	Hemiptera	Larva stage
General	Hemiptera	Pupa stage
General	Hemiptera	Juvenile stage
General	Hemiptera	Adult stage
General	Neuroptera	Larva stage
General	Neuroptera	Pupa stage
General	Neuroptera	Juvenile stage
General	Neuroptera	Adult stage
General	Coleoptera	Larva stage
General	Coleoptera	Pupa stage
General	Coleoptera	Juvenile stage
General	Coleoptera	Adult stage
General	Diptera	Larva stage
General	Diptera	Pupa stage
General	Diptera	Juvenile stage
General	Diptera	Adult stage
General	Osteichthyes	Juvenile stage
General	Osteichthyes	Adult stage
General	Clupeiformes	Juvenile stage
General	Clupeiformes	Adult stage
General	Salmoniformes	Juvenile stage
General	Salmoniformes	Adult stage
General	Cypriniformes	Juvenile stage
General	Cypriniformes	Adult stage
General	Siluriformes	Juvenile stage
General	Siluriformes	Adult stage
General	Perciformes	Juvenile stage
General	Perciformes	Adult stage
General	Caudata	Juvenile stage
General	Caudata	Adult stage
General	Animals	Egg/Fetus stage
General	Animals	Adult stage
General	Animals	Larva stage
General	Animals	Pupa stage
General	Animals	Juvenile stage
Important	Crustaceans	Juvenile stage
Important	Crustaceans	Adult stage
Important	Insects	Larva stage
Important	Insects	Pupa stage
Important	Insects	Juvenile stage
Important	Insects	Adult stage
Important	Cypriniformes	Juvenile stage
Important	Cypriniformes	Adult stage
Important	Perciformes	Juvenile stage
Important	Perciformes	Adult stage
Important	See Comments on Food Habits	See Comments
Important	Animals	Larva stage
Important	Animals	Pupa stage
Important	Animals	Juvenile stage
Important	Animals	Adult stage
Larva	See Comments on Food Habits	See Comments
Larva	Crustaceans	Egg/Fetus stage
Larva	Crustaceans	Larva stage
Larva	Crustaceans	Pupa stage
Larva	Crustaceans	Juvenile stage
Larva	Crustaceans	Adult stage
Larva	Branchiopods	Egg/Fetus stage
Larva	Animals	Egg/Fetus stage
Larva	Branchiopods	Larva stage
Larva	Branchiopods	Pupa stage
Larva	Branchiopods	Juvenile stage
Larva	Branchiopods	Adult stage
Larva	Ostracods	Egg/Fetus stage
Larva	Ostracods	See Comments
Larva	Ostracods	Larva stage
Larva	Ostracods	Pupa stage
Larva	Ostracods	Juvenile stage
Larva	Ostracods	Adult stage
Larva	COPEPODS	Egg/Fetus stage
Larva	COPEPODS	See Comments
Larva	COPEPODS	Larva stage
Larva	COPEPODS	Pupa stage
Larva	COPEPODS	Juvenile stage
Larva	COPEPODS	Adult stage
Larva	Animals	Adult stage
Larva	Animals	Larva stage
Larva	Animals	Pupa stage
Juvenile	See Comments on Food Habits	See Comments
Juvenile	Crustaceans	Egg/Fetus stage
Juvenile	Crustaceans	Larva stage
Juvenile	Crustaceans	Pupa stage
Juvenile	Crustaceans	Juvenile stage
Juvenile	Crustaceans	Adult stage
Juvenile	Insects	Larva stage
Juvenile	Insects	Pupa stage
Juvenile	Insects	Juvenile stage
Juvenile	Insects	Adult stage
Juvenile	Orthoptera	Adult stage
Juvenile	Plecoptra	Larva stage
Juvenile	Plecoptra	Pupa stage
Juvenile	Plecoptra	Juvenile stage
Juvenile	Plecoptra	Adult stage
Juvenile	Hemiptera	Larva stage
Juvenile	Hemiptera	Pupa stage
Juvenile	Hemiptera	Juvenile stage
Juvenile	Hemiptera	Adult stage
Juvenile	Neuroptera	Larva stage
Juvenile	Neuroptera	Pupa stage
Juvenile	Neuroptera	Juvenile stage
Juvenile	Neuroptera	Adult stage
Juvenile	Coleoptera	Larva stage
Juvenile	Coleoptera	Pupa stage
Juvenile	Coleoptera	Juvenile stage
Juvenile	Coleoptera	Adult stage
Juvenile	Diptera	Larva stage
Juvenile	Diptera	Pupa stage
Juvenile	Diptera	Adult stage
Juvenile	Osteichthyes	Juvenile stage
Juvenile	Osteichthyes	Adult stage
Juvenile	Cypriniformes	Juvenile stage
Juvenile	Cypriniformes	Adult stage
Juvenile	Perciformes	Juvenile stage
Juvenile	Perciformes	Adult stage
Juvenile	Animals	Egg/Fetus stage
Juvenile	Animals	Adult stage
Juvenile	Animals	Larva stage
Juvenile	Animals	Pupa stage
Juvenile	Animals	Juvenile stage
Juvenile	Trichoptera	Pupa stage
Juvenile	Trichoptera	Adult stage
Juvenile	Trichoptera	Larva stage
Juvenile	Branchiopods	Not Specified
Juvenile	COPEPODS	Not Specified
Juvenile	Malacostraca	Not Specified
Juvenile	Insects	Not Specified
Juvenile	Ephemeroptera	Larva stage
Juvenile	Ephemeroptera	Adult stage
Juvenile	Thysanoptera	Adult stage
Juvenile	Lepidoptera	Adult stage
Juvenile	Hymenoptera	Adult stage
Juvenile	Osteichthyes	Not Specified
Juvenile	Cypriniformes	Not Specified
Juvenile	Perciformes	Not Specified
Adult	Crustaceans	Juvenile stage
Adult	Crustaceans	Adult stage
Adult	Insects	Larva stage
Adult	Insects	Pupa stage
Adult	Insects	Juvenile stage
Adult	Insects	Adult stage
Adult	Ephemeroptera	Larva stage
Adult	Ephemeroptera	Pupa stage
Adult	Ephemeroptera	Juvenile stage
Adult	Ephemeroptera	Adult stage
Adult	Odonata	Larva stage
Adult	Odonata	Pupa stage
Adult	Odonata	Juvenile stage
Adult	Odonata	Adult stage
Adult	Orthoptera	Larva stage
Adult	Orthoptera	Pupa stage
Adult	Orthoptera	Juvenile stage
Adult	Orthoptera	Adult stage
Adult	Plecoptra	Larva stage
Adult	Plecoptra	Pupa stage
Adult	Plecoptra	Juvenile stage
Adult	Plecoptra	Adult stage
Adult	Hemiptera	Larva stage
Adult	Hemiptera	Pupa stage
Adult	Hemiptera	Juvenile stage
Adult	Hemiptera	Adult stage
Adult	Neuroptera	Larva stage
Adult	Neuroptera	Pupa stage
Adult	Neuroptera	Juvenile stage
Adult	Neuroptera	Adult stage
Adult	Coleoptera	Larva stage
Adult	Coleoptera	Pupa stage
Adult	Coleoptera	Juvenile stage
Adult	Coleoptera	Adult stage
Adult	Trichoptera	Pupa stage
Adult	Trichoptera	Juvenile stage
Adult	Trichoptera	Adult stage
Adult	Trichoptera	Larva stage
Adult	Diptera	Larva stage
Adult	Diptera	Pupa stage
Adult	Diptera	Juvenile stage
Adult	Diptera	Adult stage
Adult	Osteichthyes	Juvenile stage
Adult	Osteichthyes	Adult stage
Adult	Clupeiformes	Juvenile stage
Adult	Clupeiformes	Adult stage
Adult	Salmoniformes	Juvenile stage
Adult	Salmoniformes	Adult stage
Adult	Cypriniformes	Juvenile stage
Adult	Cypriniformes	Adult stage
Adult	Siluriformes	Juvenile stage
Adult	Siluriformes	Adult stage
Adult	Caudata	Juvenile stage
Adult	Caudata	Adult stage
Adult	Animals	Egg/Fetus stage
Adult	Animals	Adult stage
Adult	Animals	Larva stage
Adult	Animals	Pupa stage
Adult	Animals	Juvenile stage
Adult	Percopsiformes	Juvenile stage
Adult	Percopsiformes	Adult stage
Adult	Branchiopods	Not Specified
Adult	COPEPODS	Not Specified
Adult	Malacostraca	Not Specified
Adult	Insects	Not Specified
Adult	Thysanoptera	Adult stage
Adult	Lepidoptera	Adult stage
Adult	Hymenoptera	Adult stage
Adult	Osteichthyes	Not Specified
Adult	Cypriniformes	Not Specified
Adult	Perciformes	Not Specified
Adult	Odonata	Not Specified
Adult	Plecoptra	Not Specified
Adult	Hemiptera	Not Specified
Adult	Neuroptera	Not Specified
Adult	Coleoptera	Not Specified
Adult	Trichoptera	Not Specified
Adult	Lepidoptera	Not Specified
Adult	Hymenoptera	Not Specified
Adult	Clupeiformes	Not Specified
Adult	Siluriformes	Not Specified
Important		Not Applicable
Adult		Not Applicable
Adult	Salientia	Not Specified

Comments on General Food Habits

AT 25 DEGREES C, THERE WAS A 26% REDUCTION IN HATCHING SUCCESS WHEN DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVELS WERE REDUCED TO 50% OF SATURATION; ALL EGGS/ FRY DIED AT 25% OF SATURATION *TN5369* This species feeds night and day *1152,339*, year round, although the frequency is reduced in the winter *1152*. The primary foods are crayfish and cyprinid or certrarchid fishes. Terrestrial and aquatic insects are often present, but do not contribute significantly. They eat adults and larvae of aquatic and terrestrial insects *1152,1153,1154*. It is not a continuous daily feeder *1153,1154*.

Comments on Adult Food Habits

Crayfish, and fish predominate in the diet of the adults *1314,2656,2658, 2659,2660,1178,835,842,1152*. YOUNG-OF-YEAR BEGIN TO LOSE THEIR EQUILIBRIUM AT 0.9-1.6PPM D.O. AT 0.5-1.0 PPM, ALL FISH LOST EQUILIBRIUM *TN5397*

Comments on Juvenile Food Habits

Insects are the most important food *1314,2656,2658,2659,2660,1178*. Larger juveniles feed on small minnows and other small fish (juveniles of other species) *1152,1153*.

Comments on Larval Food Habits

The larvea feed primarily on zooplankton, especially small crustaceans. They do not feed at night, and the yolk sac energy is sufficient to provide for metabolism until feeding. They feed more frequently than adults *1155*.

References/Lifestage	Reference Numbers
General	1314, 2656, 2658, 2659, 2660, 1178, 835, 842, 1152, 1153, 1154, 4205
Adult	TN5397, 2650, 6501, 6502, 2318, 1647, 1314, 2658, 2659, 2660, 1178, 835, 836, 842, 1152, 1153
Juvenile	6492, 6494, 6501, 1187, 1314, 2656, 2658, 2659, 2660, 1178, 1152, 1153
Larval	1314, 2656, 2657, 2659, 2660, 1178, 1153, 1154
Important	TN5369, 1314, 2656, 2658, 2659, 2660, 1178, 835, 842, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1156

Environmental Associations

Lifestage	Environmental Association
Adult	Water Temperature: Specified in Comments
General	Water Temperature: Between 21-27 degrees C
General	Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
General	Water pH: Between 6.5-8.5
General	Turbidity: Clear water but tolerate periodic cloudiness
General	Total Dissolved Solids: Between 5-10,000 ppm
General	Nutrient [Phosphorus and Nitrogen]: Moderate nutrient concentrations [mesotrophic]
General	Substrate: Mud or silt
General	Substrate: Sand
General	Substrate: Rocks
General	Substrate: Wood
General	Substrate: Animals
General	Substrate: Plants
General	Relation to Substrate: Unattached - normally free living
General	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Mud or silt
General	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
General	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Pebble
General	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
General	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rubble
General	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Boulders
General	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Bedrock
General	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Organic debris
General	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rooted aquatic vegetation
General	Stability of Bottom: Stable
General	Aquatic Vegetation [specified type]: Unknown
General	Density of Aquatic Vegetation: Low
General	Density of Aquatic Vegetation: Moderate
General	Gradient: Low
General	Gradient: Moderate
General	Flow: Small streams [5-50 cfs mean annual flow]
General	Flow: Medium streams [50-1000 cfs mean annual flow]
General	Flow: Large streams [1000-5000 cfs mean annual low]
General	Flow: Rivers [greater than 5000 cfs mean annual low]
General	Trophogenic Zones: Well-lighted
General	Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
General	Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Dimly-lighted region without emergent vegetation [sublittoral zone]
General	Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
General	Reservoir Water: Reservoir tailwater
General	Reservoir Water: Steady-state reservoir levels
General	Reservoir Water: Fluctuating reservoir levels
General	Salinity: Salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l
General	Water Depth Preference: Less than 1 ft.
General	Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
General	Water Depth Preference: 5-10 ft.
General	Water Depth Preference: 10-25 ft.
General	Water Depth Preference: 25-50 ft.
General	Aquatic Features: Pool areas
General	Aquatic Features: Silt bottom streams
General	Aquatic Features: Detritus bottom streams
General	Aquatic Features: Stream weed beds
General	Aquatic Features: Lake weed beds
General	Aquatic Features: Backwaters
General	Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
General	Aquatic Features: Springs [pool]
General	Human Association: Farm ponds
Egg	Air Temperature: Specified in Comments
Egg	Water Temperature: Between 21-27 degrees C
Egg	Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
Egg	Turbidity: Clear water
Egg	Substrate: Sand
Egg	Substrate: Rocks
Egg	Relation to Substrate: Occurs on substrate [not penetrating]
Egg	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
Egg	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Organic debris
Egg	Stability of Bottom: Stable
Egg	Salinity: Salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l
Egg	Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
Egg	Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Egg	Aquatic Features: Detritus bottom streams
Egg	Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
Feeding Larva	Water Temperature: Between 21-27 degrees C
Feeding Larva	Dissolved Oxygen: Specified in Comments
Feeding Larva	Turbidity: Clear water
Feeding Larva	Substrate: Sand
Feeding Larva	Substrate: Rocks
Feeding Larva	Relation to Substrate: Unattached - normally free living
Feeding Larva	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
Feeding Larva	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Pebble
Feeding Larva	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
Feeding Larva	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Organic debris
Feeding Larva	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rooted aquatic vegetation
Feeding Larva	Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
Feeding Larva	Salinity: Salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l
Feeding Larva	Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
Feeding Larva	Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Feeding Larva	Aquatic Features: Detritus bottom streams
Feeding Larva	Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
Resting Larva	Water Temperature: Between 21-27 degrees C
Resting Larva	Dissolved Oxygen: Specified in Comments
Resting Larva	Turbidity: Clear water
Resting Larva	Substrate: Sand
Resting Larva	Substrate: Rocks
Resting Larva	Relation to Substrate: Unattached - normally free living
Resting Larva	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
Resting Larva	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Pebble
Resting Larva	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
Resting Larva	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Organic debris
Resting Larva	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rooted aquatic vegetation
Resting Larva	Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
Resting Larva	Salinity: Salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l
Resting Larva	Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
Resting Larva	Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Resting Larva	Aquatic Features: Detritus bottom streams
Resting Larva	Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
Feeding Juvenile	Water Temperature: Between 21-27 degrees C
Feeding Juvenile	Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
Feeding Juvenile	Turbidity: Clear water but tolerate periodic cloudiness
Feeding Juvenile	Substrate: Specified in Comments
Feeding Juvenile	Relation to Substrate: Unattached - normally free living
Feeding Juvenile	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Specified in Comments
Feeding Juvenile	Density of Aquatic Vegetation: Low
Feeding Juvenile	Density of Aquatic Vegetation: Moderate
Feeding Juvenile	Density of Aquatic Vegetation: High
Feeding Juvenile	Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
Feeding Juvenile	Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Feeding Juvenile	Aquatic Features: Silt bottom streams
Feeding Juvenile	Aquatic Features: Detritus bottom streams
Feeding Juvenile	Aquatic Features: Stream weed beds
Feeding Juvenile	Aquatic Features: Lake weed beds
Feeding Juvenile	Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
Feeding Juvenile	Turbidity: Clear water
Feeding Juvenile	Turbidity: Specified in Comments
Feeding Juvenile	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
Feeding Juvenile	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Pebble
Feeding Juvenile	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
Feeding Juvenile	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rubble
Feeding Juvenile	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
Feeding Juvenile	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Less than 0.5 fps
Feeding Juvenile	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
Feeding Juvenile	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: 1.0-1.5 fps
Feeding Juvenile	Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
Resting Juvenile	Water Temperature: Between 21-27 degrees C
Resting Juvenile	Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
Resting Juvenile	Turbidity: Clear water but tolerate periodic cloudiness
Resting Juvenile	Substrate: Specified in Comments
Resting Juvenile	Relation to Substrate: Unattached - normally free living
Resting Juvenile	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Specified in Comments
Resting Juvenile	Density of Aquatic Vegetation: Low
Resting Juvenile	Density of Aquatic Vegetation: Moderate
Resting Juvenile	Density of Aquatic Vegetation: High
Resting Juvenile	Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
Resting Juvenile	Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Resting Juvenile	Aquatic Features: Silt bottom streams
Resting Juvenile	Aquatic Features: Detritus bottom streams
Resting Juvenile	Aquatic Features: Stream weed beds
Resting Juvenile	Aquatic Features: Lake weed beds
Resting Juvenile	Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
Resting Juvenile	Turbidity: Clear water
Resting Juvenile	Turbidity: Specified in Comments
Resting Juvenile	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
Resting Juvenile	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Pebble
Resting Juvenile	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
Resting Juvenile	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rubble
Resting Juvenile	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
Resting Juvenile	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Less than 0.5 fps
Resting Juvenile	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
Resting Juvenile	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: 1.0-1.5 fps
Resting Juvenile	Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
Resting Juvenile	Ground water: Specified in Comments
Feeding Adult	Water Temperature: Between 21-27 degrees C
Feeding Adult	Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
Feeding Adult	Water pH: Between 6.5-8.5
Feeding Adult	Turbidity: Clear water but tolerate periodic cloudiness
Feeding Adult	Total Dissolved Solids: Between 5-10,000 ppm
Feeding Adult	Nutrient [Phosphorus and Nitrogen]: Moderate nutrient concentrations [mesotrophic]
Feeding Adult	Substrate: Specified in Comments
Feeding Adult	Relation to Substrate: Unattached - normally free living
Feeding Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Specified in Comments
Feeding Adult	Stability of Bottom: Stable
Feeding Adult	Density of Aquatic Vegetation: Low
Feeding Adult	Gradient: Low
Feeding Adult	Gradient: Moderate
Feeding Adult	Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
Feeding Adult	Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Dimly-lighted region without emergent vegetation [sublittoral zone]
Feeding Adult	Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
Feeding Adult	Reservoir Water: Fluctuating reservoir levels
Feeding Adult	Salinity: Salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l
Feeding Adult	Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
Feeding Adult	Water Depth Preference: 5-10 ft.
Feeding Adult	Water Depth Preference: 10-25 ft.
Feeding Adult	Water Depth Preference: 25-50 ft.
Feeding Adult	Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Feeding Adult	Aquatic Features: Silt bottom streams
Feeding Adult	Aquatic Features: Detritus bottom streams
Feeding Adult	Aquatic Features: Stream weed beds
Feeding Adult	Aquatic Features: Lake weed beds
Feeding Adult	Aquatic Features: Backwaters
Feeding Adult	Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
Feeding Adult	Turbidity: Clear water
Feeding Adult	Turbidity: Specified in Comments
Feeding Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
Feeding Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Pebble
Feeding Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
Feeding Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rubble
Feeding Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
Feeding Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Less than 0.5 fps
Feeding Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
Feeding Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: 1.0-1.5 fps
Feeding Adult	Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
Feeding Adult	Ground water: Specified in Comments
Feeding Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: 2.0-2.5 fps
Resting Adult	Water Temperature: Between 21-27 degrees C
Resting Adult	Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
Resting Adult	Water pH: Between 6.5-8.5
Resting Adult	Turbidity: Clear water but tolerate periodic cloudiness
Resting Adult	Total Dissolved Solids: Between 5-10,000 ppm
Resting Adult	Nutrient [Phosphorus and Nitrogen]: Moderate nutrient concentrations [mesotrophic]
Resting Adult	Substrate: Specified in Comments
Resting Adult	Relation to Substrate: Unattached - normally free living
Resting Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Specified in Comments
Resting Adult	Stability of Bottom: Stable
Resting Adult	Density of Aquatic Vegetation: Low
Resting Adult	Gradient: Low
Resting Adult	Gradient: Moderate
Resting Adult	Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Shallows with emergent vegetation [littoral zone]
Resting Adult	Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Dimly-lighted region without emergent vegetation [sublittoral zone]
Resting Adult	Aquatic Habitat Zonation: Open water [pelagic zone]
Resting Adult	Reservoir Water: Fluctuating reservoir levels
Resting Adult	Salinity: Salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l
Resting Adult	Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
Resting Adult	Water Depth Preference: 5-10 ft.
Resting Adult	Water Depth Preference: 10-25 ft.
Resting Adult	Water Depth Preference: 25-50 ft.
Resting Adult	Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Resting Adult	Aquatic Features: Silt bottom streams
Resting Adult	Aquatic Features: Detritus bottom streams
Resting Adult	Aquatic Features: Stream weed beds
Resting Adult	Aquatic Features: Lake weed beds
Resting Adult	Aquatic Features: Backwaters
Resting Adult	Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
Resting Adult	Turbidity: Clear water
Resting Adult	Turbidity: Specified in Comments
Resting Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
Resting Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Pebble
Resting Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
Resting Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rubble
Resting Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
Resting Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Less than 0.5 fps
Resting Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
Resting Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: 1.0-1.5 fps
Resting Adult	Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
Resting Adult	Ground water: Specified in Comments
Resting Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: 2.0-2.5 fps
Breeding Adult	Water Temperature: Between 21-27 degrees C
Breeding Adult	Water Temperature: Between 15-21 degrees C
Breeding Adult	Dissolved Oxygen: Moderate [5-7 mg/l] oxygen concentrations
Breeding Adult	Water pH: Between 6.5-8.5
Breeding Adult	Turbidity: Clear water
Breeding Adult	Substrate: Sand
Breeding Adult	Substrate: Rocks
Breeding Adult	Relation to Substrate: Unattached - normally free living
Breeding Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Gravel
Breeding Adult	Stability of Bottom: Stable
Breeding Adult	Trophogenic Zones: Well-lighted
Breeding Adult	Salinity: Salt concentrations less than 500 mg/l
Breeding Adult	Water Depth Preference: Less than 1 ft.
Breeding Adult	Water Depth Preference: 1-5 ft.
Breeding Adult	Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Breeding Adult	Aquatic Features: Detritus bottom streams
Breeding Adult	See comments on environmental associations
Breeding Adult	Water Level: Permanently flooded areas
Breeding Adult	Turbidity: Specified in Comments
Breeding Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Sand
Breeding Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Pebble
Breeding Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Rubble
Breeding Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
Breeding Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Less than 0.5 fps
Breeding Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: Specified in Comments
Breeding Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: 1.0-1.5 fps
Breeding Adult	Water Depth Preference: Specified in Comments
Breeding Adult	Ground water: Specified in Comments
Breeding Adult	Bottom Type [Aquatic]: Bedrock
Breeding Adult	Water Level: Specified in Comments
Breeding Adult	Terrestrial Features: Specified in Comments
Breeding Adult	Water Velocity [Instream Flow Group Increments]: 2.0-2.5 fps

Comments on General Environmental Associations

PREFERRED TEMPERATURE VARIES SEASONALLY BETWEEN 18 AND 31 DEGREES C *TN5396,TN5395* WHEN PREFERRED TEMPERATURE IS NEAR 31 DEGREES, TEMPERATURES OF 33 AND 26 ARE AVOIDED *TN5349* EXHIBIT CIRCADIAN RHYTHMICITY IN THERMOREGULATORY BEHAVIOR *TN5401*

Comments on Limiting Environmental Associations

0

Comments on Adult Environmental Associations

TOLERATES A WIDE VARIETY OF SUBSTRATE TYPES, PREFERS ROCK AND UNDERWATER DEBRIS *2656,1152,1267*; PREFER HABITAT WITH LESS THAN 10% SALINITY *1284* BUILDS NESTS ON GRAVEL OR EXPOSED BOTTOM DETRITUS WITH STABLE BOTTOMS; PREFERS SHALLOWS IN LAKES *1152*. TURBIDITY INFLUENCES TIME OF SPAWN, MUDDY WATER DELAYS SPAWN, WATER TEMPERATURE IS THE PRIMARY INFLUENCE AND LIMITING FACTOR IN SPAWNING *1152,1155,1156*

Comments on Juvenile Environmental Associations

REQUIRES COVER TO HIDE, ESPECIALLY ROCK, DETRITUS, OR VEGETATION *1271,1289*

Comments on Larval Environmental Associations

RATE OF DEVELOPMENT VARIES WITH WATER TEMPERATURE *1155*; LOW TOLERANCE OF SALT WATER *1284*

Comments on Egg Environmental Associations

EGGS LAID IN NESTS; WIND AND WATER TEMP. DIRECTLY INFLUENCE EGG SURVIVAL *1152*; WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS AND WATER QUALITY IMPORTANT INFLUENCE *1155*; EGGS HATCH FASTER AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES *1155,1268*.

References/Lifestage	Reference Numbers
General	2654, 1314, 2656, 2653, 2657, 2658, 2659, 2660, 1178, 835, 1152, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1271, 4205
Breeding Adult	TN5349, TN5395, TN5396, TN5401, 1187, 2324, 6483, 6484, 6485, 6486, 4205
Feeding Adult	TN5349, TN5395, TN5396, TN5401, 1187, 6481, 6488, 6493, 6494, 5473, 2654, 1314, 2656, 1152, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1271, 1284
Resting Adult	TN5349, TN5395, TN5396, TN5401, 2654, 1314, 2656, 1152, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1271, 1284
Feeding Juvenile	1187, 6481, 6482, 6485, 2658, 2650, 1152, 1155, 1267, 1268, 1271, 1289, 1284
Resting Juvenile	1187, 6481, 6482, 6485, 2658, 2650, 1152, 1155, 1267, 1268, 1271, 1289, 1284
Feeding Larvae	1152, 1155, 1267, 1268, 1271, 1289, 1284
Resting Larvae	1152, 1155, 1267, 1268, 1271, 1289, 1284
Egg	2324, 6485, 1187, 6481, 1152, 1155, 1156, 1267, 1268

Life History

Physical description: This is a reletively streamlined centrarchid with a mostly dark side that often is barred. The dorsal fin is not deeply notched and the adults are usually from 200-430 mm TL. The body is elongate, soomewhat compressed annd stocky. The dorsal pro- file of the head is slightly to moderately convex and the mouth is large and terminal. The posterior end of the maxilla does not extend past the posterior eye rim. The dorsal fin is not deeply emarginate at the juncture of the spinous and soft portions. The caudal fin is moderately forked and the pectoral is rounded. A small tooth patch is sometimes present on the tounge. Ther are (68)71-77(81) lateral line scales with (11)12-13 above the lateral line and (19)21-23 scales below. There are 29-31(32) circumpeduncle scales, (9)10(11) dorsal spines, (12)14(15) dorsal rays, (2)3 anal spines, (9)11(12) anal rays and (15)16-17(18) pectoral rays. The dorsum is dark and the cheek bars are olive. The iris is dull to bright red and the opercular spot is brown to black. The lateral barring or variegations are olive-brown. The lower side is brassy-olive, brassy or whitish. The dorsal, caudal and anal fins have an olive-brown mottling and are otherwise pale olive. The pectoral and pelvic fins have a pale orange wash *4205*. The color varies according to the water: (1) In clear, sand or gravel bottom lakes and streams the color is green, with the sides shading into white on the belly, (2) in muddy moss bottom lakes and sluggish streams, the color is black on the back and sides with a gray or yellow belly *1151*. The males have a nearly circular urigenital opening while the females' is pear-shaped *1178*. The scales have brassy spots, and the upper jaw doesn't extend behind the posterior margin of the orbit *1178,835*. Reproduction: In Virginia, spawning occurs in the spring when water temperatures reache 16-22 degrees C *4205*. In constant environments, spawning occurs in the spring and summer *1281*. The day length also affects spawning *1282*. Sexual maturity is related to size and age, with females maturing when they are approximately 25 cm in length and males somewhat smaller, age II bass may be sexually mature and age III or age IV bass are almost always sexually mature *4205,1152,1285*. Males prepare nests in shallow water along the shore on gravel or exposed bottom detritus, nests require protection from wind action (waves), and are spaced 1-2 m apart *1273,1283,4205*. The nests are circular, twice the length of the fish in diameter, and are created with characteristic nest building behavior *1283*. The majority of spawning occurs near dusk or dawn *1283*. The estimated number of mature ova ranges from 2,601-27,716 *4205*. The fertilized eggs are yellow-orange, spherical and 1.4-1.8 mm in diameter *1279,1283*. There is an increase in the number of eggs in females with increasing size *1152*. The ovum production decreases in fish over 7 years of age *1279*. The egg hatch success is highest at a constant temperature between 55-75 degrees F, and unincubated eggs can last up to 4 days prior to death. Egg mortality results from the lack of aeration, an increase in silt and respiratory waste. The eggs hatch in 2-5 days *1279*. The time of spawn depends on the condition of the bass and the turbidity of the water. Muddy water delays egg laying, and smaller bass spawn later than larger bass. The food supply in the fall and spring determine the amount of reproduction in the spring *1185*. Behavior: The range of this species is usually a single pool, and it homes to the area if displaced *2654,1314,2653,1178*. Home pools are established by 60-80% of adult fish *2653,339*. Low water levels in streams are a barrier to homing movements *2653*. This species nests in water from 30-60 cm deep along margins of deep pools or shoreline *4205*. The adults are piscivorous summer and fall, winter and in the spring eat crustaceans, insects and fish *2318,4205*. 80-90% of their time is spent in nonmovement activities such as holding and shelter use. Movement activities include feeding, agonistic behavior and position changing *2645*. A visual refer- ence point is the first feature to attract bass to cover. An increase in the area of darkness of cover increases the use of the cover. Darkness is the key factor in cover seeking *2646*. An area of quiet water is important for cover use *2646*. Distribution between bass species is influenced by stream gradient, water surface shade, substrate and land use *2653*. The upstream migration of adults occurs in the spring, with a downstream migra- tion in the fall *2647*. They are most active at the beginning and end of dark periods, and avoid bright light *2648*. A clump of rubble near the bank is the preferred habitat *2650*. They nest on gravel or stable bottom within 15 feet of the bank *2651*. They also nest in areas of no perceptible current, and areas near overhanging cover *2651*. The male guards the nest after the eggs are laid *1152,4205*. Origin: This species is native to the Big Sandy and Tennessee drainages, and introduced to the New and all major Atlantic slope drainages *4205,1115,835*. Limiting factors: There are two critical stages in the early life history due to temperature vulnerability: (1) The egg fertility to hatch, (2) the first winter of the young-of-year *2648*. Weather conditions strongly in- fluence the survival of young-of-year, especially during the first month *1180*. The strength of the year class depends on the survival of the young during the first month *836*. Life stages include: (1) Egg = stage from ova fertilization to hatching (embryo, fluids, and shell), (2) larva (fry) = hatching to dispersal from the nest (yolk sac absorption and pigment form- ation), (3) fingerling (young of year) = dispersal from the nest to adult (first season or first year of life), (4) adult = post-fingerling stage (after the first year when they may or may not be reproductive) *2650*. Population parameters: Fingerling mortality is attributed to adult fish cannibalism *339*. Fingerling abundance is influenced by the abundance of alternate prey for adult fish *339*. After a 12 inch length limit was imposed on the catch, the number of 9, 10, and 11 inch bass increased and the catch rate of 12 inch bass decreased with a subsequent gradual decrease in fishing pressure *2652*. Growth is inversely related to population density, and curvilinearly related to the forage crop. They are food de- pendent at low food availability, and food independent at high food availa- bility *2643*. The elements to model a bass fish population in a reservoir are: (1) Need minimum of 25 lbs/acre of predator (bass), (2) minimum of 75 lbs/acre of plankton feeders (e.g., shad), (3) minimum of 100 lbs/acre of bottom feeders (e.g., catfish). Production of these 3 factors is controlled by the fertility of water, climate, water level fluctuations, the shape of the basin and substrate composition *1271*. Biological factors which in- fluence early life stages are : (1) The size of the spawning population, (2) predataion and cannibalism, (3) disease and fungi (important in hatcher- ies, not in wild), (4) starvation (important in hatcheries, not evident in wild populations) *2650*. Factors to estimate the standing crop of bass are: (1) The water depth, area of watershed, and area underwater, (2) the fert- ility of the water and watershed, (3) species composition of the system, (4) a population estimate, (5) the average seasonal water temperature, (6) the average seasonal water temperature and (7) the length of the growing season *1281*. The growth of the fry is retarded at low temperatures and accelerated at high, with maximum growth between 27.5-30.0 degrees C *2652*. Embryo survival averages 80%, and brood dispersal occurs in mid-summer *836*. The rates of fry and fingerling development, particularly the 1st 4 weeks, relate directly to the mean dialy water temperature *1289*. The number of young of year (fingerling) in the fall are independent of the number of eggs or brood fish in the spring *1180*. Maximum growth is at 26 degrees C *2644*. Aquatic/terrestrial associations: This species is commonly associated with most centrarchid and cyprinid species *842*, including Lepomis macrochirus, L. megalotis, L. auritus, L. gibbosus, L. microlophus, Micropterus salmoides, M. punctatus, Ambloplites rupestris, Pomoxis annularia, and Notropis spp *842,1151*. POPULATION PARAMETERS: TL AT SUCCESSIVE ANNULI WERE 112, 216, 302, 380, 448, 493, 524, AND 537 MM IN PICKWICK RESERVOIR *TN5399*; 118, 258, 358, 411, 445, 457, AND 473 MM IN NORRIS RESERVOIR *TN5400*; AND 114, 244, 274, AND 348 MM IN DALE HOLLOW RESERVOIR *TN5402*. ANNUAL EXPLOITATION RATE IN CENTER HILL RESERVOIR WAS 31% *TN5352*

Life History

References for Life History Codes

1115, 835, 1151, 1178, 1273, 1274, 1281, 1282, 1152, 1285, 1283, 1279, 2650, 1185, 2654, 2653, 339, 2644, 2318, 2645, 2646, 2647, 2651, 2652, 2643, 1271, 1155, 1292, 1286, 1290, 1156, 2648, 2649, 1287, 4205

Comments on Life History Codes

Management Practices

Result	Management Action
Beneficial	Developing/maintaining submerged brush, timber, debris, etc.
Beneficial	Other management practices [specified in comments]
Beneficial	Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Adverse	Dredging
Adverse	Applying insecticides
Beneficial	Other management practices [specified in comments]
Existing	Other management practices [specified in comments]

References/Result	Reference Numbers
Adverse	2643
Beneficial	TN5398, 6500, 2655, 2657, 2658, 2659, 835, 1271, 1292, 1289
Existing	2655, 2657, 2658, 2659, 835

Comments on Management Practices

BENEFICIAL: UTILIZE ALL FORMS OF SUBMERGED COVER AND PREFER DROPOFFS WITH A SLOPE OF 30-45% *5398*. EXISTING: This is one of the best sport fish in America. Lake and stream improvement is helpful. This species is intensely managed through angling regulations *2655,2657,2658,2659,835*. The control of pond weeds is desirable, and the control of water level fluctuations im ponds and reservoirs is the best management to increase production *1271,1292,1289*. Mine-acid control could increase habitat greatly *835*.

References

339* Forrey, J.L. 1961. Growth, movements, and survival of 
smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) in Oneida Lake N.Y. Fish 
Game J. 19.:132-15414.

816* 1980. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. Lee, D.S., 
Gilbert, C.R., Hocutt, C.H., McAllister, R.E., Stauffer, J.R., 
Jr. (eds.). Pub. 1980-12 of N. Car. Biol. Surv, N. C. State Mus. 
of Nat. Hist., Raleigh:854.

835* Cooper, E.L. 1983. The Fishes of Pennsylvania. Penn. State 
Univ. Press, University Park.

836* Eddy, S., Underhill, J.C. 1974. Northern Fishes. Univ. 
Minn. Press, Minneapolis, Minn:414.

842* Scott, W.B., Crossman, E.J. 1973. Freshwater fishes of 
Canada. Can. Fish. Res. Board Bull. 184.:966.

1115* Fowler, H.W. 1919. A list of the fishes of Pennsylvania. 
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 32.:49-74.

1151* Caine, L.S. 1949. North American Freshwater Sport Fish. U. 
S. Barnes and Co., New York:16-19.

1152* Heidinger, R.C. 1975. Life history and biology of the 
basses. Black Bass Biology and Management. Sport Fishing Inst., 
Washington, D.C:125-139.

1153* Lewis, W.M., Heidinger, R., Kirk, W., Chapman, W., 
Johnson, D. 1974. Food intake of the largemouth bass. Trans. Am. 
Fish. Soc. 103.:277-280.

1154* Zweicker, P.L., Summerfelt, R.C. 1973. Seasonal variation 
in food and diet periodicity in feeding northern bass in an 
Oklahoma reservoir. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish 
Comm. 27.:579-591.

1155* Eipper, A.W. 1975. Environmental influences on the 
mortality of bass embryo and larvae. Black bass biology and 
management. Sport Fish Inst., Washington, D. C:295-305.

1156* Reynolds, W.W., Casterlin, M.E. 1976. Activity rhythms and 
light intensity preferences of Micropterans salmoides and M. 
dolomeui. Trans. Am. Fish Comm. 105.:400-405.

1178* Carlander, K.D. 1977. Handbook of Freshwater Fishery 
Biology. 2. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames:431.

1185* Swingle, H.S., Smith, E.V. 1947. Management of farm fish 
ponds. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 254. Alabama Poly. Inst.,:30.

1187* Pflieger, W.L. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Mo. Dept. 
Conserv.,:173.

1267* Terrell, J. W., McMahon, T. E., Inskip, P. D., Raleigh, R. 
F., Williamson, K. L. 1982. Habitat evaluation procedures. 
FWS/OBS-82/10.4. Western Energy and Land Use Team, U. S. Fish 
and Wildl. Serv.,.

1268* Hokanson, R.S.F. 1977. Temperature regimes of some percids 
and adaptations to the seasonal temperature cycle. J. Fish. Res. 
Board Can. 34.:1524-1550.

1269* Balon, E. K. 1975. Reproductive guilds of fishes: a 
proposal and definition. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32.:821-864.

1271* Jenkins, R.M. 1975. Black bass crops and species 
associations in reservoirs. Black bass biology and management. 
Sport Fishing Inst., Washington, D.C:114-1240.

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