(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - JAGUARUNDI
OTHER COMMON NAMES - JAGUARUNDI; JAGUARUNDI, SINALOAN; CAT, GHOST; CAT, OTTER; CAT and WEASEL;EYRA; LEONCILLO; LEONCILLO O JAGUARUNDI; ONZA; ONZA O' TEJO'N
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Mammals
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAMMALIA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CARNIVORA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - FELIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - FELIS,
SPECIES AND SSP - YAGOUAROUNDI, TOLTECA
SCIENTIFIC NAME - FELIS YAGOUAROUNDI TOLTECA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Jaguarundi
Felis yagouaroundi tolteca Thomas, 1898
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Mammal
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Mammalia
ORDER: Carnivora FAMILY: Felidae
The jaguarundi is a small weasel-like cat with short legs, a
small, flattened head, a slender, elongate body and a very long tail
(01,02). The ears are short and rounded, the coat is unspotted,
uniform in color, varying from blackish to brownish gray (=gray phase)
and from foxy red to chestnut (=red phase). The two color phases were
once thought to represent two distinct species; the gray one called
"jaguarundi", and the red one called "eyra" (02). However, these are
the same species (=jaguarundi) and both color phases can be found in
the same litter (02).
Felis yagouaroundi E. Geoffroy, 1803 is the most frequently used
binominal, taxonomic author and date in the literature (03,04). Type
locality for this binomial is Buenos Aires, Argentina. A synonym
commonly encountered, and not discredited by Honacki et al. (04), is
Herpailurus yagouaroundi Martin, 1833.
In the early 1900s, when eyra was considered a different cat
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
species, Felis eyra or Herpailurus eyra was the binomial often used
(05). Other outdated binomials include Felis cacomitli Berlandier
(06,07), Herpailurus cacomitli (08), and Felis jaguarondi Fischer
(09). These scientific names are no longer used. Common names
besides jaguarundi or eyra, include otter cat, ghost cat, weasel cat
and onza or leoncillo in Latin America (05,10,11). In Guatemala the
species is commonly called onza o' tejo'n and in Mexico the species is
referred to as leoncillo o jaguarundi. The CITES common name for F.y.
tolteca is the Sinaloan jaguarundi.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Pest
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The jaguarundi (Felis yagouarundi tolteca) has been designated an
Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including
Mexico and the State of Arizona.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Arizona
DESIGNATED STATUS: Prohibited Wildlife
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Arizona Game and Fish Department
STATE STATUTE: Administrative Rules and Regulations 12-4-319,
Arizona Revised Statutes, Sec 17-306
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
Felis yagouarundi tolteca is listed in CITES-I (77/02/22:35 FR
10462/10488). The species Felis yagouarundi is listed in Mexico's
"Especies de Fauna en Peligro de Extincion en Mexico, 1982"; (a
recommendation to CITES I, Reyes, August 1982); and in Guatemala's
list of under "Fauna en Vias de Extincion, 1967". The species is also
listed in the IUCN Red Data Book (1982) as "Indeterminate".
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species is still hunted in some areas where there are
conflicts with poultry. It also has a aesthetic value as a part of
the natural heritage of biotic diversity throughout its historic
range.
76/06/14:41 FR 24061/24067 - Listing as Endangered
77/02/22:42 FR 10461/10488 - Implementation of/listing in CITES-I
81/02/27:46 FR 14651/14658 - Five year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
INLAND AQUATIC
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Jaguarundi habitat (especially in south Texas) includes dense,
thorny thickets of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and stunted acacias
(Acacia spp.) known as chaparral (01,02,03,08,09,17,18,19,20,28).
Less than 1 percent of the land area in south Texas supports this
extremely dense chaparral (15). Similar habitats have been identified
in the northeastern Mexican states of Tamaulipas (01,23) and Veracruz
(25). Ricciuti (29) believed jaguarundi habitat in the arid areas of
northern Mexico also included dense chaparrals of scrub oak on low
mountain slopes.
In other regions, jaguarundi are found in a variety of habitats:
Costa Rica - primary and secondary forest, and overgrown and grazed
pastures (elev. sea level - 2,000 meters) (21); Venezuela - semiarid
thorny forest, deciduous forest, humid premontane forest, upland dry
savanna and swampy grassland (elev. sea level - 900 meters) (22);
Paraguay - forest edges, thickets and hedgelike strips of scrub
intermingled with spring bromeliads (30).
Other jaguarundi habitats mentioned (but no locations provided)
include: lowland forests and thickets (02,14), palmetto thickets (05),
swamps (29), tropical forests and savannas (31). Some authors
believed jaguarundi prefer localities near streams (03,08,32).
However, this may be related more with the fact that dense vegetation
accompanies waterways and riparian communities because of favorable
water and nutrient conditions.
Goodwyn (23) believed thickets need not be continuous, but may be
interspersed with open areas, as found in Mexico. Similar conclusions
were derived for habitats in Costa Rica (21) and Venezuela (22).
Also, jaguarundis were believed to prefer the edges of forest and
brush communities rather than deep interiors (22,31).
From this discussion, it seeems an underlying theme that the
jaguarundi almost always inhabits a region of dense cover (23).
Goodwyn (23) concluded these felids are not necessarily connected with
particular species of brush, but generally require an area of rich
vegetation and thick undergrowth which provides this dense cover.
Even though jaguarundis occassionally used open fields in Venezuela,
cover was nearby (22).
Since Felis yagouaroundi tolteca is not known to occur in the
United States (Arizona), no habitat association keywords have been
identified.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Poaceae
General Reptilia
General Aves
General Mammalia
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
No detailed analysis of jaguarundi food habits has been reported
(01). However, some anecdotal information from naturalists and
trappers has surfaced in the popular and semi-technical literature.
Rabbits, rats, mice and birds (esp. ground nesters) have been cited as
prey taken by jaguarundi (02,05,07,09,29,33). Some authors believed
birds were preferred over mammals (12,23,34). Graumer (34) stated
gallinaceous birds like quail, chachalacas, guans and wild turkeys
were especially selected by the jaguarundi.
In Texas, Davis (01) interviewed trappers and surmised jaguarundi
prey as primarily rabbits, rodents and birds. One trapper, Robert
Snow, stated their chief food is birds and believed young in dens were
fed a similar diet.
Jaguarundi are notorious predators on domestic poultry in Mexico
(23) and in most of Latin America (26). Specific areas mentioned
regarding jaguarundi depredation on poultry include Texas (01), the
Mexican states of Veracruz (25), Chiapas and Yucatan (35), Honduras
(23), Venezuela (22), and Paraguay (02).
Mondolfi (22) examined the stomach contents of 13 dead
jaguarundis in Venezuela. Species consumed were cottontail rabbit
(Sylvilagus floridanus) (2/13 stomachs), rodents (species unknown)
(4/13), bobwhite quail (Colinus cristatus) (1/13), grassland finch
(Sicalis spp.) (1/13), domestic chicken (1/13), and iguana lizard
(Iguana iguana) (3/13). In summary, examination of the 13 jaguarundi
stomachs revealed the folowing prey (frequency of occurrence): mammals
- 6/13 stomachs (46 percent), birds - 7/13 (54 percent), reptiles -
6/13 (46 percent), grass - 5/13 (38 percent). Much of this grass may
have been consumed incidentally to feeding on prey.
Utility of food habits information is much reduced without
knowledge and quantification of available prey. For example,
jaguarundis in Venezuela may consume more reptiles simply because of a
more abundant reptilian fauna.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Knowledge of jaguarundi home range and territorial behavior is
almost nonexistent. Only recently have telemetry studies regarding
jaguarundi space-use been initiated in Belize and Costa Rica.
Rengger (30), and early 1800 naturalist in Paraguay, believed
jaguarundi pairs lived within well-defined territories. He also
stated several jaguarundis used the same territory.
Mondolfi (22) stated jaguarundi are solitary and Denis (32)
believed these cats frequently used favorite trails within their home
range. Hulley (36) extrapolated observations of captive jaguarundis
to state "territory is marked by urinating, while scratching with the
hind feet." More information needs to be collected concerning the
jaguarundi and territory.
PERIODICITY:
Lack of modern, quantitative data about jaguarundi ecology is
responsible for conflicting information regarding jaguarundi activity
patterns. Opinions vary from jaguarundi being mainly diurnal (05,09,
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
22,27), to primarily nocturnal but frequently active by day (01,03,08,
23,28,37), to active anytime during a 24 hour period (07,20,32).
Others believe the jaguarundi hunts in the morning and evening
(=crepuscular) and is much less nocturnal than most cats (02,14,27).
More research is required for this species on this subject.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Jaguarundi are not known to exhibit migratory behavior.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Data regarding jaguarundi cover/shelter requirements is lacking;
only natal den sites are occassionally mentioned (see next section).
This paucity of information is distressing considering the rapid loss
of habitat. Without knowledge of the minimum habitat patch size
required to sustain a jaguarundi population, conservation plans are
less confidently implemented.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
The literature contains few accounts describing the natal dens of
jaguarundi. Den sites mentioned in the popular literature include
dense thickets, fallen logs grown over with grass and shrubs, hollow
trees, a ditch with overgrown shrubs, or thick, grassy clumps creating
"forms" in the protective cover (01,02,23,32).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
There is no literature detailing age of sexual maturity, minimum
and maximum breeding age, or mating relationships of jaguarundis in
the wild. Also, there is debate over when the main reproductive
season occurs (29). Suggestions vary from no definite breeding season
(07,10), specifically in the tropics (38,39), in Mexico (05), or Texas
(28); to two breeding seasons per year (spring and fall) (01,02,09,
32), to only a late autumn breeding period in the northern part of its
range (29,34). The dual year breeding seasons suggest jaguarundis may
yield two litters per year (01,02,10,28,37).
Gestation information is only known for captive jaguarundis.
This includes geatation periods of 72, 73 and 75 days (36). Grzimek
(39) reported the gestation period is from 63 to 70 days. Litter
sizes have been reported from 2 to 4 kittens (05,28,29,30,32,29), with
a possibility of 1 to 4 (37).
PARENTAL CARE:
The early 1800 Swiss naturalist, Rengger, observed jaguarundi in
Paraguay and formulated the following accounts: The mother seldom
leaves her offspring alone for long periods of time. As the young
grow, birds are brought to the den for consumption by the kittens.
Eventually, young accompany their mother on hunting trips. However,
the mother will not defend her kittens form intrusions by humans or
dogs and she runs form her den once discovered by an intruder (02).
Few generalizations should be concluded from these limited
anecdotes. Research is needed to accurately describe jaguarundi
parental care.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
There is no information regarding population parameters (e.g.,
survival rate, mortality rate, sex ratio, etc.) of jaguarundi.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Other than predator - prey interactions, there are presently no
known interspecific relationships capable of significantly impacting
jaguarundi populations. But even the influence of prey fluctuations
on jaguarundi populations is unknown. Future research may reveal
competitive influences that ecologically similar carnivores or other
sympatric cat species may maintain over jaguarundis.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
Jaguarundis are reported to prefer localities near streams, and
these felids are excellent swimmers (03,08).
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Disease Control Measures
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The jaguarundi is one of the least known cats on the continent;
its life history and population is not well documented (12). All
four subspecies of jaguarundi (cacomitli, tolteca, fossata and
panamensis) are listed as Endangered by the USDI/FWS (13) and are on
Appendix I of the CITES (14). The jaguarundi is not believed to occur
in Arizona.
Fertile soil types required to grow the dense vegetation
preferred by jaguarundi is also conducive to crop cultivation (15).
Consequently, intensive clearing of this brush for the past 60 years
(16) has caused even more concern for jaguarundi survival (15,17,18,
19,20). Russell (19) stated that changes in land use probably have
had more detrimental effects on the jaguarundi than has direct
mortality caused by man.
Loss of jaguarundi habitat mostly through forest clearing for
a variety of development or agricultural purposes, has been cited as a
concern in Costa Rica (21), Venezuela (22) and probably other areas in
Latin America. In the United States, forest clearing has resulted in
vegetation composition changes throughout the range of the jaguarundi.
However, Goodwyn (23) found jaguarundi in Mexico used dense habitats
interspersed with open areas. Similarly, jaguarundi in Costa Rica
utilized "altered habitats" and for this reason, these cats were not
considered Endangered in that country (21).
Jaguarundi fur is not valuable on the fur market and thus
receives little hunting pressure (01,21) or commercial exploitation
(24). But, the jaguarundi can pose local problems regarding poultry
depredation and is sometimes removed (01,23,25,26,27).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Technical Draft: Recovery
Plan for the Listed Cats of Arizona and Texas. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Albuquerque, NM. 65 pp.
The primary objective of the Recovery Plan for the Listed Cats of
Arizona and Texas focuses on ocelots instead of jaguarundis. It
appears that jaguarundis are suffering from loss of habitat and would
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
benefit from similar habitat preservation and enhancement measures as
proposed for ocelot recovery in Texas. The Recovery Plan objective to
maintain existing ocelot populations in Texas could be applicable to
any populations of jaguarundis found in Arizona. If jaguarundi are
found and/or trapped, telemetry studies should be implemented to
determine activity patterns and habitat usages. Diseases (if any) of
the trapped individuals should be identified, and control measures may
be appropriate.
Protection and management of habitats potentially utilized by
jaguarundis would be beneficial and should include:
1) Maximizing potential habitat on managed lands by restricting
habitat loss, development, and some agriculture practices.
2) Minimizing human disturbance or access on habitats found to
contain jaguarundis.
Potential habitat should be identified and protected if
jaguarundis are found. Private sector protection of habitat should be
encouraged. Potential habitat in Arizona should be investigated and
further delineated.
Finally, an information and education program should be
developed, focusing on the need to preserve and manage habitat for the
benefit of all wildlife. Educating the public will help restrict
poaching for pelts and shooting or trapping due to poultry conflicts
between the cats and farmers.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Davis, W.B. 1974. The mammals of Texas. Texas Parks and Wildl.
Bull. No. 41. 252 pp.
02 Guggisberg, C.A.W. 1975. Wildcats of the world. Taplinger Publ.
Co., NY. 382 pp.
03 Hall, E.R., and K.R. Kelson. 1959. Mammals of North America. 2
vols., Ronald Press, NY. 1,083 pp.
04 Honacki, J.H., K.E. Kinman and J.W. Koeppl (eds). 1982. Mammal
species of the world. Allen Press, Inc. and the Assoc. of
Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. 694 pp.
05 Leopold, A.S. 1959. Wildlife of Mexico. Univ. of CA Press,
Berkeley Press. 568 pp.
06 Stone, W. and W.E. Cram. 1922. American animals. Doubleday, Page
and Co., Garden City, NY. 318 pp.
07 Cahalane, V.H. 1947. Mammals of North America. The MacMillan
Co., NY. 682 pp.
08 Nelson, E.W. 1930. Wild animals of North America. National
Geographic Soc., Washington, DC. 254 pp.
09 McSpadden, J.W. (ed). 1937. Animals of America - mammals of
America. Garden City Publ. Co., Inc., NY. 335 pp.
10 Caras, R.A. 1967. North American mammals: Fur-bearing animals of
the United States and Canada. Meredith Press, NY. 578 pp.
11 Sanchez, J.M.A. 1981. Rastros de los mamiferos silvestres de
Mexico. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones, Sobre Recursos
Bioticos, Xalapa, Veracruz. 198 pp.
12 Ann. 1979. Wild animals of North America. National Geographic
Soc., Washington, DC. 406 pp.
13 USDI. 1980. Republication of the lists of Endangered and
Threatened species and correction of technical errors in final
rules. Federal Register 45:33768-33781.
14 Nowak, R.M. and J.L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's mammals of the
world. Vol. II. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore.
15 Tewes, M.E. and D.D. Everett. 1985. Status and distribution of
the Endangered ocelot and jaguarundi in Texas. Proc. Int'l. Cat
Symp., Kingsville, TX.
16 Davis, R.B. and R.L. Spicer. 1965. Status of the practice of
brush control in the Rio Grande Plain. Texas Parks and Wildl.
Bull. No. 46. 40 pp.
17 Taylor, W.P. and W.B. Davis. 1947. The mammals of Texas. Texas
Game, Fish, and Oyster Commission. Bull. No. 27
18 Hock, R.J. 1955. Southwestern exotic felids. Amer. Midland Nat.
53:324-328.
19 Russell, D.N. 1971. History and status of the felids of Texas.
Pp. 54-58. In: Proc. of the native cats of North America, their
status and management symposium. E.E. Jorgensen and L.D. Mech,
eds., USDI/FWS, Twin Cities, MN.
20 Culbertson, K. and D.J. Schmidly. 1974. Summary of statements on
the status of the rare, Endangered , and peripheral mammals in
Texas. TX Organization for Endangered Species, Temple, TX. 8 pp.
21 Vaughan, C. 1983. A report on dense forest habitat for Endangered
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
wildlife species in Costa Rica. National Univ., Heredia, Costa
Rica. 99 pp.
22 Mondolfi, E. 1985. Notes on the biology and status of the small
wild cats. Proc. Intl. Cat. Symp., Kingsville, TX.
23 Goodwyn, F., Jr. 1970. Behavior, life history and present status
of the jaguarundi, Felis yagouaroundi (Lacepede) in south Texas.
MA Thesis. Texas A & I Univ., Knigsville. 63 pp.
24 Paradiso, J.L. 1972. Status reports on cats (Felidae) of the
World, 1971. USFWS, Spec. Sci. Rep. Wildl. No. 157. 43 pp.
25 Hall, E.R. and W.W. Dalquest. 1963. The mammals of Veracruz.
Mus. of Nat. Hist. Univ. of Kanasas, Lawrence. 362 pp.
26 Koford, C. 1976. Latin American cats: Economic values and future
prospects. In: The world's cats: Contributions to status,
management and conservation. Vol. 3, no. 1.
27 Alvarez del Toro, M. 1977. Los mamiferos de Chiapas. Univ.
Auton, Chiapas. 147 pp.
28 Bailey, V. 1905. Biological survey of Texas. North American
Fauna, vol. 25. USDA/BBS. 222 pp.
29 Ricciuti, E.R. 1979. The wild cats. The Ridge Press, Inc.
238 pp.
30 Rengger, J.R. 1830. Naturgeschichte der Saeugethiere von
Paraguay. Basel.
31 Bourliere, F. 1955. Mammals of the world, their life and habits.
Alfred A. Knopf, NY. 223 pp.
32 Denis, A. 1964. Cats of the world. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.
144 pp.
33 Rue, L.L. 1967. Pictorial guide to the mammals of North America.
T.Y. Crowell Co., NY. 299 pp.
34 Gaumer, G.F. 1917. Monografia de los mamiferos de Yucatan. Depto
Talleres Graficos de la Sria. de Fomento, (Mexico). 331 pp.
35 Alvarez del Toro, M. 1952. Los animales silvestres de Chiapas.
Ediciones del Gobierno del Estrado, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas.
36 Hulley, J.T. 1976. Maintenance and breeding of captive
jaguarundis at the Chester Zoo and Toronto, Intl. Zoo Yearbook 16:
120-122.
37 USFWS. 1980. The jaguarundi - selected vertebrate Endangered
species of the seacoast of the United States. FWS/BBS-80/01.45,
Washington, DC. 5 pp.
38 Ewer, R.F. 1973. The carnivores. Cox & Wyman Ltd. 494 pp.
39 Grzimek, B. (ed). 1975. Grzimek's animal life encyclopedia.
Mammals, I-IV. Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Hall, E.R., and K.R. Kelson. 1959. Mammals of North America. 2
vols., Ronald Press, NY. 1,083 pp.
02 Burt, W.H. 1964. A field guide to the mammals. Houghton Mifflin
Co., Boston. 284 pp.
03 Guggisberg, C.A.W. 1975. Wildcats of the world. Taplinger Publ.
Co., NY. 382 pp.
04 Cockrum. E.L. 1982. Mammals of the southwest. Univ. of AZ Press,
Tucson. 176 pp.
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species JAGUARUNDI
Species Id ESIS052003
Date 14 MAR 96
05 Hock, R.J. 1955. Southwestern exotic felids. Amer. Midland Nat.
53:324-328.
06 Little, E.L. 1938. A record of the jaguarundi in Arizona. J.
Mamm. 19:500-501.
07 Tewes, M.E. 1984. Personal files. Dept. of Wildlife, University
of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
08 Nowak, R.M. and J.L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's mammals of the
world. Vol. II. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore.
09 Tewes, M.E. and D.D. Everett. 1985. Status and distribution of
the Endangered ocelot and jaguarundi in Texas. Proc. Int'l. Cat
Symp., Kingsville, TX.
References - 3