(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - BAT, INDIANA
OTHER COMMON NAMES - BAT, INDIANA;MYOTIS, INDIANA;BAT, SOCIAL;MYOTIS and SOCIAL
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Mammals
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAMMALIA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CHIROPTERA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - VESPERTILIONIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - MYOTIS,
SPECIES AND SSP - SODALIS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - MYOTIS SODALIS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Indiana Bat
Myotis sodalis Miller and G.M. Allen, 1928
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Mammal
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Mammalia
ORDER: Chiroptera FAMILY: Vespertilionidae
The Indiana bat is a medium-sized member of the genus Myotis with
a forearm length of 35-41 mm and a head and body length of 41-49 mm
(01,02). Weights range from 6 to 9 grams (03). The pelage is fine
and fluffy, the upperparts are a dull, grayish chestnut; each hair is
slightly glossy at the tip while the basal two-thirds are blackish;
the underparts have the general effect of a pinkish cast. The
membranes and ears are a dull, blackish brown (01). This species
closely resembles the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), but differs
in having a keeled calcar; smaller, more delicate hind feet; sparser,
shorter hairs on the feet (02); a duller appearance to the fur; and
less contrast between the pelage and ears (04). The skull resembles
that of the little brown bat, but the braincase is smaller, narrower,
and lower; and a delicate but complete sagittal crest usually is
present (01).
The type specimen was taken from Wyandotte Cave, Crawford Co.,
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
Indiana.
There are no variations or disagreements over the scientific
nomenclature of this bat. The only common synonym is "Indiana myotis"
and the names "social bat" and "social myotis" have been uncommonly
used.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Alabama; Federal Endangered
Alabama; State Listed
Alabama; Unofficially Listed
Arkansas; Federal Endangered
Arkansas; State Recognized
Florida; Federal Endangered
Florida; Officially Listed
Georgia; Federal Endangered
Georgia; State Listed
Kentucky; Federal Endangered
Kentucky; State Recognized
Maryland; Federal Endangered
Maryland; State Listed
Mississippi; Federal Endangered
Mississippi; State Listed
North Carolina; Federal Endangered
North Carolina; State Listed
South Carolina; Federal Endangered
South Carolina; State Listed
Tennessee; Federal Endangered
Tennessee; State Listed
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
Coded Status
Virginia; Federal Endangered
Virginia; State Recognized
West Virginia; Federal Endangered
West Virginia; State Recognized
E: Federal Endangered
Alabama; Federal Endangered
Alabama; State Listed
Alabama; Unofficially Listed
Arkansas; Federal Endangered
Arkansas; State Recognized
Florida; Federal Endangered
Florida; Officially Listed
Georgia; Federal Endangered
Georgia; State Listed
Kentucky; Federal Endangered
Kentucky; State Recognized
Maryland; Federal Endangered
Maryland; State Listed
Mississippi; Federal Endangered
Mississippi; State Listed
North Carolina; Federal Endangered
North Carolina; State Listed
Status - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
Coded Status
South Carolina; Federal Endangered
South Carolina; State Listed
Tennessee; Federal Endangered
Tennessee; State Listed
Virginia; Federal Endangered
Virginia; State Recognized
West Virginia; Federal Endangered
West Virginia; State Recognized
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis, is listed as Endangered under
the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87
Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended (50 CFR 17.11). Coverage
includes the entire range, encompassing much of the eastern and
midwestern United States. Critical Habitat is designated in La Salle
Co., IL; Crawford and Green Cos., IN; Carter and Edmonson Co., KY;
Crawford, Franklin, Iron, Shannon, and Washington Cos., MO; Blount
Co., TN; and Pendleton Co., WV (50 CFR 17.95 (a)).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BIA -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
Status - 3 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Bureau of Indian Affairs
lands.
DOD -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Alabama
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Endangered, IN: Endangered and Threatened
Plants and Animals of Alabama, Bulletin of the
Alabama Museum of Natural History.
STATE: Arkansas, Kentucky, Rhode Island, Virginia, West Virginia
and Wisconsin.
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: AR, Game and Fish Commission.
KY, Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Resour.
RI, Division of Fish and Wildlife.
VA, Commission of Game and Inland
Fisheries.
WV, Department of Natural Resources.
WI, Department of Natural Resources.
STATE STATUTE: AR, Amendment No. 35 of Arkansas Constitution,
1945.
KY, Revised Statutes 150.183; 301 KY Admin.
Regulations 3:061.
VA, State Code 29.230 go 29.237.
Status - 4 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
RI, General Laws of Rhode Island, Subsection
20-37-1, 20-37-5.
WV, Coop. Agreement with USFWS.
WI, NR 27.01 to 27.07, NR 10.02, 19.001, 19.25
Wisc. Admin. Code; Wisc. Statutes Annotated
29.01.
STATE: Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania,
South Carolina, Tennessee, and Vermont.
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered. (AL) Nongame Wildlife Species.
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: AL, Div. of Game and Fish.
CT, Dept. of Environmental Protection.
FL, Department of Natural Resources.
GA, Department of Natural Resources.
IL, Department of Conservation, Nature
Preserves Commission.
IN, Department of Natural Resources.
IA, Department of Natural Resources.
MD, Department of Natural Resources.
MA, Dept. of Fisheries, Wildlife & Rec.
MI, Department of Natural Resources.
MS, Department of Wildlife Conservation.
MO, Department of Conservation.
NH, Fish and Game Department.
NJ, Dept. of Environmental Protection.
NY, Dept. of Environmental Conservation.
NC, Wildlife Resources Commission.
OH, Department of Natural Resources.
OK, Department of Wildlife Conservation.
PA, Game Commission.
SC, Wildlife and Marine Resources Dept.
TN, Wildlife Resources Agency.
VT, Fish and Game Department.
STATE STATUTE: AL, Game and Fish Reg. 87-GF-7.
CT, CT Gen. Statutes Ann. 26-40d and 26-40e.
FL, FL Admin. Code, Sec. 39-27.03-05; Fla.
Endangered Species Act of 1977; FL Stat.
Ann. 372.072.
GA, Game and Fish Code of GA, Title 27, Ch. 3,
Pages 130-132; Rules and Regulations of the
State of GA 391-4-13.09.
IL, Revised Statute 1983, Ch. 8, Sec. 331-340,
P.A. 77-2186; 17 IL Admin. Code 1010.30.
IN, Code, Non-game and Endangered Species
Act, PL 128; IN Stat. Annot., 14-2-8.5-1;
310 IN Admin. Code 3-3-6.
IA, Code Annot., Sec. 109A.1 to 109A.5; IA
Admin. Code 2/27/85, Conservation 290-19.
MD, Nat. Resour. Bills 10, Sec. 10-2A01 to 2A09,
Nongame and Endangered Species Act.
Status - 5 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
MA, MA Gen. Laws Annot. Sec. 5, Ch. 131, Sec.
26A.
MI, Act No. 203, Publ. Acts of 1974; MI Compiled
Laws Annot. 299-221 to 299-230; MI Admin.
Code 229.1021 to .1028.
MS, Public Notice No. 2408 of MS Code of 1972,
Sec. 49-5-101 to 119; and Public Notice
No.2156.
MO, Rev. Stat. 252.240, Wildl. Code of
MO 3 CSR 10-4.111.
NH, Rev. Stat. Annot., Ch. 212-A to 212-A:15,
and NH Code of Admin. Rules Fis 1001.01,
1001.02.
NJ, NJ Administrative Code 7:25-11.2.
NY, Environ. Conserv. Law, Sec. 11-0535 and
11.0536, NY Code, Rules & Regs. 182.1-182.5.
NC, Gen. Stat. 113-134, 113-132, 143-239; NC
Admin. Code, NC Resour. and Conserv. Dept.
Wildl. Resour. and Water Safety, T 15:
Subchapter 10I - Endang. & Threat. Species.
OH, Revised Code Ann., Sec. 1531.25, OH
Admin. Code 1501.31-23.01.
OK, 29 Oklahoma Statutes Annotated, Subsection
2-109, 2-135, 7-501, 7-502, 7-504, and 7-602.
PA, PL 1225, Act of June 3, 1937, Title 34, Sec.
1311; PA Code - Title 58, Ch. 147.1, 147.21.
SC, SC Code 50-15, Regulations 123-150.
TN, Wildl. Proc. 75-15, 76-4, and Amendments.
VT, VT Regulations Annot. 13-79.1.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
This bat is listed in the 1982 IUCN Red Data Book. This species
is listed by the U.S. in the Convention on Nature Protection and
Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere Convention Annex
(1970).
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The Indiana bat is entirely insectivorous. Its role in
controlling populations of night-flying insects presents a positive
value to man.
67/03/11:32 FR 04001/ - Listed as Endangered
75/05/16:40 FR 21500/21501 - Designation of Critical Habitat
79/05/21:44 FR 29566/29577 - Five year review
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review
Status - 6 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
INLAND AQUATIC
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTRY TYPES
SAF TYPE STAGE CLOSURE
Shortleaf Pine-Oak mature tree
Shortleaf Pine-Oak Old Growth
mature tree
Old Growth
mature tree
Old Growth
mature tree
Old Growth
LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Deciduous Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land
Streams and Canals
Forested Wetland
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial UB3
Riverine, lower perennial RB
Palustrine SS6
Palustrine FO6
Palustrine FO5
Palustrine FO1
Palustrine EM2
Palustrine EM1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Winter Habitat:
Indiana bats hibernate in caves or mines that have stable
temperatures below 10 degrees C, preferably from 4 to 8 degrees C (03,
05,07). Specific roost sites are selected that exhibit the preferred
conditions (03,07). Indiana bats usually hibernate in large, densely
packed clusters of approximately 300 bats per square foot (3200 per
square meter) (07,08). Relative humidity at roost sites during
hibernation usually is above 74% (03,05,08), although relative
humidities as low as 54% have been observed (09). Specific cave
configurations determine temperature and humidity microclimates
required by this species (10,03,08). Only a small percentage of
available caves provide for the Indiana bat's specialized requirements
(02).
Summer Habitat:
Recent studies indicate that maternity colonies are formed mostly
in riparian and floodplain areas of small to medium-sized streams (13,
16,17). Indiana bats also have been found along tree-lined drainage
ditches (25), and in upland sites (12,15). It may be that this
apparent pattern is more a function of habitat availability than of
the species' preference, i.e., clearing for agriculture has restricted
Habitat Associations - 1 forest habitats mostly to riparian zones in the summer range of the
Indiana bat (06). Roosts have been located in the hollow of a tree
(19), and behind the loose, exfoliating bark of both dead and living
trees (13,14). To date, few maternity roosts of the Indiana bat have
been found and described. Of these, 3 have been in riparian habitat
(13,14,18), and one was in an "open, pastured woodlot" (24).
Optimum Indiana bat summer habitat apparently must include a
mature tree component, both to provide roost sites and because Indiana
bats forage around the crowns of mature trees (06,13,18,22).
Preferred stream habitat appears to consist of streams lined on both
banks with mature trees that overhang the water by at least 3 m.
Streams without riparian vegetation do not appear to be suitable (14).
Upland forest with a well-developed canopy but poorly-developed
subcanopy layer also appears to provide summer habitat (18).
Indiana bats forage beneath and around the canopy of riparian and
upland forest within the northern hardwood, eastern deciduous, outer
coastal plain, southern mixed and into the prairie parkland forested
areas (13,20,22,06). The Indiana bat occurs in riparian habitats
adjacent to areas used for row crop agriculture (e.g., nut, corn,
sorghum, soybean and wheat). The species has also been found
occasionally roosting under bridges and underpasses and in buildings
(27).
The distribution of male Indiana bats during the summer is not
well understood. In Indiana, males and females appear to be
allopatric (18). In other parts of the range, males may be captured
at caves during the summer (05,06,08), as well as in floodplain,
riparian, and upland forest (15,18).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Terrestrial Features: Caves, wet
G Terrestrial Features: Caves, dry
G
G Snags: Unknown
G Tree Cavities: Unknown
G
G Human Association: Abandoned buildings
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
The Indiana bat is insectivorous throughout its life and during
all seasons. Indiana bats appear to be both opportunistic and
selective foragers, i.e., they feed on a variety of prey items when
preferred items are not sufficiently available, but preferentially
select such items when their abundance increases (23). Eight or more
orders of insects have been identified as food sources in food habit
studies of the Indiana bat: Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera,
Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Homoptera, Neuroptera, and Hymenoptera. Of
these, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera appear to be preferred,
with Lepidoptera the most preferred (06,18,20,21,23).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
The Indiana bat is not territorial in the classic sense of the
term. However, colonies comprised of the same individuals occupy the
same roosts (trees in summer, caves in winter) from year to year (06,
08,09,13).
PERIODICITY:
The Indiana bat is nocturnal. Hibernation lasts roughly from
October through April. Bats are active from April through
September-October (06,27).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
This species migrates seasonally between summer roosts and
hibernation caves. Details concerning actual migration are not known.
In the yearly cycle, females leave the hibernacula first, in
March-April (27). Males follow, but spread out over a longer period
(04). Females migrate to their maternity roosts, arriving in early to
mid-May (13). Some males stay at the hibernation caves (05,06,18),
but the whereabouts of most are not known (02). Summer colonies begin
to disperse in August (27). Migrants return to the hibernacula during
the period of August-October (24,27). Females enter hibernation
first, while males remain active at the cave entrance (24).
Movements have been recorded between hibernacula in central
Kentucky and summer areas in Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and Michigan
(27), as well as from southern Missouri to northern Missouri and
southern Iowa (09,06).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
In winter, caves or mines with cool, stable temperatures below 10
degrees C are utilized (03,05,07).
In summer, Indiana bats roost in mature trees, either living or
dead, with exfoliating bark (13). Hickories (Carya cordiformis and C.
ovata) may be preferred since 2 of the known maternity colonies were
found in hickory trees (13,26).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Indiana bats breed prior to entering hibernation. Males remain
active at the hibernaculum entrances during the period when the
females are returning and entering hibernation. Copulation is readily
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
observed on the cave ceiling at this time (24,27). Females select
maternity roosts that provide warmth from the sun and protection from
adverse elements, especially cold rain (24).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Apparently, Indiana bats can breed in their first season (04).
Breeding occurs in the fall, prior to hibernation. Females store the
sperm until spring, when ovulation and fertilization occurs (02).
Females give birth to a single young in June or early July (02,27).
Details of mate selection and period of gestation are not known (04).
PARENTAL CARE:
After giving birth, females nurse and roost with their young
from 4 to 6 weeks, depending on the warmth of the season and
consequent rate of development of the young. The young appear to fly
with their mothers during their early foraging flights (13). Duration
of the mother/offspring bond is not known (04).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Indiana bat populations may be limited by some or all of the
following: freezing and flooding during hibernation; disturbance
and destruction of hibernating bats; conversion of summer habitat
(mature riparian and upland forest), primarily to agrarian types;
pesticides and other pollutants; and other causes such as
indiscriminate collecting, cave commercialization, and improper cave
gating (02). The only information concerning survival that is
available has been collected at hibernacula. The lowest survival
rates occur in the first year after marking and in the last few years
of life. Survival rates during the period from 1-6 years after
marking are approximately 70%. Indiana bats may live to be 13 or more
years old, with males surviving better than females once past 10 years
of age (11). A recent survey of a priority 1 hibernaculum in Kentucky
showed a 50% decline in the population. No reason for the decline was
readily apparent during the survey (28). Clawson (1985) (29)
estimated that a total of 266,000 Indiana bats hibernate in Missouri;
about 60% of the total number of Indiana bats known to exist.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
None.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Restricting Timber Harvest
Beneficial Maintaining Later Stages of Succession
Adverse Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Existing Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Adverse Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Existing Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse Spelunking
Existing Spelunking
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Underground Mines
Existing Underground Mines
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Applying pesticides
Existing Applying pesticides
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Forest Alteration
Existing Forest Alteration
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The Indiana bat is an extremely vulnerable species due to its
penchant for aggregation: Fully 85% of the entire known population
winters in only 7 caves. The status of the Indiana bat is due
primarily to the direct and indirect actions of man. The most serious
cause of decline is human disturbance of hibernating bats, causing
arousal and depletion of fat reserves. Vandalism and direct
destruction of roosting bats have been documented as well.
Alterations of cave microclimates have been caused by construction for
cave commercialization and by improper gating of cave entrances,
rendering caves unsuitable for Indiana bat hibernation. Other
human-related factors that have been implicated in the decline of the
species include stream channelization and bank modification, forest
clearing and alteration, agricultural development, and indiscriminate
collecting. Natural phenomena associated with Indiana bat declines
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
include flooding of hibernacula, freezing during severe winter
weather, and collapse of abandoned mines used by the species (02,03,
05).
Although direct studies of pesticide effects on Indiana bats have
not been conducted, pesticides have been implicated in the decline of
other insectivorous North American bats (02).
Finally, the low reproductive potential of the species (one young
per female per year) precludes rapid recovery from short-term,
catastrophic declines, as have happened to the Indiana bat (04).
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Recovery Plan for the Indiana
Bat. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 23 pp.
The Recovery Plan for the Indiana bat recommends:
1. Prevention of disturbance to important hibernacula. Human entry
needs to be prevented by gating, fencing, signing, monitoring by law
enforcement personnel, and closing access roads and trails.
Prevention of adverse modification and rehabilitation of the surface
and subsurface is needed.
2. The most important winter and fall roost sites need protection by
fee acquisition, lease, easement, cooperative agreement, or other
arrangement.
3. Foraging areas and nursery roost habitat must be maintained,
protected, and restored by determining habitat requirements,
preserving water quality (i.e., from siltation, pesticide use,
pollutants), and restoring or preserving forest cover along rivers and
streams.
4. Monitoring of populations, habitats, and toxic chemical residues
and information/education efforts are recommended.
5. Important research needs include: summer habitat requirements,
effects of habitat destruction, foraging habitat and prey preferences,
effects of winter disturbance, effects of water pollution and
siltation, effects of pesticide contamination, and effects of cave
modifications.
The Service developed, by contract with Bat Conservation
International, a slide/tape educational program and informational
brochure on endangered bats. These products are currently being
circulated throughout the range of this species. The Priority 1
hibernacula are censused every two years. The lower priority caves
are censused at less frequent intervals throughout most of its range.
Cooperative efforts by state and Federal agencies and interested
private groups and individuals concerned with bat conservation are
being utilized to accomplish this task. Defective or improperly
designed cave gates are being replaced as time and resources permit.
Research is underway to evaluate alternative gate designs and their
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
effects on this species. Efforts are underway to protect all of the
Priority 1 hibernacula and the more significant Priority 2 caves.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species BAT, INDIANA
Species Id ESIS053001
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Hall, E.R. 1981. The mammals of North America. John Wiley &
Sons, New York. 1181 pp.
02 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Recovery Plan for the
Indiana Bat. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rockville, MD.
94 pp.
03 Humphrey, S.R. 1978. Status, winter habitat, and management of
the endangered Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. Fla. Scientist
41(2):65-76.
04 Clawson, R.L. 1985. Personal observation. Missouri Dept.
Conserv., Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Columbia, MO.
05 Hall, J.S. 1962. A life history and taxonomic study of the
Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis). Reading Public Mus. and Art Gallery,
Sci. Publ. 12:1-68.
06 LaVal, R.K., and M.L. LaVal. 1980. Ecological studies and
management of Missouri bats, with emphasis on cave-dwelling
species. Missouri Dept. Conserv., Terrestrial Series No.8, 53 pp.
07 Clawson, R.L., R.K. LaVal, M.L. LaVal, and W. Caire. 1980.
Clustering behavior of hibernating Myotis sodalis in Missouri. J.
Mamm. 61(2):245-253.
08 LaVal, R.K., R.L. Clawson, W. Caire, L.R. Wingate, and M.L. LaVal.
1976. An evaluation of the status of myotine bats in the proposed
Meramec Park Lake and Union Project areas, Missouri. U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, St. Louis. Special Report. 136 pp.
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References - 4