(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

TAXONOMY

NAME - BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK

OTHER COMMON NAMES - BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK; BAT, BIG-EARED, TOWNSEND'S; BAT, BIG-EARED, WESTERN;BAT, LONG-EARED;BAT and LUMP-NOSED

ELEMENT CODE -

CATEGORY - Mammals

PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,

CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAMMALIA,

ORDER AND SUBORDER - CHIROPTERA,

FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - VESPERTILIONIDAE,

GENUS AND SUBGENUS - PLECOTUS,

SPECIES AND SSP - TOWNSENDII, INGENS

SCIENTIFIC NAME - PLECOTUS TOWNSENDII INGENS

AUTHORITY -

TAXONOMY REFERENCES -

COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Ozark Big-eared Bat

Plecotus townsendii ingens (Handley, 1955)

KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Mammal

PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Mammalia
ORDER: Chiroptera FAMILY: Vespertilionidae

The Ozark big-eared bat, Plecotus townsendii ingens (Handley,
1955) is a subspecies of Townsend's big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii
Cooper, 1837) and is also known as the lump-nosed bat, the western
big-eared bat, and the long-eared bat.
Townsend's big-eared bat is a medium sized bat with large ears
(more than 2.5 cm long) connected across the forehead, mitten-shaped
glandular masses on the muzzle, and elongated nostril openings (01).
The adults weigh from 5 to 13 grams (02). Townsend's big-eared bat
closely resembles the eastern big-eared bat, Plecotus rafinesquii.
They can be distinguished most easily by hair color. Townsend's
big-eared bat has tan underparts and brown dorsal fur in contrast to
the whitish underparts and the gray dorsal fur of the eastern
big-eared bat (03).
The Ozark big-eared bat, Plecotus townsendii ingens, is the
largest and reddest of the five subspecies. It may be distinguished
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

from the Rocky Mountain form (Plecotus townsendii pallescens, the only
geographically adjacent subspecies) by its darker, more orange or
reddish coloration, larger average size, relatively larger auditory
bullae, more inflated rostrum, relatively more robust molariform
teeth, and more frequent development of a secondary cusp on the first
upper incisor (02). The Virginia big-eared bat is more sooty dorsally
than the Ozark big-eared bat and averages slightly smaller in all
dimensions. The first upper incisor rarely has a trace of a secondary
cusp and the rostrum is less heavy and inflated (02).
The Ozark big-eared bat was first described by Handley in 1955
who used the genus Corynorhinus and later on (1959) reclassified the
subspecies into the genus Plecotus. Photographs of P. townsendii
appear in Barbour and Davis, 1969, (03) and Humphrey and Kunz, 1976
(04).

Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

STATUS

Coded Status
Arkansas; Federal Endangered
Arkansas; State Recognized
Arkansas; Unofficially Listed

E: Federal Endangered

COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Ozark big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii ingens) has been
designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The subspecies has this status wherever
found including the States of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.

RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:

USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.

All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.

STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:

STATE: Arkansas
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Game and Fish Commission
STATE STATUTES: Amendment 35 to the Arkansas Constitution
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Endangered, Arkansas Natural Area Plan,
December 1974.

STATE: Missouri
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Department of Conservation
STATE STATUTES: Revised Statutes of Missouri, 252.240
(Endangered Species Importation, Transportation,
or Sale, When Prohibited - How Designated -
Penalty.) 1972. 3CFR10 - 4.111 Endangered
Species.

STATE: Oklahoma
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Department of Wildlife Conservation
STATE STATUTES: Title 29, Game and Fish Laws, Section 2-109.
Further legislation is proposed to clarify
wording of state endangered species laws and
make them more consistent with Federal laws
(Amendment ot Section 2-109, Senate Bill
No.147).
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Rare, Rare and Endangered Vertebrates of
Oklahoma, 1975.

INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.

ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The Ozark big-eared bat has no commercial or negative values,
except that its protection may result in exclusion of human beings
from a few colony sites during certain periods of the year. It plays
a role in controlling the insect populations on which it preys. It is
a unique, biologically interesting species.

77/12/02:42 FR 61290/61292 - Proposed listing
79/11/30:44 FR 69206/69208 - Final listing

Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS

HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL

LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Deciduous Forest Land

COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Ozark big-eared bats inhabit caves during both summer and winter.
These caves typically are located in karst regions dominated by
oak-hickory associations (03). Ambient air temperatures recorded near
hibernating Ozark big-eared bat colonies and individuals in Arkansas
caves were all within a range of 4-9 degrees C; relative humidity
ranged from 80-90% (09). The only known Ozark big-eared bat maternity
colony in Arkansas is located in a small, relatively warm cave.
Ambient temperature under the roost site averaged 15 degrees C. The
relative humidity was 97% (10). Ozark big-eared bat maternity
colonies are often located just beyond the twilight zone of the cave
entrance. Big-eared bats feed mostly along forest edges (15).

Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

FOOD HABITS

TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE

LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Arthropods

Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS

G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae

LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Terrestrial Features: Caves, wet
G Terrestrial Features: Caves, dry

Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

LIFE HISTORY

Note: Much of the data presented below is based on studies of
the non-endangered subspecies of Townsend's big-eared bat due to the
lack of information available on the Ozark big-eared bat.

FOOD HABITS:
Townsend's big-eared bat feeds principally on small moths
(Microlepidoptera), averaging 6 mm in length (range= 3 to 10 mm), and
also may take other insects, including representatives of Neuroptera,
Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera (11,12,13). Howell (14) noted
that Townsend's big-eared bat captured insects from leaves and other
places. However, Bell (in Kunz and Martin, 15) noted that big-eared
bats feed mostly in the air along forested edges and should not be
regarded as foliage gleaners.

HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
There is no information available on this species home range or
territorial behavior.

PERIODICITY:
During late March or early April, female big-eared bats
congregate and form maternity colonies in the warm parts of certain
caves. Although there may be occasional periods of torpor, the
females usually remain alert and active in the maternity roost.
Shortly after dark, the females emerge from the cave to forage.
Nocturnal activity patterns of bats in maternity colonies vary as the
maternity season progresses. During May and most of June, the colony
remains outside the cave most of the night. By late June and July,
a portion of the colony returns during the night and often re-emerges
in a pattern that probably is related to the age and development of
the young (16).
During the maternity period, most males are solitary (06,03,04).
However, a few males may live in or visit caves occupied by maternity
colonies. Townsend's big-eared bat prefers relatively cold places for
hibernation, often near entrances and in well ventilated parts of
caves (06,17,18,03,19,04). During hibernation, they assume body
temperatures that are highly correlated with ambient air temperature
and the temperature of the substrate on which they roost (04). In
winter they often move deeper into the more thermally stable parts of
the same cave or move to other nearby caves if temperatures near
entrances become too extreme (18,06,19,04) Over half of the autumn
body mass in Townsend's big-eared bats may be lost during hibernation
with the greatest loss occurring in the first months of winter (04).
The periodic arousal and movement of the bats contributes to loss of
fat reserves.

MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Townsend's big-eared bat appears to be a relatively sedentary
species. No long distance migrations have been reported. Barbour and
Davis (03) recorded movements of 64.4 km (40 mi) in Kentucky. The
Arkansas colony of the subspecies ingens moves only about 6.5 km
(4 mi) between the hibernaculum and maternity cave (09). This species
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

exhibits a high degree of site attachment, returning year after year
to the same maternity roosts (06). Winter activity may include short
movements among nearby hibernacula (04).

COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
The caves used by the Ozark big-eared bat are typically located
in karst regions dominated by oak-hickory associations (03). There is
no information available on the cover requirements of this species.
Although pastures are sometimes tolerated in the vicinity of the cave
entrance, the entrance itself is typically in a forested area.
Ambient air temperatures recorded near hibernating Ozark
big-eared bat colonies and individuals in Arkansas caves were all
within a range of 4-9 degrees C; relative humidity ranged from 80-95
percent (09).
The only known Ozark big-eared bat maternity colony in Arkansas
is located in a small, relatively warm cave. Ambient temperature
under the roost site averaged 15 degrees C. The relative humidity was
97% (10).

REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Pearson et al. (06) found that copulation took place in the
hibernacula in fall and winter. Ambient air temperatures recorded
near hibernating Ozark big-eared bat colonies and individuals in
Arkansas caves were all within a range of 4-9 degrees C; relative
humidity ranged from 80-95% (09). Ozark big-eared bats are born in
maternity colonies located in relatively warm caves. Ambient
temperature under the maternity roost site in Arkansas averaged 15
degrees C. The relative humidity was 97% (10).

REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
This aspect of Townsend's big-eared bat biology was studied by
Pearson et al. (06) in California. The following is a summary by
Kunz and Martin (15) of Pearson's work:

Estrus and subsequent copulation begin in autumn and
the peak of copulations occurs from November through February,
although some females apparently mate before arriving at
hibernacula. Young females are reproductively active and
mate in their first autumn. Spermatozoa are stored in the
reproductive tracts of females until spring, when ovulation,
fertilization, and gestation occur. Ovulation may occur
either before or after females leave hibernation.
Development of a single embryo takes place in the right
uterine horn. The length of gestation varies from 56 to
100 days, depending on spring temperatures and the varying
amounts of torpor experienced by different individuals.
Parturition occurs in late spring and early summer, followed
by an anestrous period.
In adult males, spermatogenesis occurs during the summer,
reaching maximum activity in September. By late September
and early October, the testes of adults begin to atrophy,
coinciding with the appearance of sperm in the enlarging
epididymides. The accessory glands reach full size in late
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

October. Copulation is preceded by a ritualized
precopulatory behavior characterized by the production of
audible vocalizations, followed by head nuzzling which may be
directed at either torpid or active individuals. Young males
fail to reach sexual maturity in their first autumn.

PARENTAL CARE:
Pearson et al. (06) have reported upon the inclination of mother
P. townsendii in California to nurse only their own young and their
ability to select their own young from a large group. When the
mothers leave the roost at night to feed, the young are left behind
clinging together in one or two large clusters, but during the day
each young clings to its mother. Comparison of band numbers of
mothers and their accompanying young on successive visits to the same
nursery colony showed that in every case the mother was carrying the
same young as on the previous visit; hence, whenever she had returned
from feeding she must have selected from the cluster of young the
same individual that she had left there.
As in other bats, baby Townsend's big-eared bats are large at
birth, weighing nearly 25% of their mother's post-partum mass.
Newborn bats are naked and their large ears lie over their unopened
eyes for the first few days. Within a few hours after birth they can
produce audible "chirps" which may play an important role in
mother-infant recognition. At the age of one week, young bats are
capable of producing adult-like audible "squawks". Young bats grow
rapidly, nearly reaching adult forearm size in one month. They are
capable of flight at 2.5 to 3 weeks and are fully weaned by 6 weeks
(06,15).

POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Pearson et al. (06) commented that the Townsend's big-eared bat
of the west is likely limited by the number of suitable winter
roosting sites and the number of summer roosting sites surrounded by
adequate foraging habitat. Within the range of the Ozark big-eared
bats there appears to be available unoccupied habitat; however,
unknown ecological factors may restrict the bats from expanding into
these areas.
There are no data available on predation upon Ozark big-eared
bats. Evidence of predation on the Virginia big-eared bat (another
endangered subspecies of P. townsendii) is limited to four incidents
of predation (evidenced by torn body parts) at Sinnit Cave, West
Virginia which have occurred since a gate was installed (26). House
cats were implicated as the predator in at least two of the incidents.
Pearson et al. (06) had three records of house cats bringing in dead
specimens of P. townsendii in California, but did not know how or by
what these bats actually were killed. Big-eared bat predators may
include raccoons, bobcats, house cats, skunks, screeh owls, and
snakes. Too little information is available on the influence of food
supply and disease to comment on their significance as limiting
factors.
Causes of decline of Townsend's big-eared bat likely include loss
of habitat, vandalism, and increases in human visitation to maternity
roosts and hibernacula (04,05). Human disturbance at maternity and
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

hibernation sites has been a major concern. Barbour and Davis (03)
said "the bats seem to be abandoning more caves each year, apparently
as a result of ever-increasing human disturbance as spelunking becomes
more popular. The species seems destined to perish in the eastern
United States unless the caves it uses receive protection . . . ."
Pearson et al. (06) witnessed the abandonment of a cave by an entire
colony. The young had been banded after the adults departed the cave
at night. By morning, the adults had returned, picked up their young,
and moved to an alternate roost 2.1 km (1.3 mi) away. Graham (07)
suggested that the cause of abandonment of each of six maternity roost
sites in California was the same, disturbance through excessive
visitation by people as the caves became popular. He chronicled the
shifting of one colony to ever more inaccessible regions of its cave
until the cave was finally abandoned in 1961.
Humphrey and Kunz (04) had similar experiences with colonies they
studied in northern Oklahoma and Kansas, and commented:

". . . clearly handling and simply the presence of people
cause this species to desert preferred roosts as well as
alternate roosts. It is unknown whether reduction results
from direct loss of embryos or young, delayed development
followed by failure to overwinter or failure of living
females to occupy the nursery the next year. Whatever the
mechanism, nursery populations decline after disturbance
and do not recover in the following year."

The immediate impact of human disturbance on Townsend's big-eared
bat colonies is probably comparable to similar disturbances of gray
bat colonies. The disturbance of big-eared bat colonies during April
and May risks, at a minimum, the abandonment of the site by the
colony. Disturbance later in the maternity season (June, July, and
early August) additionally risks a high mortality of young.
Disturbances during hibernation also may produce adverse effects. A
limited number of arousals from hibernation is natural and necessary,
but each arousal from hibernation is energetically expensive. Energy
reserves (in the form of fat) cannot be replaced before spring
emergence. If the number of arousals of a hibernating bat are
increased by human disturbance until its energy stores are exhausted,
it likely will leave the cave prematurely in search of food and die
outside where its fate will go unnoticed (08). Measures should be
taken to prevent human disturbance of colony sites, particularly from
March 15 to October 31 at maternity colonies and from August 15 to
April 30 at hibernacula.
Kunz and Martin (15) have provided the following summary of
available information on the natality and survivorship of Townsend's
big-eared bat. No such data have been collected on the endangered
subspecies.

Natality rates are comparable throughout the species
range, varying from 90 to 100% (21,22,06,23,04). Pre-weaning
post-natal mortality was 5% in South Dakota (23) and 4% in
Kansas and Oklahoma (04). Pearson et al. (06) estimated
survival rates of females by recording the number of yearling
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

and adult females that returned to maternity colonies each
year. The number returning in a 3-year period ranged from
70 to 80% for adults and 38 to 40% for yearlings. Of the
yearlings that survived the first year, 75 percent returned
as 2-year-olds and 80% of these returned as 3-year-olds.
Judging from the percentage of young bats observed in
hibernation, Pearson et al. (06) postulated that most
mortality in the first year occurred before bats entered
hibernation. Maximum longevity reported for this species is
16 years 5 months, based on recoveries of banded bats in
California (24).

There is no predetermined population density objective under
management for this species.

SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
The Ozark big-eared bat feeds principally on small moths
(Microlepidoptera) and may also take other insects, including
representatives of Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera
(11,12,13). The use of insecticides in occupied big-eared bat habitat
may negatively affect this species by decreasing populations of insect
prey.

OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
During hibernation, Townsend's big-eared bat assumes postures
that appear to buffer it from environmental extremes, yet afford
sensitivity to climatic changes and disturbance. The ears may be held
erect or coiled like a ram's horn (17,06,03,04). Solitary bats often
hang pendent by one or both feet with wings wrapped around the body
and interlocked ventrally, The long pelage is erected to afford
maximum insulation (18). In contrast, the wings of clustered bats are
usually folded tightly against the body and the ears may or may not
be coiled (18,06,04).
Townsend's big-eared bat may be found hibernating solitarily or
in clusters of a few to several hundred individuals. In Arkansas,
Harvey et al. (09) found what appeared to be almost the entire Marble
Falls/Blue Heaven population hibernating in a single cluster. The age
and sex of individuals hibernating in small cluster appears to be
random (19,04), but larger clusters are more often comprised of nearly
equal numbers of both sexes (20,04). Male and female big-eared bats
move from their summer sites to the hibernaculum from late August
through October.

Life History - 5 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Adverse Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Existing Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Adverse Spelunking
Existing Spelunking

COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Many of the data presented below are based on studies of the
non-endangered subspecies of Townsend's big-eared bat (Plecotus
townsendii) due to the lack of information available on the Ozark
big-eared bat (P. townsendii ingens). Causes of decline of Townsend's
big-eared bat likely include loss of habitat, vandalism, and increased
human visitation to maternity roosts and hibernacula (04,05). Human
disturbance at maternity and hibernation sites has been a major
concern. Barbour and Davis (03) said "the bats seem to be abandoning
more caves each year, apparently as a result of ever-increasing human
disturbance as spelunking becomes more popular. The species seems
destined to perish in the eastern United States unless the caves it
uses receive protection . . . ." Pearson et al. (06) witnessed the
abandonment of a cave by an entire bat colony in California. The
young had been banded after the adults departed the cave at night. By
morning, the adults had returned, picked up their young, and moved to
an alternate roost 2.1 km (1.3 mi) away. Graham (07) suggested that
the cause of abandonment of each of six maternity roost sites in
California was the same, disturbance through excessive visitation by
people as the caves became popular. He chronicled the shifting of one
colony to ever more inaccessible regions of its cave until the cave
was finally abandoned in 1961.
Humphrey and Kunz (04) had similar experiences with colonies they
studied in northern Oklahoma and Kansas, and commented:

during hibernation also may produce adverse effects. A limited number
of arousals from hibernation is natural and necessary, but each
arousal from hibernation is energetically expensive. Energy reserves
(in the form of fat) cannot be replaced before spring emergence. If
the number of arousals of a hibernating bat are increased by human
disturbance until its energy stores are exhausted, it likely will
leave the cave prematurely in search of food and die outside where its
fate will go unnoticed (08). Measures should be taken to prevent
human disturbance of colony sites, particularly from March 15 to
October 31 at maternity colonies and from August 15 to April 30 at
hibernacula.
In the future, this bat may experience additional negative
effects from the following factors:

(1) the increased human disturbance resulting from an increase in
popularity of sport spelunking in the Ozark region.

(2) increased human alteration of surface habitat resulting in damage
to feeding areas.

(3) uncontrolled mineral exploration degrading significant
subterranean habitats.

(4) increased use of pesticides and other toxic substances within its
feeding habitat. The use of insecticides in occupied big-eared bat
habitat may negatively affect this species by decreasing populations
of insect prey.

APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. A Recovery Plan for the Ozark
Big-eared Bat. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Twin Cities, MN. 63 pp.

The Recovery Plan for the Ozark big-eared bat sets the following
recovery objective:

In order to prevent the extinction of the Ozark
big-eared bat, it will be necessary to ensure long-term
protection of all known active colony sites and to maintain
stable or increasing populations at all active maternity and
hibernating sites. It is unlikely that the Ozark big-eared
bat's status can be changed to threatened in the foreseeable
future due to its small population size, low reproductive
rate, and its habit of concentrating the majority of its
population in just a few caves (25).

following recovery actions are recommended for the Ozark
big-eared bat:

1. Monitor population trends.
2. Search for undocumented caves of importance to big-eared bats.
3. Prevent human disturbance of maternity colonies and hibernacula.
4. Protection of caves providing habitat for solitary big-eared bats.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

5. Prevent adverse modifications to essential habitat.
6. Develop and maintain public support for species protection.
7. Prepare and maintain a management profile for each colony site.

The current ongoing recovery activities include the following:

1. Annual surveys of all known maternity colonies.
2. Efforts to protect colony sites from human disturbance in Arkansas
and Oklahoma (includes cooperative agreements, purchases of
easements, and land acquisition).
3. Studies of foraging behavior and surface habitat use.
4. Studies of impacts of gates and fences on bat behavior.

Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

References

***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****

01 Handley, C.O., Jr., G. Tipton, and A. Tipton. 1978. The western
big-eared bat. Pages 497-500. IN: D.W. Linzey (ed.),
Proceedings of the symposium on Endangered and Threatened plants
and animals of Virginia, Center for Environmental Studies,
Blacksburg.
02 Handley, C.O., Jr. 1959. A revision of American bats of the
genera Euderma and Plecotus. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 110:95-246.
03 Barbour, R.W. and W.H. Davis. 1969. Bats of America. Univ.
Press, Lexington, KY. 286 pp.
04 Humphrey, S.R. and T.H. Kunz. 1976. Ecology of a Pleistocene
relict, the western big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii), in the
southern Great Plains. J. Mammol. 57:470-494.
05 Harvey, M.J. 1975. Endangered Chiroptera of the southeastern
United States. Proc. 29th Ann. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish
Comm.
06 Pearson, O.P., M.R. Koford, and A.K. Pearson. 1952. Reproduction
of the lump-nosed bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) in California.
J. Mammol. 33:273-320.
07 Graham, R.E. 1966. Observations on the roosting habits of the
big-eared bat, Plecotus townsendii in California limestone caves.
Cave Notes 8:17-22.
08 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. The Gray Bat Recovery Plan.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C. 143 pp.
09 Harvey, M.J., J.J. Cassidy, and G.G. O'Hagan. 1981. Endangered
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10 Harvey, M.J. 1985. Personal communication. Dept. Biol., Memphis
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11 Hamilton, W.J., Jr. 1943. The Mammals of the Eastern United
States. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, NY. 432 pp.
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13 Whitaker, J.O., Jr., C. Maser, and L.E. Keller. 1977. Food habits
of bats of Western Oregon. Northwest Sci. 51:46-55.
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15 Kunz, T.H. and R.A. Martin. 1982. Plecotus townsendii. Mammalian
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16 Bagley, F. and J. Jacobs. In preparation. Development of a
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17 Dalquest, W.W. 1947. Notes on the natural history of the bat
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20 Rippy, C.L. and M.J. Harvey. 1965. Notes on Plecotus townsendii
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species BAT, BIG-EARED, OZARK
Species Id ESIS054003
Date 14 MAR 96

virginianus in Kentucky. J. Mammal. 46:499.
21 Fenton, M.B. 1969. The carrying of young by females of three
species of bats. Canadian J. Zool. 47:158-159.
22 Hall, E.R. 1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. Calif. Press,
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23 Turner, R.W. and J.K. Jones, Jr. 1968. Additional notes on bats
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American bats. Am. Midl. Nat. 78:251-252.
25 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. A Recovery Plan for the
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26 Walker, L. 1985. Personal communication. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
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27 Hall, E.R. 1981. The Mammals of North America. John Wiley and
Sons, NY. 1:xiv + 600 + 90 pp.

***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****

01 Grigsby, E.M. and W.L. Puckette. 1982. A study of three species
of Endangered bats occurring in Oklahoma. Prepared for U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service.
02 Harvey, M.J., J.J. Cassidy, and G.G. O'Hagan. 1981. Endangered
bats of Arkansas: distribution, status, ecology, and management.
Ecological Research Center, Memphis State University. 137pp.
03 Clawson, R. 1983. Personal communication. Missouri Dep.
Conserv., Fish and Wildl. Res. Cent., 1110 College Ave, Columbia,
MO 65201.
04 Bagley, F.M. 1985. Personal communication. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Jackson Mall Office, Suite 316, 300 Woodrow
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05 The Sunday Oklahoman. February 9, 1986. Wildlife Refuge Holds
"Mother Lode" of Bats. Section A, page 9.

References - 2