(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
OTHER COMMON NAMES - RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO; RAT, PACK; RAT, WOOD+, EASTERN;RAT, WOOD+, KEYS; RAT, PACK+, FLORIDA and SOUTH
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Mammals
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAMMALIA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - RODENTIA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - MURIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - NEOTOMA,
SPECIES AND SSP - FLORIDANA, SMALLI
SCIENTIFIC NAME - NEOTOMA FLORIDANA SMALLI
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Key Largo Woodrat
Neotoma floridana smalli Sherman, 1955
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Mammal
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Mammalia
ORDER: Rodentia FAMILY: Muridae
The Key Largo woodrat (12) is a medium-sized rodent. Its fur is
sepia dorsally, cinnamon on the sides, and cream or white below; the
feet are white. The tail is shorter than the head and body, sparsely
haired, and not sharply bicolored. This subspecies is distinguished
from conspecifics from peninsular Florida by sphenopalatine vacuities
that are narrower and do not extend as far forward. Males are
slightly larger than females. The normal range of measurements of
adults is 320-420 mm in total length, 170-220 mm for length of the
head and body, 34-40 mm for length of the hind foot, and 38-48 mm for
condylobasal skull length. This subspecies is slightly smaller than
conspecifics from peninsular Florida, but overlap in size of the two
is considerable. This trend in body size is one extreme in a cline
across subspecies of the eastern woodrat (11).
The holotype specimen is UF 12644, housed in the mammal
collection of the Florida State Museum. A color photograph of a Key
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
Largo woodrat was published on page 1D of the St. Petersburg Times on
May 9, 1984. A black-and-white photograph also has been published
(03). Drawings of the skull were included in the type description
(12).
There is no disagreement over the nomenclature of this
subspecies, however, the common names pack rat and eastern woodrat are
sometimes applied to animals of its genus and species respectively.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Florida; Federal Endangered
Florida; Officially Listed
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli) has been
designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The subspecies has this status wherever found
including the State of Florida.
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Florida
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish
Commission, Department of Natural
Resources.
STATE STATUTE: Section 39-27.03-05, Florida Administrative Code,
39-1.02 and 39-1.04.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None.
80/04/28:45 FR 49861/49862 - Acceptance of petition and status review
83/09/21:48 FR 43040/43043 - Emergency rule
84/02/09:49 FR 04951/04956 - Proposed rule with Critical Habitat
84/04/06:49 FR 13720/13721 - Prop. rule/pub. hearing/extend comment
84/08/31:49 FR 34504/34510 - Final rule without CH
84/11/21:49 FR 45887/45888 - Reopened comment period for proposed CH
85/04/11:50 FR 14299/14301 - Notice of intent to prepare EIS
85/10/09:50 FR 41223/41224 - Notice, draft scoping doc/mtg, HCP permit
86/02/18:51 FR 05746/05747 - Withdrawal of Proposal for CH
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Evergreen Forest Land
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Key Largo woodrat occurs in subtropical evergreen hardwood
forest in the life zone designated Dry Tropical Forest (09). The
forest is taxonomically and ecologically similar to that found on the
coasts of Caribbean islands. Composition of the forest community
includes 48 species of trees, 6 shrubs, 10 vines, 8 epiphytes, 3
herbs, 2 grasses, and 2 ferns. An area of 0.4 ha included 3,703 trees
of 34 species. Seven dominant species of trees accounted for 61% of
the basal area, 69% of the importance value, and 79% of the density in
this area (08).
Abundance of houses or stick-nests of this subspecies is directly
related to the maturity of forest stands, but only early successional
sites are unoccupied (02). Any upland site, if it is adjacent to a
mature hardwood forest serving as a source of seeds and is allowed to
undergo succession, should become habitat of increasing quality for
the subspecies.
A pineland once occurred on Key Largo, but only a few of the
pineland-related species persist there (01). This is good evidence
that Key Largo has been free of fire for many decades except in
association with forest-clearing projects. Given the habitat
requirements of the Key Largo woodrat, this portion of the Key
probably has been unoccupied for a long time. Where fires occur,
whether natural or intentional, both the living plants and the peat
soil are removed. A bare limestone surface remains, so succession to
the climax association, apparently most favorable to this subspecies,
is probably very slow.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Coniferae
General Evergreen Trees-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Arthropods
General Molluscs
General Evergreen Shrubs-Leaves/Twigs
General Evergreen Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Terrestrial Features: Burrows
G Terrestrial Features: Downed logs
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
If the Key Largo woodrat resembles other subspecies of the
eastern woodrat, it forages mostly in the forest canopy. Preliminary
studies by Goodyear (21) indicate that this is indeed the case. Some
information on diet of this subspecies is available from food remains
on nest structures and from laboratory preference tests (06). Food
left on nest mounds included remains of a slug, a cicada wing, a
freshly gnawed shell of a tree snail (Liguus), 4 fruits and 2 leaves
of pigeon plum (Coccoloba diversifolia), 1 leaflet of black-bead
(Pithecellobium guadalupense), fruit and 2 leaves of princewood
(Exostema caribeaum), 1 stalk of a poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum)
fruit, 1 seed of mohogany (Swietenia mahagani), and 2 leaves of bustic
(Dipholis salicifolia). Laboratory animals completely ate the leaves
of paradise tree (Simarouba glauca), strangler fig (Ficus aurea), and
wild lime (Zanthoxylum fagara). They partially ate the leaves of
gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba), lignumvitae (Guaiacum sanctum), and
wild coffee (Psychotria undata). They did not eat leaves of pigeon
plum (Coccoloba diversifolia), Jamaica dogwood (Piscidia piscipula),
or mahogany (Swietenia mahogani).
The leaves, fruit, and seeds of the broadleaved evergreen forest
are believed to be the major component of the Key Largo woodrat,
invertebrates are a minor component.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
The average home range calculated by the minimum-area or
complex-polygon method for 4 females and 6 males captured 4 or more
times was 2,370 square meters, with no difference between the sexes
(07).
PERIODICITY:
Activity of this subspecies is nocturnal.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
This subspecies is nonmigratory.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Key Largo woodrats construct mounds of sticks and other debris,
containing a burrow system and nest chamber. Often these "houses"
are placed around exposed tree roots. Particularly large mounds may
have several entrances. Well-defined runs lead from these surface
openings into the forest. Where the forest soil is shallow, the
burrow system is short enough to be contained within the mound
structure. Some tunnels lead into cracks in the coral bedrock. Where
the peat soil is deep in mature forest, the animals use extensive
subterranean tunnels in which the nest chamber may be far from the
entrance mound (10,18). Because depth of the soil is correlated with
age of the forest stand, depth of the stratum within which tunnels can
be made may be a significant feature of habitat quality.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
No special site requirements are known for reproduction.
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Body mass at sexual maturity is approximately 200 g for males and
165 g for females (07). Lactating females were captured from April to
September with a peak in August, and again in December (07).
PARENTAL CARE:
Parental care has not been described but may resemble the
behavior of the subspecies, gossypinus, from peninsular Florida (05,
17). In these studies of captives, mothers spent the daytime asleep
in their nests with the young constantly either suckling or resting
with teats firmly held in their mouths. Mothers disengaged from
sucklings by standing and turning rapidly. The young were born with
sparse fur, eyes closed, pinnae folded, and locomotion limited to
rolling and uncoordinated movements of the limbs. The young walked at
nine days of age and their eyes opened on day 16 or 17. By day 24,
the young began to take solid food; though still nursing, probably
they were weaned after this age in the wild.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Recruitment of juveniles occurred from July through March, with
a major peak in August - October and a minor peak in February (07).
The population of Key Largo woodrats was estimated to be 654
animals in 1979. The average and maximum densities for this
subspecies were estimated at 1.4 and 2.2 animals per ha, respectively
(02). Maximum density also was estimated at 2.2/ha in a separate
study, in a portion of hammock L 1-14 selected for its high density of
woodrat mounds (07). Subsequently, more detailed sampling (22)
indicates that woodrat densities on North Key Largo are much
higher than these earlier estimates. Analysis of systematic
grid trapping gave a population estimate of 6500 woodrats,
nearly ten times previous estimates.
Increase of the introduced population on Lignumvitae Key from 19
in 1970 (04) to 85 in 1979 suggests an average annual growth rate of
18% (02). This demonstrates that introduction of the subspecies into
suitable but unoccupied habitat can be an effective management action.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
With one exception, incidents of predation are undocumented.
Potential predators include raccoons (Procyon lotor), feral house
cats (Felix catus), bobcats (Lynx rufus), and snakes such as rat
snakes (Elaphe guttata and E. obsoleta), indigo snake (Drymarchon
corais), and diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). The
exception is frequent consumption of woodrats taken from mammalogists'
livetraps by raccoons, which quickly learn to check traplines when an
odiferous bait such as peanut butter is used. This behavior does not
occur with a non-odiferous bait such as oatmeal.
The most likely competitor is the black rat (Rattus rattus),
which at times occurs at densities equal to that of the woodrats
(07). However, black rats do not breed in the hardwood forest.
Instead, they represent a nonbreeding, floating population of
dispersers from mangrove swamp, human residences, and garbage dumps
(06).
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
Nests of the Key Largo woodrat are occupied by numerous species
of arthropods (19). Perhaps 10 or 12 taxa appear to be true
commensals or parasites, occurring nowhere else. Taxa whose
scientific descriptions have been published include the minute Key
Largo woodrat dung beetle (Ataenius brevicolis), the green Key Largo
woodrat dung beetle (Onthophagus orpheus orpheus), the blind weevil
(Caecossonus dentipes), a blind staphylinid (Cubantyphlus largo), a
blind wingless enicocephalid bug, and an isopod. Neither species of
dung beetle is associated exclusively with this subspecies of woodrat,
and both occur in nests of woodrats in peninsular Florida (16).
A single flea (Orchopeas howardi) was reported from one woodrat
(10).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
Managers of Lignumvitae Key State Botanical Site have expressed
concern over predation by the introduced woodrats on indigenous tree
snails (Liguus fasciatus), and they have considered trapping out the
woodrats for that reason. At least these considerations cast doubt
on whether this should be done. (1) On Key Largo, woodrats and tree
snails have coexisted for years. (2) The evidence for predation is
inconclusive, consisting of rodent-gnawed shells observed on woodrat
mounds and the forest floor (06,10). Conceivably these could have
been taken in the ordinary course of "packrat" behavior and chewed to
gain mineral nutrients. (3) The only study of the tree snails on
Lignumvitae Key deals at length with predation but makes no mention of
woodrats as agents of mortality (13).
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Suppressing wildfire
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Restricting Timber Harvest
Beneficial Maintaining Later Stages of Succession
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Nonnative Vegetation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vegetation
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Transmission Lines/Towers
Existing Transmission Lines/Towers
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The reason for the Endangered status of the Key Largo woodrat is
extensive destruction of habitat and conversion to human uses. Much
of the hardwood forest habitat of the woodrat on Key Largo was cleared
for agriculture (mostly pineapples) in the late 19th century.
Selective harvest of mahogany for furniture and lignumvitae for ships
also occurred. In 1906, a severe pineapple blight occurred and by
1915 production had ended. Since then, many tracts of land underwent
succession to young hardwood forests. Only a few clearings for
agriculture have occurred in recent decades.
Although people have lived on Key Largo for more than a century,
land-clearing for residential and commercial development accelerated
greatly after World War II. On southern Key Largo, which recives
fresh water from the mainland by pipeline, only remnants of the
hardwood forest remain among intensive real estate development.
The earliest report on population status (10) indicated that
woodrats were most common on the northern end of the Key. Except for
a small parcel in and adjacent to John Pennekamp Coral Reef State
Park, no mature forest remains on the southern two-thirds of the Key.
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
However, judging from soil depth and tree diameter, the area between
the northeast 1/4 of Sec. 29, T60S, R39E and the northern end of the
Key includes several large tracts of forest that never have been
clearcut. During field work in 1979, this area was estimated to
include approximately 475 ha of habitat occupied by approximately 654
woodrats, or 1.4 woodrats per ha (02). The introduced population on
Lignumvitae Key was estimated at 85 animals occupying 90 ha of habitat
(02).
The future threat to this subspecies is continued conversion of
the remaining habitat. In 1984, a total of 4089 housing units were
reported as approved or under construction in this area (14). In
1981, with funds loaned by the Farmer's Home Administration, the
Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority completed a branch pipeline from the
junction of U.S. Highway 1 and C-905 up northern Key Largo to the
Ocean Reef Club development. A restrictive hookup policy has been
adopted, including most of the proposed Crocodile Lake National
Wildlife Refuge (14). But this subspecies had no official status
during that consultation, so hookups were not precluded from most
habitat outside of the proposed refuge area. A proposed loan to the
Florida Keys Electric Cooperative by the Rural Electrification
Administration would finance an electric substation and system
expansion allowing approximately 6,000 more electric drops on northern
Key Largo. On October 27, 1983, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Regional Director in Atlanta, GA issued a biological opinion that the
proposal would jeopardize the subspecies by facilitation development.
"No-electric-hookup-areas" were proposed, but this issue has not been
resolved (14).
Most of the habitat occupied by this subspecies is contained
within proposed Federal and State land acquisition projects, but
little of this area has been acquired. If proposed acquisitions for
Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge were completed, about half of
the woodrat population, or 318 animals, would be protected (14).
However, most of the best, most-mature habitat lies outside the
proposed Federal boundries. Most of these outlying areas are included
in two acquisition proposals under Florida's Conservation and
Recreational Lands program, administered by the Division of State
Lands, Florida Department of Natural Resources (20). The future of
the woodrat will depend partly on the demand for residential
development and on planning decisions by Monroe County and the State
of Florida. Monroe Co., in cooperation with the Florida Department of
Community Affairs, is preparing a North Key Largo Habitat Conservation
Plan. The purpose of this plan is to conserve and enhance the
habitats of several endangered species while accomodating some
development (15).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
As of 1986 a Recovery Plan for the Key Largo woodrat has not
been approved.
Recovery actions for the Key Largo woodrat include:
1. Preserve mature hardwood hammocks by maintaining late succession,
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
restricting timber harvest, restricting tree poaching, encouraging
land acquisition and controlling the use of herbicides.
2. Exotic vegetation may displace native stock and affect the
integrity of the hammock. Control can be accomplished through land
use zoning, and land rehabilitation. Wildlife, in particular cats,
may have a direct impact on the rodents through predation. Relocating
rodents may be necessary to repopulate an area where predator control
has been successful and where the hammock will support rodents, but no
rodent population is near-by to permit natural repopulation.
3. Permit natural succession to proceed in disturbed but undeveloped
sites. This may be accomplished by restricting herbicides, fire
control, controlling pollution, and removing exotic vegetation, if
required.
4. Control fire. Wildfire can destroy a mature hammock and set back
succession. A hammock, however, will recover from fire damage, but it
will require a great deal of time. A major fire in rodent habitat
could severely affect the recovery of this species.
At present a Habitat Conservation Plan is being developed for
North Key Largo, in accordance with the Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended. This plan will address levels of development in
proposed critical habitats and the issue of incidental take.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Alexander, T.R. 1953. Plant succession on Key Largo, Florida,
involving Pinus caribea and Quercus virginiana. Quart. J. Fla.
Acad. Sci. 16:133-138.
02 Barbour, D.B. and S.R. Humphrey. 1982. Status and habitat of the
Key Largo woodrat and cotton mouse (Neotoma floridana smalli and
Peromyscus gossypinus allipaticola). J. Mammal. 63:144-148.
03 Brown, L.N. 1970. Unique mammals found in the Florida Keys.
Fla. Nat. 43:146-147.
04 Brown, L.N. and R.L. Williams. 1971. The Key Largo woodrat
(Neotoma floridana snalli) (sic) and cotton mouse (Peromyscus
gossypinus allapaticola) on Lignum Vitae Key, Florida. Florida
Nat. 44:95-96.
05 Hamilton, W.J., Jr. 1953. Reproduction and young of the Florida
wood rat, Neotoma f. floridana (Ord). J. Mammal. 34:180-189.
06 Hersh, S.L. 1978. Ecology of the Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma
floridana smalli). M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables.
106 pp.
07 Hersh, S.L. 1981. Ecology of the Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma
floridana smalli). J. Mammal. 62:201-206.
08 Hilsenbeck, C.E. 1976. A comparison of forest sampling methods in
hammock vegetation. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables.
106 pp.
09 Holdridge, L.R. 1967. Life zone ecology. Tropical Sci. Center,
San Jose, Costa Rica. 206 pp.
10 Schwartz, A. 1952. The land mammals of southern Florida and the
upper Florida Keys. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor.
11 Schwartz, A. and E.P. Odum. 1957. The woodrats of the eastern
United States. J. Mammal. 38:197-206.
12 Sherman, H.B. 1955. Description of a new race of woodrat from
Key Largo, Florida. J. Mammal. 36:113-120.
13 Tuskes, P.M. 1981. Population structure and biology of Liguus
tree snails on Lignumvitae Key, Florida. Nautilus 95:162-169.
14 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Endangered and Threatened
wildlife and plants; determination of Endangered status for the Key
Largo woodrat and Key Largo cotton mouse. Federal Register
49:34504-34510.
15 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Environmental impact
statement on North Key Largo (Florida) habitat conservation plan
and Endangered species permit. Federal Register 50:14299-14301.
16 Woodruff, R.E. 1973. The scarab beetles of Florida. Arthropods
of Florida. Vol. 8. Florida Dept. Agric. and Consumer Serv.,
Div. of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL. 220 pp.
17 Worth, C.B. 1950. Observations on the behavior and breeding of
of captive rice rats and woodrats. J. Mammal. 31:421-426.
18 Humphrey, S.R. 1985. Unpublished observations.
19 Woodruff, R.E. 1985. Unpublished observations.
20 Minasian, L. 1985. Personal communication.
21 Goodyear, N.C. 1985. Study on Key Largo woodrats and cotton mice:
Phase I. Report to North Key Largo Study Committee. 76 pp.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species RAT, WOOD+, KEY LARGO
Species Id ESIS054007
Date 14 MAR 96
22 Humphrey, S.R. 1986. Density estimates of the Key Largo
woodrat and cotton mouse using computer program "capture".
Unpubl. Rpt. to North Key Largo Habitat Conservation Plan Study
Committe. 21 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Barbour, D.B. and S.R. Humphrey. 1982. Status and habitat of the
Key Largo woodrat and cotton mouse (Neotoma floridana smalli and
Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola). J. Mammal. 63:144-148.
02 Brown, L.N. and R.L. Williams. 1971. The Key Largo woodrat
(Neotoma floridana snalli) (sic) and cotton mouse (Peromyscus
gossypinus allipaticola) on Lignum Vitae Key, Florida. Florida
Nat. 44:95-96.
03 Hershfeld, S.E. 1968. Vertebrate fauna of Nichol's Hammock, a
natural trap. Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 31:177-189.
04 Layne, J.N. 1974. The land mammals of south Florida. Pages
386-413. IN: P.J. Gleason (ed.), Environments of South Florida:
present and past. Miami Geol. Soc., Memoir 2. 452 pp.
05 Ruttenber, J. and A. Weiner. 1977. Florida Keys hardwood hammock
atlas. Nat. Aud. Soc. 11 pp.
06 Schwartz, A. 1952. The land mammals of southern Florida and the
upper Florida Keys. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor.
07 Sherman, H.B. 1944. Recent literature and some new distribution
records concerning Florida mammals. Proc. Fla. Acad. Sci.
7:199-202.
08 Small, J.K. 1923. Green deserts and dead gardens. J. New York
Botanical Garden 24(286):215.
09 U.S. Department of the Interior. 1983. Final land protection
plan, Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Monroe County,
Florida. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 22 pp + 3
appendices, 2 maps.
10 Bentzien, M. 1985. Personal communication.
11 Minasian, L. 1985. Personal communication.
References - 2