(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
OTHER COMMON NAMES - MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA; MOUSE, BEACH, GULF COAST, ALABAMA; MOUSE, BEACH, GULF, ALABAMA;MOUSE, WHITE-FRONTED, GULF COAST, ALABAMA; MOUSE and OLDFIELD
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Mammals
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAMMALIA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - RODENTIA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CRICETIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - PEROMYSCUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - POLIONOTUS, AMMOBATES
SCIENTIFIC NAME - PEROMYSCUS POLIONOTUS AMMOBATES
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Alabama Beach Mouse
Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Bowen, 1968)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Mammal
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Mammalia
ORDER: Rodentia FAMILY: Cricetidae
Total length (head and body) averages 68-88 mm (2.7-3.4 inches).
Tail averages 42-60 mm (1.6 to 2.3 inches). Dorsum pale gray with an
indistinct mid-dorsal stripe. Tail white with an incomplete dorsal
stripe. Flanks and ventrum pure white. This race differs from the
other races in the following ways: albifrons - Peromyscus polionotus
ammobates is paler and grayer with hind foot being significantly
longer; griscobracatus - the ear of P. p. ammobates is intermediate in
length between albifrons and griscobracatus, but otherwise resembles
griscobracatus; leucocephatus - P. p. ammobates is generally similar
in color, but averages much darker and less pure; polionotus - P. p.
ammobates is paler than polionotus (01).
The name Mus polionotus of Wagner (1843) was changed to
Peromyscus subgriseus by Bangs in 1898 and later to Peromyscus
polionotus by Osgood in 1907 (02,07,08). Osgood did not have
specimens of Peromyscus polionotus from coastal areas of Florida when
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
he discribed the subspecies P. p. albifrons Osgood, 1909 (07). Later,
Howell also recognized beach mice from the region around
Choctawhatchee Bay, extreme western Florida, and ocean beaches in
southeastern Alabama as P. p. albifrons, but recognized that there was
a lack of specimens for defining the ranges of various races (06,09).
"Prior to a detailed study by Bowen (01), involving genetics,
morphology, historical geology, and habitat, only 3 subspecies were
recognized in Florida. Bowen determined that variation was much more
extensive than previously thought, and he described 5 new subspecies,
including the Alabama beach mouse (P. p. ammobates), originally found
on coastal dunes from Fort Morgan to Alabama Point, and on Ono Island,
Baldwin County, Alabama" (02).
Synonomy: 1909, Peromyscus polionotus albifrons Osgood, N. Amer.
Fauna, 28:108, April 17 (03).
1968, Peromyscus polionotus ammobates Bowen, Bull. Florida
State Mus. (Biol. Sci.), 12(1):16, April 19 (04).
The spelling for the scientific subspecific name was incorrectly
given as "ammomates" in the Bulletin Alabama Museum of Natural History
(13). Other common names used for this species include Alabama Gulf
Coast Beach mouse (01), Alabama Gulf Coast White-fronted mouse (01),
Alabama Gulf Beach Mouse (13), and oldfield mouse.
The location of the holotype is at the University of Florida,
8520; female adult, sand bar west of Perdido Inlet (Alabama Point),
Baldwin County, Alabama, 28 October, 1961, W. W. Bowen. Skull and
jaws in good condition, excepting a small gap in the left zygomatic
arch (01). Locations of other specimens: United States National
Museum, Kansas Museum of Natural History, University of Michigan (01);
Auburn University, Birmingham-Southern College, University of Alabama
in Tuscaloosa.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Alabama; Federal Endangered
Alabama; State Listed
Alabama; Unofficially Listed
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Alabama beach mouse) has been
designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the State of Alabama. Critical Habitat has been designated
in Baldwin Co., AL (50 CFR 17.95(a)).
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species and to utilize
their authorities to carry out programs for the conservation of the
species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Alabama
DESIGNATED STATUS: Nongame Wildlife Species
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Div. of Game and Fish
STATE STATUTE: Game and Fish Reg. 87-GF-7.
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Endangered. IN: Boschung, H. ed. 1976.
Endangered and threatened plants and animals of
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
Alabama. Bull. Alabama Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 2.
93 pp.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The Alabama beach mouse is of aesthetic value because of its
beauty. It is of interest to the scientific community because of its
beach adaptations and taxonomic relationships. It has no negative
values except to those that dislike mice in general. It does NOT take
up residence in human dwellings.
82/10/06:47 FR 44215/44216 - Acceptance of petition and status review
83/02/15:48 FR 67520/67530 - Notice of findings and status review
84/06/07:49 FR 23794/23804 - Proposed rule, list as Endangered
84/11/04:49 FR 39179/ - Proposed rule, reopen comment period
85/06/06:50 FR 23872/23889 - Final rule, list as Endangered
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
COASTAL
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTRY TYPES
SAF TYPE STAGE CLOSURE
Shortleaf Pine-Oak shrub--seedling
Shortleaf Pine-Oak young tree
Shortleaf Pine-Oak mature tree
Shortleaf Pine-Oak Old Growth
LAND USE -
Residential
Commercial and Services
Deciduous Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land
Sandy Areas other than Beaches
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Sparsely vegetated sand dunes, particularly between the primary
and tertiary lines, are essential for the cover/shelter requirements
of Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Alabama beach mouse) from the Fort
Morgan Peninsula to the Gulf State Park.
At Fort Morgan, the 1980 habitat was characterized by Uniola
paniculata and Panicum amarum on the first two rows of low dunes (less
than 2 meters high). A vegetated flood basin on the mainland side of
these dunes supported Panicum amarum, P. repens, Andropogon maritimus,
Distichlis spicata, and Serenoa repens. The woody vegetation on
higher (14 m) relic dunes was predominantly Quercus myrtifolia of
various ages mixed with pines further in from the coast. The Gulf
Highlands and Pine Beach (Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge)
habitats were essentially alike with the exception that the Pine Beach
area was the largest uninterrupted tract of habitat along the Alabama
coast. In 1980, dune height ranged up to 12 meters with vegetation of
Uniola paniculata and Panicum amarum. A line of isolated tertiary
dunes at Pine Beach were separated by bare sand areas and were covered
with communities of Andropogon maritimus, Serenoa repens, Quercus
virginiana var. maritima, Q. myrtifolia, Uniola paniculata, Panicum
amarum, Solidago panciflosuclosa, Paronychia sp. and Heterotheca
subaxillaris (01). All of the other 1980 habitats on Fort Morgan
peninsula have either been destroyed or severely altered. Suitable
beach mouse habitat still exists on Gulf State Park and at Romar
Beach.
Meyers (06) concludes that mature dune ecosystems with large
elevation differences (greater than 4 m) will contain the optimum
microhabitat. The number of ghost crab burrows may be associated with
optimum beach mouse habitat for use as escape cover (06). Any dune
within the primary and tertiary lines should not be altered or
otherwise disturbed.
Differences in vegetative patterns and community structure along
with differences in sand dune configuration and genesis on the Florida
and Alabama coasts have produced different micro-habitat types for the
extant populations of beach mice. Because of these differences, it is
impossible to form valid generalizations about allopatric populations
by gathering data from only one race. It is recommended that each
peripheral isolate be researched individually, rather than relying on
data from a single geographical area to formulate habitat site indices
Habitat Associations - 1 and range wide management practices.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
HERBIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Roots/Tubers/Rhizomes-Herbaceous
General Poaceae
General
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Terrestrial Features: Burrows
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
There are no published scientific data concerning the food habits
of Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Alabama beach mouse). Holliman
has found evidence of Uniola paniculata and Panicum amarum being used
as a food source (10). Seeds are definitely consumed; however, it is
not clear to what extent roots, stems or leaves of these or other
plants might also be consumed. Invertebrates are probably consumed
when seeds are scarce (14).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
There are no published scientific data concerning the home
range/territory of Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Alabama beach
mouse). Research by Holliman was conducted on concentrated post storm
populations that were isolated and not homogenuously distributed (10).
PERIODICITY:
There are no published scientific data concerning periodicity of
Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Alabama beach mouse).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Alabama beach mouse) is
nonmigratory.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Sparsely vegetated sand dunes, particularly between the primary
and tertiary lines, are essential for the cover/shelter requirements
of Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Alabama beach mouse). Tunnel
systems and living chambers are constructed within the root network of
dune vegetation. Strong predictors of optimum beach mouse habitat
seem to be site maximum elevations and differences (mature dunes 8
meters elevation with elevational differences >4 meters); high
densities of mouse and ghost crab burrows for escape cover; proximity
of forest to beach; sparse presence of needle-leave shrubs
(approximately 1 percent); moderate number of ground plant species
(average 3.5); and low cover value of sea oats (8.3 percent) (06).
However, additional studies are needed to determine habitat needs more
specifically and conclusively.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
See COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Trapping of Peromyscus polionotus ammobates during a study in
October 1982 revealed 70 percent of the adult females with evidence of
reproductive activity (33 percent were pregnant and 67 percent were
lactating). Only one of seven adult males had descended testes (06).
More work is needed before trends can be predicted.
PARENTAL CARE:
There are no scientific data available relative to the parental
care of Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Alabama beach mouse).
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Although Meyers (06) and Holliman (05) collected some data
relative to the population biology of Peromyscus polionotus ammobates
(Alabama beach mouse) more data over a longer period of time is
needed before a valid trend can be predicted. Holliman (05) estimated
approximately 875 individuals for the estimated 134.6 ha of post-storm
habitat.
Plant-product consuming animals are generally limited by food.
However, for P. p. ammobates, a place to live may be as important as
food (11,12). Natural or introduced predators may decrease population
densities when habitat conditions are less than optimal (06). Beach
development can act to decrease the quality and amount of habitat;
increase the number of potential predators/competitors; isolate
populations reducing immigration and emigration; and subject local
populations to extirpation from natural catastrophes (06).
Undeveloped preserves of 50 to 200 ha of suitable habitat are needed
with corridors of suitable habitat joining smaller areas to provide
for repopulation following natural catastrophes (06).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Humphreys and Barbour (08) suggest that the House Mouse (Mus
musculus) impacts Peromyscus polionotus ammobates (Alabama beach
mouse) populations. Meyers (01) and Holliman (05) did not find this
to be the case with P. p. ammobates. House cats and red foxes are
probably the main predators of P. p. ammobates (05,06).
Over-wintering savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) may
impact P. p. ammobates populations through competition for food (09).
Ghost crab burrows may be important for P. p. ammobates as escape
cover. The number of crab burrows seems to be an important feature of
the microhabitat. The relationship seems to be commensal (i.e.,
benefits P. p. ammobates but does not effect the crab) (06).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
No information available.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Feral Animals
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Hiking/Camping
Existing Hiking/Camping
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Food Supply Reduction
Existing Food Supply Reduction
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Gas/Oil Development
Existing Gas/Oil Development
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Transmission Lines/Towers
Existing Transmission Lines/Towers
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Shoreline modification/development
Existing Shoreline modification/development
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The Endangered status of the Alabama beach mouse (Peromyscus
polionotus ammobates) is attributable to successive severe tropical
storms and increased development which have contributed to an already
deteriorating primary and secondary dune ecosystem. Problems have
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
been compounded by heavy recreational and other multi-use demands on
the dune ecosystem (i.e., residential construction, utility
right-of-ways, roads, and recreational use).
Since September 12, 1979, the primary and secondary dune lines
have not had a chance to fully recover due to a combination of
successive damaging tropical storms and real estate development
(primarily resort and residential). The storms of 1985 destroyed
approximately 75 percent of the primary dunes at the Fort Morgan
Peninsula. Twenty percent of the man-made primary dunes east and west
of the Gulf State Park Pavillion and 50 percent of the primary dunes
in front of the Gulf State Park Resort Motel were destroyed.
Approximately 20 to 30 percent of the dunes west of the Gulf State
Park Resort Motel were destroyed. Approximately 20 to 30 percent of
the dunes west of the Gulf State Park fishing pier were destroyed by
these 1985 storms (07).
Human pressure for beach use on non-private lands has caused
destruction and subsequent erosion of those remaining dune lines on
Federal and State property. Lack of enforceable laws that would
control off-road vehicles and human foot traffic to sensitive beach
areas has contributed to a sub-optimum habitat. Competition by house
mice and overwintering savannah sparrows may be a problem although
there is no data to substantiate this (05). Predation by house cats,
red fox, dogs, raccoons, skunks, weasels, and great blue herons have
been documented (05,06).
In the future, probably the only habitat that will remain will be
at the Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge and at the State of Alabama
units. Fort Morgan and Gulf Shores Management plans for these areas
are badly needed.
Dune destruction and/or alterations of any type would have an
immediate effect on this population. Without the proper cover and
food supply these mammals would be vulnerable to predators, especially
if they had to move to other areas because of fragmentation of
habitat. Large tracts of habitat, such as that at Fort Morgan and Bon
Secour National Wildlife Refuge should be left intact. More data is
needed before the effectiveness of "corridors between populations to
allow for immigration and emigration" can be determined.
Sand deposited on or near beach mouse habitat from U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers routine channel maintenance program may be a
potential threat to beach mouse habitat.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse,
Perdido Key Beach Mouse, and Alabama Beach Mouse Recovery Plan.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 45 pp.
Recovery actions for the Alabama beach mouse (Peromyscus
polionotus ammobates) are included in the Recovery Plan for the 3
subspecies of beach mice, the Choctawhatchee, Perdido Key and Alabama
beach mice. The primary recovery objectives for each of these mice
are to stabilize the present populations by preventing further habitat
deterioration, and to reestablish populations in areas from which they
have been extirpated in order to reduce the possibility of an entire
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
subspecies being brought to extinction by a catastrophic storm. Each
subspecies of beach mouse can be considered for downlisting to
Threatened when there are 3 distinct, self-sustaining populations in
each of the Critical Habitat areas, and a minimum of 50% of the
Critical Habitat is protected and occupied by mice. Because of the
extensive and permanent loss of habitat for these mice, it will
probably never be possible to safely remove them entirely from the
protection of the Act.
The following management actions are recommended for recovery of
the Alabama beach mouse:
1. Protect habitat from further human encroachment.
a. Reevaluate all regulations for public use of dunes in light
of beach mouse needs. Closing areas to human use,
restricting night activities, and prohibiting vehicular
traffic may be needed. Install additional boardwalks as
needed to protect dunes from pedestrian traffic.
b. Maintain predator control programs focused on feral and
domestic cats and red foxes, where needed.
c. Determine the effect of feral house mice on beach mice and,
if warrented, eliminate house mice from beach mice habitat.
d. Utilize cooperative agreements among Federal and/or State
agencies to share resources and technical expertise.
e. Improve suitability of habitat in areas where habitat is
available (e.g., dune restoration and planting suitable
vegetation).
f. Use cooperative agreements, land exchange, fee title
acquisition, and/or easements with private landowners to
preserve habitat. Monitor activities for private lands
through planning boards, rezoning applications, permit
applications, etc. Encourage ordinances and restrictive
agreements in sales and rental contracts requiring house
cats to be confined.
2. Reestablish and/or supplement populations by transplanting wild
mice and/or reintroducing captive bred mice.
3. Develop an educational program for the public.
4. Develop emergency procedures to provide protection to beach mouse
habitat in case of off-shore oil spills.
Ongoing recovery activities include dune restoration and beach
mouse population surveys.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Bowen, W.W. 1968. Variations and evolution of Gulf Coast
populations of beach mice, Peromyscus polionotus. Bull. Fl. State
Museum 12(1):91 pp.
02 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Endangered and Threatened
wildlife and plants: Determination of Endangered status and
Critical Habitat for three beach mice. Fed. Reg. 50:23872.
03 Hall, E.R. and K.R. Nelson. 1959. The mammals of North America.
The Ronald Press Co., New York, 2 vols. 1,063 pp.
04 Hall, E.R. and K.R. Nelson. 1981. The mammals of North America.
John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2 vols.
05 Holliman, D.C. 1983. Status and habitat of Alabama Gulf Coast
beach mice Peromyscus polionotus ammobates and P. p. trissyllepsis.
Northeast Gulf Science 6(2):121-129.
06 Meyers, J.M. 1983. Status, microhabitat, and management
recommendations for Peromyscus plionotus on Gulf Coast beaches.
Rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 29 pp.
07 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Endangered Species
Technical Bulletin 11(1):7-8.
08 Humphrey, S.R. and D.B. Barbour. 1981. Status and habitat of
three subspecies of Peromyscus polionotus in Florida. J. Mamm.
62(4):840-844.
09 Gentry, J.B. 1966. Invasion of a one-year abandoned field by
Peromyscus polionotus and Mus musculus. J. Mamm. 47:431-439.
10 Holliman, D.C. 1986. Unpublished data. Biology Department,
Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL.
11 Smith, M.H. 1971. Food as a limiting factor in the population
ecology of Peromyscus polionotus (Wagner). Ann. Zool. Fennic
8:109-112.
12 Breise, L.A. and M.H. Smith. 1973. Competition between Mus
musculus and Peromyscus polionotus. J. Mamm. 54:968-969.
13 Boschung, H., ed. 1976. Endangered and threatened plants and
animals of Alabama. Bull. Alabama Mus. Nat. Hist. Number 2.
93 pp.
14 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Agency Review Draft,
Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse, Perdido Key Beach Mouse, and Alabama
Beach Mouse Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Atlanta, GA. 71 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Holliman, D.C. 1983. Status and habitat of Alabama Gulf Coast
beach mice Peromyscus polionotus ammobates and P. p. trissyllepsis.
Northeast Gulf Science 6(2):121-129.
02 Howell, A.H. 1909. Notes on the distribution of certain mammals
of the southeastern United States. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
22:55-68.
03 Howell, A.H. 1921. A biological survey of Alabama. N. Am. Fauna
45:1-88.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species MOUSE, BEACH, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS054011
Date 14 MAR 96
04 Meyers, J.M. 1983. Status, microhabitat, and management
recommendations for Peromyscus plionotus on Gulf Coast beaches.
Rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 29 pp.
05 Bowen, W.W. 1968. Variations and evolution of Gulf Coast
populations of beach mice, Peromyscus polionotus. Bull. Fl. State
Museum 12(1):91 pp.
References - 2