(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

TAXONOMY

NAME - BEAR, GRIZZLY

OTHER COMMON NAMES - BEAR, GRIZZLY;BEAR, BROWN;BEAR, WHITE;BEAR, YELLOW;BEAR, GOLDEN, CALIFORNIA;BEAR, GRIZZLE;BEAR, GREAT;BEAR, GRISLY;BEAR, BROWN, BIG;SILVER TIP;SILVERTIP;GRIZZLY, GROUND, BARREN;GRIZZLY, TOKLAT;GRIZZLY, CALIFORNIA;GRIZZLY, MEXICAN;EPHRAIM and OLD;OSO GRIS

ELEMENT CODE -

CATEGORY - Mammals

PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,

CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAMMALIA,

ORDER AND SUBORDER - CARNIVORA,

FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - URSIDAE,

GENUS AND SUBGENUS - URSUS,

SPECIES AND SSP - ARCTOS,

SCIENTIFIC NAME - URSUS ARCTOS

AUTHORITY -

TAXONOMY REFERENCES -

COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Grizzly Bear

Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758

KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Mammal

PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Mammalia
ORDER: Carnivora FAMILY: Ursidae

Members of the family Ursidae are an offshoot of the canid
evolutionary line. They are characterized by greatly enlarged
post-carnassial teeth with "wrinkled" occlusal surfaces adapted to
crushing. The carnassials are roughly triangular in shape and have
lost their shearing function. The forelimbs are strongly built and
the feet are plantigrade. There are five toes on each foot and the
forefeet have long, non-retractile claws. The ears are small and the
tail is extremely short (61).
In the grizzly, Ursus arctos, the upper M2 (the rear molar) is in
excess of 31 mm in length and the front claws exceed 55 mm along the
outside curvature. Coat color is quite variable, usually brown but
ranging from black to almost white. Guard hairs on the back are
usually light-tipped. Facial profiles are usually "dished-in" and a
hump is normally present on the shoulders (21). Weights of adult
bears are extremely variable with males in excess of 500 kg (1,000
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

lbs) on record. Adult grizzlies in the continental U.S. generally
range in weight from 135-317 kg (300-700 lbs) for males and 90-204 kg
(200-450 lbs) for females (32,56,10).
Grizzlies were first scientifically classified by George Ord in
1815 on the basis of a specimen brought to him by the Lewis and Clark
Expedition (17). He affixed the scientific name Ursus horribilis to
this bear in reference to its reputed disposition. As more of the
western half of the continent was explored, greater variation among
individuals and local populations was observed and documented. Grant
(15) refers to 4 members of a "Grizzly Group": Ursus richardsonii
(Swainson, 1838; the "Barren Ground Grizzly" of the far north),
U. horribilis (Ord, 1815; the most common type, distributed from
Alaska to Mexico), U. alascensis (Merriam, 1896; described for the
Norton Sound area), and U. horriaeus (Baird, 1858; the "California
Grizzly"). In addition, he lists 5 members of a "Brown Bear Group"
along the coast of Alaska: U. middendorffi (Merriam, 1896; on Kodiak
and adjoining islands), and U. gyas (Merriam, 1902), U. kidderi
(Merriam, 1902), U. dalli (Merriam, 1896) and U. sitkensis (Merriam,
1896), all on the mainland. With the exception of U. hylodromous
(Elliot, 1904),
Merriam went on to identify an additional 84 species and subspecies in
the brown bear/grizzly group (59,18).
In 1953 Rausch (49) concluded that all grizzly and brown bears in
North America belonged to one highly variable Palearctic species,
Ursus arctos Linnaeus. All brown/grizzly bears of continental North
America, past or present, he ascribed to a single subspecies, U. a.
horribilis Ord; those of the Alaska peninsula to another, U. a. gyas
Merriam; and those on Kodiak, Afognak and Shuyak islands to a third,
U. a. midendorffi Merriam (59). Rausch later recommended that U. a.
gyas be dropped as a separate subspecies and instead be combined with
U. a. horribilis (50).
Although Rausch's classification is probably the most accepted
today and the grizzly is considered a genetically strong variant of
the classical brown bear phenotype (10), Hall (19) suggested as
recently as 1984 that there are 9 subspecies of Ursus arctos in recent
North America. Included for the continental U.S. are U. a.
horribilis (which includes U. a. nelsoni from Mexico), U. a.
californicus and U. a. stikeenensis. Although U. a. californicus is
extinct (if indeed it was a subspecies), U. a. stikeenensis, if
accepted, would include a small number of grizzlies that are believed
to exist in the northern Cascade Mountains of Washington (60). The
following is a partial synonymy of specimens known to be from the
lower 48 United States assigned to one of the three subspecies U. a.
horribilis, U. a. stikeenensis, and U. a. californicus from Hall, 1984
(19):

Synonyms for U. a. horribilis,
Ursus horribilis Ord, 1815 (Missouri River, NE Montana)
Ursus horribilis var. horriaeus Baird, 1858 (Grant Co., NM)
Ursus imperator Merriam, 1914 (Yellowstone Nat'l. Park, WY)
Ursus absarokus Merriam, 1914 (Little Bighorn River, Carbon Co., MT)
Ursus shoshone Merriam, 1914 (Estes Park, Larimer Co., CO)
Ursus horriaeus texensis Merriam, 1914 (Jeff Davis Co., TX)
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

Ursus navaho Merriam, 1914 (near Fort Defiance, AZ)
Ursus bairdi Merriam, 1914 (Blue River, Summit Co., CO)
Ursus utahensis Merriam, 1914 (Salina Creek, Sanpete Co., UT)
Ursus apache Merriam, 1916 (Whorton Creek, Greenlee Co., AZ)
Ursus arizonae Merriam, 1916 (Escudilla Mts., Apache Co. AZ)
Ursus washake Merriam, 1916 (N. Fork Shoshone River, Yellowstone NP)
Ursus planiceps Merriam, 1918 (Colorado)
Ursus macrodon Merriam, 1918 (Twin Lakes, Lake Co., CO)
Ursus mirus Merriam, 1918 (Slough Creek, Yellowstone Nat'l Park, WY)
Ursus idahoensis Merriam, 1918 (N. Fork Teton River, Fremont Co., ID)
Ursus perturbans Merriam, 1918 (Mt. Taylor, Valencia Co., NM)
Ursus rogersi rogersi Merriam, 1918 (Greybull River, Yellowstone NP)
Ursus rogersi bisonophagus Merriam, 1918 (Black Hills, Crook Co., WY)

Synonyms for U. a. californicus,
Ursus horribilis subsp. californicus Merriam, 1896 (Monterey Co., CA)
Ursus klamathensis Merriam, 1914 (Klamath River, Siskiyou Co., CA)
Ursus colusus Merriam, 1914 (Sacramento River, CA)
Ursus californicus tularensis Merriam, 1914 (Fort Tejon, Kern Co., CA)
Ursus magister Merriam, 1914 (Los Biacitos, San Diego Co., CA)
Ursus henshawi Merriam, 1914 (near Havilah, Kern Co., CA)
Ursus mendocinensis Merriam, 1916 (Long Valley, Mendocino Co., CA)

Synonym for U. a. stikeenenis,
Ursus chelan Merriam, 1916 (T30N, R16E, Chelan Co., WA)

Common names for the grizzly bear are almost as abundant as
scientific name synonyms. Common names include: Brown bear, silver
tip (19) or silvertip, white bear, yellow bear, California golden
bear (19), grizzle bear, grisly bear, great bear, barren ground
grizzly, Toklat grizzly, California grizzly, Mexican grizzly, Old
Ephraim and oso gris (Mexico).
Pictures of grizzlies are widely available and are often printed
in association with popular articles that address grizzlies.
Literature helpful for identifying grizzlies and differentiating them
from black bears is also available (10,46,23).

Taxonomy - 3 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

STATUS

Coded Status

T: Federal Threatened
E: Federal Endangered

Pest
Commercial
Commercial/consumption
Game (Consumptive Recreational)
Non-consumptive recreational
Ceremonial/Cultural
Aphrodisiac
Ornamental

Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos (=U. a. horribilis)) has been
designated a threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The bear has this status in the lower 48
conterminous United States. The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos
(=U. a. nelsoni)) is also listed as Endangered in Mexico. Critical
Habitat has not been designated.
Special rules concerning conditions for the taking of grizzly
bear, removal of nuisance bears, Federal/State/Tribal scientific or
research activities, import and export, commercial transactions,
public zoological institutions, and regulations of the National Park
Service and Montana State can be found in 50 CFR 17.40 (b).
Regulations in reference to the take of grizzlies in northwestern
Montana were amended by an emergency rule by the USFWS on 08/29/85
(50 FR 35086/35089) (50 CFR 17.40 (b)(1)(i)(E) northwestern Montana)
for the 1985 hunting season only. The special rules were permanently
amended on Sept. 23, 1986 (51 FR 33753-33760).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.

RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:

USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BIA -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State, Federal, and/or Tribal
laws on public lands under their control. Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of
Indian Affairs lands.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act -
Status - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

16 U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).

All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
The above named Federal agencies and the Fish and Wildlife
agencies of the states of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Washington are
members of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee. This Committee is
responsible for guidelines which affect management of the grizzly
bear and consist of two primary elements: An identification and
description of five grizzly bear management situations, and specific
guidelines for managing other resources in these areas.

STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:

STATE: Colorado, Washington
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered (CO & WA) and Nongame Mammal (CO)
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: CO Division of Wildlife
WA Department of Game
STATUTE: CO Rev. Stat. 1973, as amended, 33-1-102, 33-8-106 and
107, 33-40-102 & 33-6-106, 2 Code of CO Regs. 406-8
#1002 a., Dec. 1982 & 406-8 # 1000 b., Dec. 1982.
WA Admin. Code 232-12-014, June 1, 1981; Rev. Code of
WA Annot. 77.16.040, and 77.16.120.

STATE: Arizona
DESIGNATED STATUS: Group 1 Mammals (sp. extirpated in AZ since
1900 but not extinct); also
Prohibited Wildlife Mammals (Family Ursidae:
all species).
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: AZ Game and Fish Department
STATUTE: Threatened Natural Wildlife of Arizona, 1982, AZ Game
and Fish Commission; also,
Admin. Rules & Regs., Sec. 12-4-319 M,N,O.

STATE: Idaho
DESIGNATED STATUS: Threatened or Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Idaho Fish and Game Department
STATUTE: Fish and Game Authorized Classification, 36-201
Status - 3 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

STATE: Montana
DESIGNATED STATUS: Game Animal
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildl., and Parks
STATUTE: MT State Law Sec. 87-3-130, MT Code Annot.
This statute is the only state law regarding the
grizzly bear and only addresses conditions for the
taking of the species.

STATE: Wyoming
DESIGNATED STATUS: Trophy Game Animal or Rare
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Wyoming Game and Fish Department
STATUTE: Wyoming Game and Fish Law, Sec 23.1-1

STATE: California, Kansas, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oregon,
South Dakota, Texas, and Utah
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Threatened
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: CA Fish & Game Comm., Dept. Fish & Game
KS Fish & Game Commission
MN Dept. Nat. Resour., Div. Game and Fish
ND Game and Fish Department
OR Department of Fish and Wildlife
SD Dept. of Game, Fish and Parks
TX Parks and Wildlife Department
UT Dept. of Natural Resources
STATUTE: CA Section 6 Coop. Agrmt., CA Fish and Game Code
3950, 4000; CA Penal Code 653.
KS Ks. Stat. Annot. 32-502(d),(j), 504.
MN Mn. Code of Agency Rules 1.5600 to 1.5601,
Eff. Dec. 1, 1983.
ND Nd. Century Code 20.1-01-02, 20.1-02-05.
OR OR. Rev. Stat. 498.026.
SD Compiled Law 41-1-1 to 41-014-32.
TX Vernon's Texas Code Annot., Parks and Wildl. Code
68.001 to 68.021; 31 TX Admin. Code 57.131 to 57.136
(127.30.09.001 to 127.30.09.006).
UT UT. Code Annot. 23-13-2 to 23-13-4.

STATE: California
DESIGNATED STATUS: Extinct
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Second Annual Report of Citizen Nongame
Advisory Committee, October 1977.

STATE: New Mexico
DESIGNATED STATUS: None

INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos, all North American subspecies
except U. a. nelsoni, Mexican grizzly) is listed in Appendix II of
CITES, as of February 2, 1977. The Mexican grizzly (U. a. nelsoni) is
listed in Appendix I of CITES and is listed in the 1986 IUCN Red List
of Threatened Animals as extinct in Mexico and the U.S. Ursus
horribilis (oso gris) is listed by Mexico in "Lista de especies
Status - 4 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

endemicas en peligro de extinction en Mexico, elaborado por la
Secretaria de Agricutura y Ganaderia" (1973).

ECONOMIC STATUSES:
Historically the grizzly bear has had a ceremonial/cultural and
food value to the American Indian through the use or display of hides
or claws and the use of bear fat (tallow) for cooking. The species
provides some recreational value as a trophy game animal, as well as
aesthetic and symbolic values of the American west. Scientific value
exists due to the physiological adaptation of the digestive tract and
hibernation. In areas where grizzly bears come in contact with humans
or livestock, there is potential for injury and mortality, and repeat
offenders are considered a pest. Certain grizzly parts have been
known to have a commercial value in the Orient, including their use as
an aphrodisiac. The grizzly bear appears on the State seal and flag
of California.

Status - 5 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS

HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
INLAND AQUATIC

SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTRY TYPES
SAF TYPE STAGE CLOSURE
Aspen-paper birch Old Growth
Douglas-fir-western hemlock shrub--seedling
Douglas-fir-western hemlock Old Growth
Interior Ponderosa Pine Old Growth
Western white pine shrub--seedling
Western white pine Old Growth
shrub--seedling
Old Growth
Western larch shrub--seedling
Western larch Old Growth
Lodgepole pine shrub--seedling
Lodgepole pine Old Growth
Old Growth
Old Growth
White spruce-birch Old Growth

Aspen-paper birch Old Growth
Douglas-fir-western hemlock shrub--seedling
Douglas-fir-western hemlock Old Growth
Interior Ponderosa Pine Old Growth
Western white pine shrub--seedling
Western white pine Old Growth
shrub--seedling
Old Growth
Western larch shrub--seedling
Western larch Old Growth
Lodgepole pine shrub--seedling
Lodgepole pine Old Growth
Old Growth
Old Growth
White spruce-birch Old Growth

LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries,
Herbaceous Rangeland
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Mixed Rangeland
Deciduous Forest Land
Evergreen Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land
Streams and Canals
Lakes
Forested Wetland
Nonforested Wetland
Bare Exposed Rock
Tundra Land: Shrub Brush
Tundra Land: Herbaceous
Tundra Land: Bare Ground
Tundra Land: Mixed

Habitat Associations - 1 NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES

NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC

Riverine, intermittent
Riverine, upper perennial
Lacustrine, littoral
Palustrine SS7
Palustrine SS6
Palustrine SS5
Palustrine SS4
Palustrine SS3
Palustrine SS1
Palustrine FO7
Palustrine FO6
Palustrine FO5
Palustrine FO4
Palustrine FO1
Palustrine EM6
Palustrine EM5
Palustrine EM4
Palustrine EM3
Palustrine EM2
Palustrine EM1
Riverine, intermittent
Riverine, upper perennial
Lacustrine, littoral
Palustrine SS7
Palustrine SS6
Palustrine SS5
Palustrine SS4
Palustrine SS3
Palustrine SS1
Palustrine FO7
Palustrine FO6
Palustrine FO5
Palustrine FO4
Palustrine FO1
Palustrine EM6
Palustrine EM5
Palustrine EM4
Palustrine EM3
Palustrine EM2
Palustrine EM1

COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Although the range of grizzlies in the continental U.S. is much
diminished from historical times, use of habitat is still extremely
diverse. Now confined primarily to the mountainous regions bordering
the Continental Divide, grizzlies have been documented using grass
and sagebrush dominated grasslands, large tracts of coniferous forests
and alpine environments far above timberline (09,01,57,23).
Elevationally, use of habitat has been observed to vary from
approximately 760 m (2,500 ft) in northwestern Montana to over 2,926 m
(10,530 ft) in the Yellowstone ecosystem (09,29). Individual bears
have been observed to use elevational ranges in excess of 1,400 m
(4,500 ft) (57).
In the northern ecosystem, agricultural areas have been
documented to be important to some grizzlies. Instrumented
individuals were monitored up to 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from visual cover
during periods of darkness to feed on domestic crops such as fruits,
Habitat Associations - 2 berries and oats, or graminoids (57). Carrion from domestic
livestock was also an important food source for grizzlies in these
agricultural areas. Similar movements on the eastern side of the
Continental Divide were documented in which grizzlies followed stream
courses into agricultural and grassland areas that were up to 35 km
(22 mi) from mountainous habitat (01,54).
Grizzly habitat is closely associated with coniferous forests,
of which the use for cover and foraging is well documented (56,05,64,
54,24,02). However, in order for a grizzly to meet its biological
needs, a variety of nonforested sites interspersed within forested
stands are necessary (01,54,24,10). Mixed coniferous/deciduous forest
and deciduous forest types such as aspen-birch, western hardwoods,
bottomland spruce-poular and spruce-birch forest, are used as foraging
sites (especially in the spring and fall) and are also used for day
bed sites.
Upon emergence from the den in spring, grizzlies move to lower
elevations where they feed on emergent vegetation from a variety of
grasses, sedges and forbs. Open south slopes, wet meadows, avalanche
chutes and riparian systems are the most frequently used habitat
components (01,54,10,57). Many of these areas are also used by large
game animals for winter range, and carrion may be an important food
source as well. Human habitat and agricultural crops are also greater
at lower elevations and occasionally conflicts result (56,24).
As the snow recedes, grizzlies continue to follow the new growth
upslope. Areas that are perennially moist such as avalanche chutes,
seeps, and riparian areas are probably most important in meeting their
nutritive needs (58). As the snow disappears from the upper slopes
and ridges, these areas become increasingly important for the digging
of roots, tubers and rodents (01,32).
With the onset of the ripening of berries in mid- to late summer,
bears begin making extensive use of shrubfields (01,24,57) which are
usually found on mid- and upper slopes. Often these areas have been
kept in a successionally disclimactic state by the periodic burning of
wildfires (64,39). In the northern ecosystem, huckleberry (Vaccinium
spp.) dominates as being the most important fruit producing shrub (58,
24,64). Other shrubs of local or secondary importance include
buffaloberry (Shepherida canadensis), serviceberry (Amelanchier
alnifolia), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) and mountain ash (Sorbus
spp.) (37,01,57,54).
The use of berry producing shrubs continues well into the fall
and it is from this food source that grizzlies in the northern
ecosystem derive the bulk of their winter fat (58). In the
Yellowstone ecosystem, berry producing shrubs are not prevalent, and
bears rely instead on the seeds or "pine nuts" from whitebark pine
(Pinus albicaulis) which occur in the upper subalpine areas above
2,500 m (8,000 ft) (30). Use of pine nuts may also be important in
some areas of the northern ecosystem as well (01,10,54).
Occasionally berry or pine nut crops will fail, and bears must
then sustain themselves on green vegetation and other sources of food
(10), which during the fall are more plentiful along riparian systems
at lower elevations. Female grizzlies on this diet may be unable to
build up sufficient fat reserves for the normal production of cubs
(48).
The edges of lakes, bogs, springs, streams, and areas flooded by
beaver dams often support new vegetative growth and shrubs that serve
as forage for grizzlies. Grizzlies also feed on concentrations of
insects in areas of exposed rock often located above timberline.
Beginning as early as September, bears begin preparing their
winter dens (09). These normally occur in the upper subalpine areas
above 1,875 m (6,000 ft). Dens are usually dug, and may occur either
on open slopes, under a forested canopy, or in natural cavities or
Habitat Associations - 3 caves (62,56,01,09). Although all aspects are used, northeast appears
to be the most preferred (57,31,01). Often dens are dug at the base
of a tree. The presence of well developed soils facilitates den
construction. In the Yellowstone ecosystem, winter dens as well as
day beds for resting can be found in thickets of spruce, fir and
lodgepole pine.
Although open sites are important foraging areas for grizzlies,
cover is extensively used. In the Yellowstone ecosystem, 90% of the
locations of instrumented bears were in timber. Of 191 sightings of
grizzlies, 75% were observed less than 100 m from timbered cover, with
over half of these less than 30 m (05). Similar results were observed
in the northern ecosystem, with 80% of the locations in cover and most
observed grizzly sign in cutting units within 50 m of the border (54,
64).
Extensive, undisturbed areas are necessary for grizzly survival
(10). Current populations in the continental U.S. are centered in and
around large National Parks and Wilderness Areas. It has been
estimated that the area needed to meet the habitat requirements for a
minimum, viable population of grizzlies ranges from 1,000 - 13,000
square km, depending on the habitat quality (52).

Habitat Associations - 4 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

FOOD HABITS

TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE

LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Myxomycophyta
General
General Forb Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Deciduous Shrubs-Leaves/Twigs
General Evergreen Shrubs-Leaves/Twigs
General Tree-Bark/Cambium
General Tree-Sap
General Deciduous Trees-Leaves/Twigs
General Aves
General Roots/Tubers/Rhizomes-Herbaceous
General Poaceae
General Forb Leaves/Stems
General Deciduous Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Evergreen Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Deciduous Trees-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Evergreen Trees-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Arthropods
General Fish
General Mammalia
General Carrion
General Myxomycophyta
General
General Forb Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Deciduous Shrubs-Leaves/Twigs
General Evergreen Shrubs-Leaves/Twigs
General Tree-Bark/Cambium
General Tree-Sap
General Deciduous Trees-Leaves/Twigs
General Aves
General Roots/Tubers/Rhizomes-Herbaceous
General Poaceae
General Forb Leaves/Stems
General Deciduous Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Evergreen Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Deciduous Trees-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Evergreen Trees-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Arthropods
General Fish
General Mammalia
General Carrion

Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS

G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae

LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Inland Wetland: vegetated stream banks
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G Inland Wetlands: Bogs
G Terrestrial Features: Caves, dry
G Terrestrial Features: Talus
G Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
G Terrestrial Features: Downed logs
G Inland Wetland: vegetated stream banks
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G Inland Wetlands: Bogs
G Terrestrial Features: Caves, dry
G Terrestrial Features: Talus
G Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
G Terrestrial Features: Downed logs

Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

LIFE HISTORY

FOOD HABITS:
Although classified as a carnivore, grizzly bears (Ursus arctos)
have adapted to an herbivorous diet with a large majority of their
food comprised of vegetation (01,33,24,57). The physiological
adaptations that allow them to make efficient use of vegetation
include flattened molars for more efficient grinding and an intestine
that is proportionately longer to body length than other carnivores
(13). Opportunistic feeders, grizzlies are capable of utilizing a
wide range of plant and animal material. Their food habits are
largely determined by whatever food items are abundant and locally
available. Because of this, there are often profound differences in
food habits seasonally, yearly, geographically, and among individuals
(41,34,24,22,57,02). Since bears are unable to digest cellulose, they
prefer foods that are highly digestible and high in protein, sugar,
starch, or stored fat (41,58). Grizzlies opportunistically feed on
bird eggs and young birds.
Upon emergence from the den, the amount and types of food
available to grizzlies are usually quite low. At this time, carrion
is a common food source and is usually available in the form of
winter-killed wild ungulates. In the Yellowstone ecosystem, elk
(Cervus elaphus) is the primary source of carrion (41,34), whereas in
the northern ecosystem, deer (Odocoileus spp.) predominates (24,57,
02). Carcasses of livestock, especially those of domestic cattle (Bos
taurus) are also important.
In addition to carrion, graminoids (grasses and sedges) and
pinenuts (the fruit of whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis) are the
primary spring food items in the Yellowstone ecosystem (41,33). In
the northern ecosystem, graminoids and a number of forbs such as
clover (Trifolium spp.), dandelions (Taraxacum spp.), angelica
(Angelica spp.), sweet-cicely (Osmorhiza spp.), cow parsnip (Heracleum
lanatum), and peavine (Lathyrus sp.) are of primary importance (24,57,
02,22). Both the leaves and stems of these forbs are consumed.
Horsetail (Equisetum spp., a sporophyte) is also important in the
spring diet in both areas.
During the summer, the amount of carrion available in both
ecosystems is drastically reduced. Bear foods that increase in
importance in the Yellowstone ecosystem include forbs such as thistle
(Cirsium spp.), spring beauty (Claytonia spp.), biscuitroot (Lomatium
spp.), yampah (Perideridia spp.), dandelions and clover. The
roots/corms of spring beauty, biscuitroot, and yampah are high in
starch content and are actively sought and dug by grizzlies (33,41).
The consumption of pinenuts and ants (Formicidae family) also
increases during the summer months in the Yellowstone ecosystem.
Unlike the Bob Marshal ecosystem, berries are rarely abundant enough
to be an important food item (33,41). During spawning season fish
become an important food source.
In the northern ecosystem, the roots/corms of spring beauty and
biscuitroot are also important in the summer diets of grizzlies, as
well as that of glacier-lilies (Erythronium spp.). Forbs eaten during
the spring continue to be of value, but the fruit of shrubs becomes
increasingly important as summer progresses (57,22,02,24).
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

Huckleberries, (Vaccinium spp.), especially globe huckleberries
(V. globulare) are of primary importance to the summer diet of
grizzlies in this area. Where the distribution or abundance of
huckleberries is limited, other fruit producing shrubs such as
serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), buffaloberry (Shepherdia
canadensis) and chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) assume primary
importance. Other berries, such as buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia),
gooseberry (Ribes sp.), bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), and
hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii) are usually of secondary importance
(57,22,02,24).
Pinenuts are extremely important in the fall diet of grizzlies in
the Yellowstone ecosystem, comprising approximately 60% of their total
diet (33). Mammals, primarily elk, are second in importance and
graminoids are third. However, during a poor pinenut crop in 1982,
yampah became the primary food item and the comsumption of mushrooms
and ants also greatly increased (34).
In the northern ecosystem, the primary fall food items continue
to be the afore-mentioned berries but use decreases as fall
progresses. In many areas, the fruit of mountain ash (Sorbus spp.)
becomes an important food item during this period as do pinenuts. The
use of carrion also increases in importance, primarily due to the loss
of wounded animals by hunters and the discarded entrails left from
kills (22,37,02).

HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Grizzlies are not considered territorial and exhibit extensive
overlap of home ranges (01,07,57). Home range sizes of individuals
vary considerably, but are generally 200 to 1,500 square km (77 to 579
square mi) for males and 100 to 600 sq km (39 to 193 sq mi) for
females. Knight et al. (31) report a mean home range size of 1,048
sq km (405 sq mi) for male grizzlies in the northern ecosystem and 399
sq km (154 sq mi) for females. Knight et al. (31) report a mean home
range size of 788 sq km (304 sq mi) for adult males and 401 sq km
(155 sq mi) for adult females in the Yellowstone ecosystem.
Although seasonal and yearly variation in the use of habitat has
been well documented, seasonal variation of home range size has been
poorly addressed. It appears home range sizes during the spring
months are generally more limited due to the presence of snow over
much of their habitat (57,23).
With the exceptions of family groups, breeding season, and local
concentrations of food, grizzlies are usually solitary (58). Although
not territorial, grizzlies will often defend their young, personal
space, food, and potential mates (55,23,24). In situations where
bears are in frequent contact with each other due to an abundant
source of food, a dominance hierarchy may develop (31,10).

PERIODICITY:
In the northern ecosystem, grizzlies become fully active between
2100 and 2400 hours and remain active until 0600-0900 hours. The
inactive periods are generally 0800-2000 hours and average 11.0 hours.
Daily activities increase substantially when berries become available
(58).
In the Yellowstone ecosystem, daily activities are approximately
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

the same as for the northern ecosystem. Seasonally, it was noted that
bears were least active during the 2 months preceding denning. Spring
activities were more crepuscular, with peaks at 1630 and 2000 hours.
Males were more active than females (55). Grizzlies often made daily
movements from feeding to bedding sites, sometimes as great as 11 km
(10).
Whether or not grizzly bears (and bears in general) are true
hibernators has been questioned in the scientific literature.
Hibernation is generally considered to be a torpid state in which
respiration and heart rate greatly decrease, and body temperature
approaches within about 1 degree C of ambient air temperature, and
from which the hibernator is aroused only with difficulty (08,65).
Grizzly bears do indeed enter a winter dormancy involving deep sleep.
This winter dormancy involves a significant drop in heart rate and
respiration (08,65). However, the bears do not become torpid, being
easily aroused and able to move rapidly when disturbed, and their body
temperature does not approach ambient air temperature. In some ways
the grizzly's dormancy is more complete than the typical mammalian
hibernator (e.g., woodchuck or ground squirrel) in that grizzlies do
not urinate, defecate, eat or drink at any time during winter
dormancy. The more typical mammalian hibernators rouse themselves at
intervals during hibernation at which time they may eat, drink,
urinate and/or defecate (65). In Yellowstone National Park, grizzlies
enter their dens around late October to mid-November to remain dormant
until March. Females with yearlings or cubs tended to emerge from
their dens later than other females or males (08).

MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Grizzlies are considered non-migratory, but will make
considerable movements within their home ranges. Occasionally, they
will move 65-90 km or more to denning areas or early spring foraging
sites (10). Movements to important feeding sites can result in large
concentrations of bears (10,08,31). Long distance movements are
usually conducted singly or as a family group and may take place in as
little as 1 or 2 days.

COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Grizzly use of habitat is closely associated with forested areas
interspersed with openings (05,24,10). In the Yellowstone ecosystem,
90% of 1,826 aerial radio locations were in timber with three-fourths
of them 100 m or less from the edge of an opening (05). Of 149
grizzly day beds located in the same area, 148 of them were located
in timbered habitat (34). Timbered areas are exploited for food,
thermal cover, and security.
Grizzly dens typically occur on steep slopes at upper elevations
near ridgetops where deep snows are likely to accumulate. Although
all aspects are used, northeast appears to be the most preferred (57,
31,01). The majority of grizzly dens occur in the open and are
usually dug, although natural cavities or caves may be used. Often
dens are dug at the base of a tree. The presence of well developed
soils facilitates den construction. Re-use of dug dens is rare (31,
57,01,62).

Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Most breeding activity of grizzlies occurs on spring habitat (01,
10,23). Studies in the northern ecosystem indicate specific breeding
areas may exist (01). These areas are usually ridgetops at or above
snowline and adjacent to spring habitat.
Grizzly cubs are born mid-winter while the mother is denned (10,
23) (See section "Cover/Shelter Requirements"). There appears to be
little or no difference in den site selection and construction for
pregnant females vs. other sex and age groups, other than they may be
more likely to use bedding material (10). Upon emergence from the
den, habitat use by females with cubs differs little from other sex
and age groups other than they may select areas that are more rugged
and secluded (47,51).

REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Sexual maturity for both sexes in grizzly bears is generally
considered to be 4.5 years of age, with age at first breeding of
females occasionally as late as 8.5 years of age (11). Although
females breeding at 3.5 years of age are usually examples of false
estrus (11), occasionally these copulations will result in pregnancy
(14,44). Females in the Yellowstone ecosystem were documented
producing young as late as 22.5 years of age (12), and evidence of
breeding activity has been observed in a female bear 29.5 years old
(29).
Breeding behavior in grizzlies begins in mid- to late May and
extends to mid-July, with most of the actual breeding occurring in
June (01,24,10). Grizzlies are polygamous and may mate with several
partners (10,01). Estrus in females has been observed to last from
5 to 27 days (10). Grizzlies employ a reproductive strategy known as
delayed implantation, in which the blastocysts fail to implant in the
uterine wall for several months. Implantation of the blastocysts is
believed to occur 0-30 days after denning with birth occurring
approximately February 1 (11). Actual gestation generally lasts from
229-266 days (04). Litter sizes vary from 1-4 but are usually 2 or 3
(01,11,32). In the Yellowstone ecosystem, the average reproductive
cycle was 3.4 years with a range of 2-7 years (12). An individual
female grizzly in the northern ecosystem was documented as having
produced 9 cubs in a 6 year period (01).

PARENTAL CARE:
At birth, young are blind and completely helpless (23,10). Birth
occurs approximately February 1, while the mother is denned (11).
Females with young are the last sex and age group to leave the den,
and usually do so in late April or early May (10,01). Cubs are
generally weaned at 5 months of age (46) but continue to accompany
their mother until a least 1.5 years of age and usually 2.5 (10,23,
01). Mothers are extremely protective of their young and have been
known to attack other bears and people in their defense (23). Adult
male grizzlies will sometimes kill cubs if given the opportunity (10,
12,23).

POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Grizzlies have an extremely low reproductive rate, making
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

recruitment to the population a slow process (12,60,36). In the
Yellowstone ecosystem, reproductive rates were observed to range from
0.286 to 1.500 cubs/female/year (12). More recently, the reproductive
rate was stated to average 0.676, with a mean cycle length of 3.08
years (34). Human-caused mortality and loss of habitat are primary
reasons for population declines (12,60,23). Survival of young bears
in the Yellowstone ecosystem to age 6 was observed to decline from a
level of 38% to 23% in a 10 year period (36). The survival of prime
age grizzlies also decreased, from a level of 96% to 92% (36).
Average litter sizes for this area are currently 1.9 and 60% of the
females produce their first litter at age 6 (36). In the northern
ecosystem, average litter sizes of 2.5 are stated (02). Sex ratios
for grizzlies in the Yellowstone ecosystem are 51M:49F for adults,
63M:37F for subadults, and 67M:33F for cubs (34). Maximum ages
observed for grizzlies in the wild are 25.5 for a female in the
Yellowstone ecosystem (12) and 30.5 for a female in the Cabinet-Yaak
ecosystem of northwestern Montana (29). Grizzly densities have been
quoted as varying from 1 bear/22 sq km (8.48 sq mi) for Glacier
National Park (40) to 1 bear/88.4 sq km (34.1 sq mi) for the
Yellowstone ecosystem (12). It is estimated that at least 50-90
grizzlies are required for a minimum viable population (smallest
population possible with a 95% probability of surviving at least 100
years) (52).

SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
The food habits and use of habitat by grizzlies and black bears
(Ursus americanus) can be very similar and they no doubt compete for
resources, especially food (24,23). Also, it has been theorized that
in some situations adult male black bears may inhibit dispersing
subadult grizzlies from occupying new areas (25). In areas where they
both occur, grizzlies are sometimes shot by hunters when they are
mistakenly identified as black bears (16,60).

OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.

Life History - 5 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Restricting Timber Harvest
Beneficial Prescribed/controlled burning of habitat
Beneficial Maintaining Later Stages of Succession
Beneficial Maintaining Early Stages of Succession
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Rehabilitating Individuals
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Incidental Capturing/Killing
Existing Incidental Capturing/Killing
Adverse Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Existing Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Adverse Poaching
Existing Poaching
Adverse Commercial Exploitation
Existing Commercial Exploitation
Adverse Sport Hunting/Fishing
Existing Sport Hunting/Fishing
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Hiking/Camping
Existing Hiking/Camping
Adverse Food Supply Reduction
Existing Food Supply Reduction
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Underground Mines
Existing Underground Mines
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Applying pesticides
Existing Applying pesticides
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Predator control
Existing Predator control
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Suppressing wildfire
Existing Suppressing wildfire
Adverse Forest Alteration
Existing Forest Alteration
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Restricting Timber Harvest
Beneficial Prescribed/controlled burning of habitat
Beneficial Maintaining Later Stages of Succession
Beneficial Maintaining Early Stages of Succession
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Rehabilitating Individuals
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Incidental Capturing/Killing
Existing Incidental Capturing/Killing
Adverse Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Existing Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Adverse Poaching
Existing Poaching
Adverse Commercial Exploitation
Existing Commercial Exploitation
Adverse Sport Hunting/Fishing
Existing Sport Hunting/Fishing
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Hiking/Camping
Existing Hiking/Camping
Adverse Food Supply Reduction
Existing Food Supply Reduction
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Adverse Underground Mines
Existing Underground Mines
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Applying pesticides
Existing Applying pesticides
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Predator control
Existing Predator control
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Suppressing wildfire
Existing Suppressing wildfire
Adverse Forest Alteration
Existing Forest Alteration
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting

COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Past reasons for the reduction of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in
the continental United States were primarily due to conflicts with
livestock, fear for personal safety, and unregulated take for food,
commercial trapping, or for sport hunting (10,03,63,42). Loss of
habitat due to the influx of large numbers of people and the
conversion of extensive areas to agriculture and other uses also
played an important role (53,24,59).
Many of the past problems continue to plague grizzlies today.
Grizzlies are still being removed from the population because of
conflicts with livestock, especially sheep (35,27). Livestock also
competes with grizzlies for essential food items, primarily grasses
and forbs (27,53). Grizzlies using hay fields or pasture are also
susceptible to mortality from rodenticides. The virtual elimination
of another important food item (salmon), through the construction of
large hydroelectric dams acting as passage barriers, is felt to have
played a major role in the loss of grizzlies in the Selway-Bitterroot
Ecosystem (42).
Habitat loss or degredation continues, as the construction of new
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

roads into areas of previously secure habitat bring people and bears
into greater conflict. Bears are displaced by the activities of
mining, logging and recreation, or may be killed as a result of being
attracted to unnatural sources of food (20,53,64,38,45,24). The
construction of subdivisions or recreation sites in important grizzly
habitat may act as mortality "sinks" (45,53). Grizzly habitat is
closely associated with coniferous forests, of which the use for cover
and foraging is well documented (56,05,64,54,24,02). However, in
order for a grizzly to meet its biological needs, a variety of
nonforested sites interspersed within forested stands are necessary
(01,54,24,10). The suppression of fires in forests has resulted in
plant successions unfavorable for grizzlies (64).
Montana used to allow 25 grizzlies to be killed for sport hunting
(25), the current allowable take (as of 1987) is 14 bears (66).
Hunters do occasionally mistake grizzlies for black bears and kill
them. The poaching of grizzlies for the illegal sale of parts also
continues (16,24).
Grizzlies have an extremely low reproductive rate, making
recruitment to the population a slow process (12,60,36). The patchy
and restricted nature of the remaining grizzly populations indicates
that there may be little or no gene flow between the various
populations. It is highly unlikely that travel corridors exist
between the Yellowstone grizzly population and any of the other
populations, in effect reproductively isolating the Yellowstone
grizzlies (60).
A present and future threat facing grizzlies is the exploration
and development of fossil fuels (surface and underground) in the
northern ecosystem. Large scale development of hardrock mining, new
ski areas, and other recreational developments are also perceived
future threats (53,01,28,06). Off-road vehicles cause no major
conflict with grizzlies at this time but their presence is believed to
influence grizzly bear movements and use of an area.

APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan.
Prepared in cooperation with the Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife, and
Parks and the U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Denver, CO. 195 pp.

The goal of the Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan is to identify and
provide a sequence of actions necessary for the conservation and
recovery of the grizzly bear in selected areas of the conterminous 48
states, and to remove the grizzly from threatened status. The plan
addresses six ecosystems where grizzly bears are known to have been
present in the past decade; the Yellowstone, Northern Continental
Divide, Cabinet-Yaak, Selkirk Mountains, Selway-Bitterroot, and the
North Cascades ecosystems. Recovery tasks differ slightly for each
ecosystem, but common objectives are to identify grizzly bear
population goals that represent recovery in measurable and
quantifiable terms (and provide a data base that will allow for
informed decisions); to identify population and habitat limiting
factors and specific management measures needed to remove such
limiting factors; and to establish recovery of at least three
Management Practices - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

populations in three distinct grizzly bear ecosystems in order to
delist the species in the conterminous 48 states. Management actions
recommended for recovery include: the restricting poaching,
non-commercial harvest of the species, pesticide use, and timber
harvesting; the controlling or restricting of domestic animals
(grazing), agricultural practices, development, mining, and off-road
vehicle use; managing for all stages of succession in forest cover;
and the use of prescribed burning to increase the food supply;
limiting human access/disturbance (especially in sensitive areas in
certain seasons); and transplanting/rehabilitation of wild individuals
(problem bears).
Recovery activities currently involve research projects on
grizzly bear habitat, populations, and the effects of human activities
on grizzlies. Projects include; habitat stratification into
management situations, population trend monitoring, the development of
cummulative effects on the species, and the capture/release/tracking
of the species in Yellowstone National Park. The Greater Yellowstone
Area has developed a document "Guidelines for management involving
grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Area" that identifies areas
of the cooperating National Forests and Parks for various habitat and
"people" management situations relating to the grizzly bear.

Management Practices - 5 (DRAFT) - References
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

References

***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****

01 Aune, K. and T. Stivers. 1983. Rocky mountain front grizzly bear
monitoring and investigation. Montana Dept. Fish, Wildl. and
Parks, Helena, MT. 180 pp.
02 Aune, K. and T. Stivers. 1984. Rocky mountain front grizzly bear
monitoring and investigation. Montana Dept. Fish, Wildl. and
Parks, Helena, MT. 239 pp.
03 Bailey, V. 1931. Mammals of New Mexico. U.S. Dept. of Agric.,
Biol. Surv. (Cited by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980).
04 Banfield, A.W. 1974. The mammals of Canada. Univ. of Toronto.
05 Blanchard, B.M. 1983. Grizzly bear-habitat releationships in the
Yellowstone area. Pages 118-123. IN: Bears - Their biology and
management. Fifth International Conf. on Bear Res. and Mngmt.
Madison, WI. February 1980.
06 Christensen, A.G. and M.J. Madel. 1982. Cumulative effects
analysis process and grizzly habitat component mapping. Kootenai
Nat. For., Libby, MT.
07 Craighead, F.C., Jr. 1976. Grizzly bear ranges and movement as
determined by radio-tracking. Pages 97-109. IN: Bears - Their
biology and management. M.R. Pelton, J.W. Lentfer, and G.E. Folk,
Jr., eds. IUCN Publ. New Ser. 23.
08 Craighead, F.C., Jr., and J.J. Craighead. 1972. Data on grizzly
bear denning activities and behavior obtained by using wildlife
telemetry. Pages 84-106. IN: Bears - Their biology and
management. S. Herrero, ed. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. 371 pp.
09 Craighead, F.C., Jr., and J.J. Craighead. 1972. Grizzly bear
prehibernation and denning activities as determined by
radio-tracking. Wildl. Monogr. 32. 35 pp.
10 Craighead, J.J. and J.A. Mitchell. 1982. Grizzly bear. Pages
515-537. IN: Wild mammals of North America: Biology, management
and economics. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore and London.
1,147 pp.
11 Craighead, J.J., M.G. Hornocker, and F.C. Craighead, Jr. 1969.
Reporductive biology of young female grizzly bears. J. Reprod.
Fert., Suppl. 6:447-475.
12 Craighead, J.J., J. Varney, and F.C. Craighead, Jr. 1974. A
population analysis of the Yellowstone grizzly bears. Bull. 40,
Mont. Forest and Conserv. Exper. Sta., School of For., Univ. of
Mont., Missoula. 20 pp.
13 Davis, D.D. 1964. The giant panda, a morphological study of
evolutionary mechanisms. Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. Fieldiana Zool.
Mem. 3. 339 pp. (Cited by Mealey 1980).
14 Erikson, A.W., H.W. Mossman, R.J. Hensel, and W.A. Troyer. 1968.
The breeding biology of the male brown bear (Ursus arctos).
Zoologica 53:85-106.
15 Grant, M. 1904. The origin and relationship of the large mammals
of North America. New York Zool. Soc. Eigth Ann. Rept., New York.
30 pp.
16 Greer, K. 1983. Grizzly bear mortality studies (1982). Proj. No.
W-120-R-14. Job No. 2. Mont. Dept. Fish, Wildl. and Parks,
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species BEAR, GRIZZLY
Species Id ESIS056002
Date 14 MAR 96

Helena.
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