(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
OTHER COMMON NAMES - WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE; WARBLER, WILLOW;WARBLER, REED; WARBLER, REED, CAROLINE;WARBLER, REED, CAROLINE ISLANDS;WARBLER, REED and NAURU; GA' GA' KARISU; LIMWEDI;LICHOK
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Birds
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - AVES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - PASSERIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - MUSCICAPIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - ACROCEPHALUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - LUSCINIA,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - ACROCEPHALUS LUSCINIA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Nightingale Reed Warbler
Acrocephalus luscinia (Quoy and Gaimard, 1830)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Bird
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Aves
ORDER: Passeriformes FAMILY: Muscicapidae
The nightingale reed warbler is a slender, overall pale
yellowish-buff bird. Pale yellow buff below; rufous brown or grayish
olive brown above. The bill is horn colored on the upper mandible,
more yellowish on the lower mandible, and rather long and slender.
Feet are light gray. The various subspecies vary from about 15 to
20 centimeters in length. The female resembles the male but is
slightly smaller (01,09,15).
The warbler was described from Guam in 1831 by Quoy and
Gaimard as Thryothorus luscinius, but has since undergone a variety
of taxonomic treatments (01,20). The two major distinct populations
include the Mariana Island and Caroline Island populations. Each of
these have been known by several different genera. Generic synomyms
for the Mariana population include; Thryothorus, Hybristes, Tatare,
and Conopoderas. Synomyms for the Caroline Island population include;
Sylvia, Eparnetes, Tatare, Calamodyta, Calamoherpe, and Conopoderas.
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
All of these names have now been preempted by the genus Acrocephalus,
the genus assigned to reed warblers found throughout the old world
and thought to be the ancestral stock of the Pacific island
populations (01,15).
Species names applied have been nearly as varied as the generic
names assigned, and include syrinx, orientalis, mariannae, stentoreus,
and yamashinae (01). These have now been generally lumped into the
single species A. luscinia (01,15). However, a new field guide will
retain three different species, A. luscinia in the Mariannas, A.
syrinx in the Carolines (and possibly Pagan), and A. rehsei in Nauru
(18).
Populations of reed warblers within the Marianas have been
assigned to various subspecies. These are; A. l. luscinia on Guam,
Saipan, and Almagan; A. l. yamashinae on Pagan; and A. l. nijoi on
Agiguan. Populations in the Caroline Islands all belong to the same
subspecies, A. l. syrinx. The single isolated population on Nauru is
known as A. l. rehsei (01,07). Common names for the reed warbler
include; the ga' ga' karisu (Marianas), the limwedi (Ponape), the
lichok (Truk), and the nightingale reed warbler.
Baker examined 17 specimens at the U.S. National Museum and 57 at
the American Museum of Natural History, and wrote that Mayr examined
7 specimens in the Paris Museum (01). Other specimens can likely be
found in Germany, Japan, and at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in
Honolulu, HI.
Illustrations can be found in Kittliz (1835), Pratt et al.
(1979), and Pratt et al. (in press) (11,17,18).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Non-consumptive recreational
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The nightingale reed warbler (Acrocephalus luscinia) has been
designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. This species has this status wherever found
including the U.S. Pacific Island Trust Territories known as The
Federated States of Micronesia and the Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands, of the western Pacific Ocean.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79,
as amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
There is some confusion regarding exactly which populations of
the nightingale reed warbler are actually covered by the U.S.
Endangered Species Act. The original listing (70-06-02:35 FR 08495)
only covered the Nauru Island subspecies (Acrocephalus luscinia
rehsei). Shortly thereafter, the species (A. luscinia) was listed
as endangered on the foreign list (70-12-02:35 FR 18320). This
second list superceded the first list, rather than added to it.
Though in the second Federal Register list only the Mariana Islands
population was listed as endangered, it was not legal to list
populations at that time. Thus, the species as a whole (throughout
it foreign range) was necessarily considered endangered. This
included populations in the Marianas with the exception of Guam,
populations in the Caroline Islands (Ponape, Truk, and Yap), and the
population on Nauru. The population on Guam could not legally be
considered endangered because Guam was considered part of the U.S.,
and for a species to be considered endangered within the U.S. it must
be included on the "native" U.S. list, which the reed warbler is not.
Thus, as best as can be determined, all reed warbler populations
are presently considered endangered with the exception of the (now
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
extinct) Guam population.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Federated States of Micronesia and
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (U.S. Trust
Territories of the Pacific Islands)
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Department of Resources and Development
STATE STATUTES: Title 45; Fish, Shellfish, and Game; Chapter 5;
Endangered Species Act (of Trust Territories)
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species is not directly utilized by humans, however, it may
aid in the control of insects within the native forest ecosystem and
in or about gardens. There also may be some esthetic value associated
with this species in reference to recreational bird watchers.
70/06/02:35 FR 08491/08495 - Original listing; Endang (Nauru ssp)
70/12/02:35 FR 18319/18322 - Listing of species
76/30/09:41 FR 43340/43358 - Republication of list
85/02/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Residential
Cropland and Pasture
Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries,
Evergreen Forest Land
Forested Wetland
Nonforested Wetland
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, intermittent FL6
Riverine, upper perennial FL6
Riverine, lower perennial FL6
Riverine, tidal FL6
Palustrine SS3
0FO
Palustrine FL6
Palustrine EM6
Palustrine EM5
Estuarine, intertidal SS4
Estuarine, intertidal SS3
Estuarine, intertidal RS3
Estuarine, intertidal FO7
Estuarine, intertidal FO4
Estuarine, intertidal FO3
Estuarine, intertidal FL6
Estuarine, intertidal EM1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The various Pacific island populations have adapted to different
habitat types. On Guam and apparently Pagan, reed warblers were
restricted to wetland habitats, while populations elsewhere range
more extensively into brush lands and forest (01,05,06,19). On Guam
the species was restricted to cane thickets and adjacent areas in and
near fresh and brackish water marshes (01). The small population on
Pagan was reported to reside at one time in and about wetland
vegetation surrounding two small ponds found on the island (19).
On Saipan, reed warblers occur in all types of forest habitat as
well as the dense vegetation around wetlands (05,19,24). The bird
prefers the dense and varied vegetation surrounding a wetland, rather
than the monotypic stands of Phragmites or Scirpus within the marsh
(05,12,24). Outside of wetlands the reed warbler utilizes both mixed
as will as the monotypic stands of introduced Leucaena leucocephala
that grow over much of the island (05).
On Agiguan there are no wetlands, and the reed warbler is found
in second growth forests that are heavily grazed by feral goats (05).
The understory is almost completely open due to excessive grazing, and
birds forage above the grazing line in the dense foliage of the trees.
In the Caroline Islands the reed warbler is typically an edge
species, but is highly adaptable and can be found in a variety of
habitats, from mature native forest of upper elevations to scrubby
open fields of the lowlands; small populations can even be found on
Habitat Associations - 1 tiny offshore islets. It is most fond of semi-open, lowland scrub,
particularly near heavily overgrown taro patches and other wetlands
bordered by rank stands of Phragmites. The reed warbler commonly
utilizes mixed growth at the edge of clearings. Though not normally
found in large stands of mangrove, the bird frequents mangrove edges,
especially where there is an abundance of rank grass or other
herbaceous cover nearby. The bird is not averse to human habitation
and is commonly found within villages and towns; garbage dumps are
favorite habitats. Though normally found in dense vegetation near
the ground, the reed warbler also utilizes the mid- and even the upper
canopy levels of larger trees (02,04,06,13,14,16).
In the Caroline Islands the reed warbler is found on amazingly
small offshore Atolls and islets. On Ant Atoll the bird occurs on
Wolouna, Nikalap Aru, and probably most other islets of the Atoll (06,
14). Vegetation on the atoll consists primarily of native strand
bushes, trees, and planted coconuts. Wolouna is a tiny, isolated
islet with less than a hectare of native strand vegetation. Nikalap
Aru is covered predominantly by coconuts. Here, the reed warbler
prefers native broadleaf trees and bushes such as Morinda, Cordia,
Calophyllum, and others (06).
On Pohnpei (Ponape), Coultas considered the reed warbler to be a
bird of small bushes, open country, and grasslands, but not of true
forest or high elevations (04). Marshall reported that the species
was common in open country or trees bordering grasslands, but it was
limited to grass or fern areas which have contrasting growth, with
clumps of cane or numerous bushes and grasses or fern openings (13).
He did not find the bird in pure short grass or fern openings. The
reed warbler generally does not use the extensive forests of the
interior, though a few can be found at these upper elevation forests
(06). Most individuals in these interior forests were generally found
in dense Pandanus or Hibiscus thickets near a stream, or in broadleaf
forests, but not in the extensive montane palm forests (06).
On Truk, the reed warbler is found in Phragmites swamps, dense
vegetation, gardens, taro patches, and second growth forests (02,06,
13,16). Marshall believed that the reed warbler utilized the forests
of Truk because the woods are much dissected by small openings (13).
On Moen, birds can often be found in the short mowed grass of the
antenna field (06).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Molluscs
General Reptilia
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Reefs
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
The nightingale reed warbler feeds primarily on insects, which
are picked or gleaned from the foliage (01,04). Four stomachs
examined from Guam contained insects and larvae (22). Marshall
listed food items from the Saipan population as lizards, snails,
spiders, and insects (12). He reported the reed warbler gathered its
prey from the ground. Coultas, in his observations of the bird at
Ponape, relates that he was able to locate the warbler by listening
for the "snapping of the mandibles as the bird is catching food" (04).
During USFWS surveys, reed warblers were found to forage
primarily in dense brushy or grassy vegetation near the ground, in
freshly mowed grass of the antenna field on Moen, and in the upper
canopy as well (05,06). On Truk, a reed warbler was observed
following and foraging behind bristle-thighed curlews (Numenius
tahitiensis). As the curlews uncovered clumps of mowed grass with a
flick of their long bill, the reed warbler would opportunistically
take exposed prey (06).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
The reed warbler is generally found alone or in pairs and
presumably maintains a territory. Details on size or seasonal
variations of territory is unknown.
PERIODICITY:
The species is diurnal and no information is available on other
seasonal activities.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
The reed warbler is nonmigratory and no other information is
available on local movement patterns.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Most reed warbler populations are highly adaptable, occupy a
variety of habitat types, and appear to require no special habitat for
survival. Though most reed warbler populations are partial to
vegetation near wetlands, the species occupies most types of second
growth forest, mixed grass and brush lands, and gardens. A notable
exception is the population that was once found on Guam. The bird
here was restricted almost exclusively to wetlands, particularly Agana
marsh, which is dominated by the coarse grass Phragmites karka (01).
The loss of wetlands on Guam might have contributed to the loss of
this population (10). The population on Pagan might also have been
restricted to wetland habitat, much as the population on Guam once
was (19).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
The nest is a crude, bulky structure with an outer cover made of
coarse grasses, weed stems, and leaves. The inner lining of the nest
is usually of fine grasses (02). Nests have been located in a variety
of situations including; cane swamps, taro plants, breadfruit trees,
coconut trees, ivory nut palms, and mango trees (02,09). Nests
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
ranged from about 2-14 meters above the ground. Most nests are
located in trees with dense foliage. Nests are well concealed and are
often in the center of a cluster of branches so that they are
supported on all sides (02). On Ponape, Coultas found nests placed at
low elevations in bushes (04).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Nesting has been recorded all months of the year except January
and March, which indicates active nesting throughout the year (01,02,
26). The normal clutch is two eggs. Eggs are white, occasionally
washed with a greenish tint or slight buff, and are spotted with
lavender, chestnut, and black (02). What is believed to be a courtship
display has been observed on Truk and Ponape islands (06). In both
cases one bird (presumably the female) remained quietly on a perch
while the male sang constantly and flew back and forth repeatedly to
the female. The song given was a soft warble, not the loud song
typically heard. The male flew only 30-40 centimeters away on each
back-and-forth trip, and each time he approached the female, she
would parry his approach with her bill.
PARENTAL CARE:
No information is available on this subject with the exception
of one report of full-grown young being fed by adults (13).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
No information is available on this subject.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
No information is available on this subject.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
The reed warbler is a vocal species that voices a loud and varied
warbling song interspersed with harsh chattering or clicking notes.
Calls often consist of short "chucks" or short segments of the song
(05,06). Marshall records a call that he described as a dry short
rattle (13). The song is given all through the day, and individuals
may spend hours singing (04,13).
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Adverse Artillery/Explosions
Existing Artillery/Explosions
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Existing Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Fire
Existing Fire
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The original listing of the nightingale reed warbler is based on
the status of the Nauru Island subspecies, A. l. rehsei (25). This
subspecies is restricted to the single small island of Nauru, which
has undergone considerable destruction by phosphate mining and, from
1943-45, by military operations. Because of these threats the reed
warbler on Nauru was thought to be endangered (08). This population
is apparently still extant (03).
Other populations which are rare and may be threatened include;
A. l. luscinia on Guam and Alamagan, A. l. nijoi on Agiguan, and A. l.
yamashinae on Pagan (05,19). The population on Guam is believed to
have become extinct in the late 1960's (10,23). This population has
apparently always been rare (01) and the cause for its decline is not
known. Possibly a loss of wetland habitat brought about the birds
final demise (10). Possibly the introduced brown tree snake (Boiga
irregularis) exterminated the reed warbler on Guam through predation.
Little is known about the reasons for low numbers on Agiguan,
Alamagan, and Pagan. These populations were possibly always rare.
Recent studies on Agiguan found the species to be very rare and
possibly endangered due to destruction of vegetation by feral goats
(05,19). On a recent visit to Pagan, no reed warblers were found and
the birds preferred wetland habitat was found to be destroyed by the
grazing of introduced ungulates and a recent volcanic eruption (19).
No information is available on the population on Alamagan.
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
No recovery plan has been initiated and no target date has been
established.
Most populations of reed warblers are not biologically
considered to be Endangered, and few or no recovery actions are
required. Known exceptions include populations on Guam, Agiguan,
Pagan, and possibly Nauru. The Guam population is now considered to
be extinct, though the same subspecies is still found commonly on
Saipan. The wetland habitat in which the reed warbler was once found
on Guam (Agana Marsh) should be preserved. It may eventually be
possible to translocate birds from Saipan to Guam, though further
studies are needed on Guam before such an attempt is made. The
population on Agiguan may be suffering from habitat destruction from
excessive browsing by feral goats, and control of goats is recommened
on this island. Likewise, the population on Pagan (which may be
extinct) may be suffering from habitat loss due to the grazing of
feral ungulates. Control or removal of these feral animals would
allow vegetation to recover. On Nauru the primary threat to the reed
warbler is thought to be destruction of habitat by phosphate mining.
Controlling mining to reduce losses of habitat is recommended.
Before recommendations can be made for certain remote
populations, studies are needed to determine current statuses. These
include populations on Alamagan, Woleai, Lomotrek, Lukunor, Nukuoro,
and Nauru.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Baker, R.H. 1951. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin,
evolution, and distribution. Univ. of Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat.
Hist., 3:1-359.
02 Brandt, J.H. 1962. Nests and eggs of the birds of the Truk
Islands. Condor 64:416-437.
03 Burner, P.L. Pers. comm. 1985. Math and Nat. Sci. Dept.; BYU;
55-220 Kulanui St.; Laie, HI. 96762.
04 Coultas, W.F. 1930-31. Whitney south sea expedition journals.
Amer. Mus. Natur. Hist. Unpublished.
05 Engbring, J., F.L. Ramsey, and V.J. Wildman. 1986.
Micronesian forest bird survey 1982: Saipan, Tinian, Agiguan, and
Rota. USFWS, OBS.
06 Engbring, J., F.L. Ramsey, and V.J. Wildman. In prep. Federated
states of Micronesia forest bird survey 1983-84: Kosrae, Pohnpei,
Truk, and Yap. USFWS.
07 Finsch, O. 1883. On a new reed-warbler from Nawado or Pleasant
Island, in the western Pacific. Ibis, 5th Ser., 1:142-144.
08 Greenway, J.C. 1967. Extinct and vanishing birds of the world.
Dover Publ., Inc.; New York, NY.
09 Hartert, E. 1900. The birds of Ruk in the central Carolines.
Novit. Zool., 7:1-11.
10 Jenkins, J.M. 1983. The native forest birds of Guam. Ornit.
Mono. No. 31. 61 pp.
11 Kittletz, F.H., von. 1835. Uber einige noch unbeschriebene Vogel
von der Insel Luzon, den Carolinen und den Marianed. Mem. Acad.
Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, 2:1-9, pls. 1-10.
12 Marshall, J.T., Jr. 1949. The endemic avifauna of Saipan, Tinian,
Guam, and Palau. Condor 51:200-221.
13 Marshall, J.T., Jr. 1955-56. Field notes from Micronesia.
Unpublished.
14 Marshall, J.T., Jr. 1957. Atolls visited during the first year of
the Pacific islands rat ecology project. Atoll Res. Bull. No. 56:
1-11.
15 Mayr, E. 1945. Birds of the southwest Pacific. Macmillan Co.,
New York, NY.
16 McElory, L.P. 1945. Field notes from Truk. Unpub.
17 Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. 1979. Americas
unknown avifauna; the birds of the Mariana Islands. American Birds
33(3):227-235.
18 Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. In press. A field
guide to the birds of Hawaii and the tropical Pacific. Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton.
19 Pratt, T.K. 1984. Nightingale reed-warbler surveys and
investigations. Pittman-Robertson Job Progress Reports FY 1984,
CNMI Div. of Fish and Wildlf. Pp 113-118. Unpubl.
20 Quoy, J.R.C., and Gaimard, P.J. 1830-35. Voyage de decouevrtes
de la corvette l'astrolabe, execute par ordre du roi, pendant les
annees 1826, 1827, 1828, et. 1829 sous le commandement de M.J.
Dumont D,urville. Paris. Zoologie: xlx and 268 pp.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species WARBLER, REED, NIGHTINGALE
Species Id ESIS101003
Date 14 MAR 96
21 Deleted.
22 Seale, A. 1901. Report of a mission to Guam. Occas Pap. Bernice
P. Bishop Mus. 1:17-128.
23 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1979. Ornithological survey of
wetlands in Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Pagan. Corps of Engineers
Pacific Ocean Division: A22-A26.
24 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1981. Detailed project report and
environmental statements, Susupe-Chalan Kanoa flood control study.
Corps of Engineers Pacific Ocean Division: A22-A26.
25 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1970. Conservation of Endangered
Species and other fish or wildlife. Federal Register 35(106):
08491/08498.
26 Yamashina, Y. 1932. On a collection of birds eggs from
Micronesia. Tori, 7:393-413.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Baker, R.H. 1951. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin,
evolution, and distribution. Univ. of Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat.
Hist., 3:1-359.
02 Engbring, J., F.L. Ramsey, and V.J. Wildman. In prep. Federated
states of Micronesia forest bird survey 1983-84: Kosrae, Pohnpei,
Truk, and Yap. USFWS.
03 Jenkins, J.M. 1983. The native forest birds of Guam. Ornit.
Mono. No. 31. 61 pp.
04 Marshall, J.T., Jr. 1957. Atolls visited during the first years
of the Pacific Islands rat ecology project. Atoll Res. Bull. No.
56:1-11.
05 Marshall, M. 1975. The natural history of Namoluk Atoll, eastern
Caroline Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. No. 189:1-53.
06 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1979. Ornithological survey of
wetlands in Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Pagan. Corps of Engineers
Pacific Ocean Division. 202 pp.
References - 2