(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
OTHER COMMON NAMES - MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA; MOORHEN, COMMON;GULLINULE, MARIANA; GULLINULE, MARIANAS;GULLINULE and GUAM;GULLINULE; PULATTAT; PULATAL
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Birds
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - AVES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - GRUIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - RALLIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - GALLINULA,
SPECIES AND SSP - CHLOROPUS, GUAMI
SCIENTIFIC NAME - GALLINULA CHLOROPUS GUAMI
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Mariana Common Moorhen
Gallinula chloropus guami Hartert, 1917
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Birds
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Aves
ORDER: Gruiformes FAMILY: Rallidae
Adult Males: sooty black on head and neck; upper back dark, bluish
slate-gray, lower back and wing-coverts brownish; tail blackish-brown;
wings dark brown, outer edge of first primary white; breast and upper
abdomen dark slate-gray; under wing dark with white edges; under
tail-coverts white; bill and frontal shield red, tip of bill
yellowish; legs and feet olive-green.
Adult Females: resembles the adult male but usually has smaller
frontal shield.
Immature: resembles the adult but plumage is more mottled with white
and brown; frontal shield is small (01).
The accepted scientific name for the Mariana common moorhen is
Gallinula cloropus guami Hartert, 1917 (02). In the past, this
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
species has been called Fulica chloropus and Gallinula galeata var.
sanwichensis (01). Common names found in the literature include:
gallinule (01), Guam gallinule (04), Marianas gallinule (06),
pulattat (03), and pulatal (05), and Mariana gallinule (Fed. Register
listings prior to 1986).
The type specimen was collected on Guam (02). The U.S. National
Museum has five specimens from Guam, three from Tinian, and three from
Saipan (01). The American Museum of Natural History has 25 specimens
from Guam and five from Tinian (01). The Denver Museum of Natural
History has one specimen from Guam (06). One specimen and several
photographs are located at the Guam Division of Aquatic & Wildlife
Resources. The Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, has 4 specimens in
their collection (26). Locations of other specimens are unknown.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Federal Migratory
Commercial/consumption
Non-consumptive recreational
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Mariana common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus guami) has been
designated as Endangered pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884;
16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended. The subspecies has this status
wherever found including the Territitory Guam and the Commonwealth
of the Northern Mariana Islands.
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
The subspecies is protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(16 U.S.C. 703-711 et seq.) under the name Gallinula chloropus (the
Common Moorhen).
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
DOD -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
TERRITORY: Guam
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: (GU) Division of Aquatic and Wildlife
Resources, Department of Agriculture,
Guam.
STATUTE: Endangered Species Act of Guam, September 1981;
Guam Public Law 15-36, June 18, 1979.
COMMONWEALTH: Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands
DESIGNATED STATUS: None.
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Dept. of Natural Resources, Div. of Fish
Wildlife
STATUTE: P.L. 2-51, Second Legislative of the Commonwealth of
Northern Mariana Islands (1981) prohibits the take of
nongame species including the moorhen.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
IUCN Red Data Book, lists the Mariana common moorhen as rare
(as of 1981).
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species has nonconsumptive recreational value to bird
enthusiasts (bird watchers and others interested in natural history).
Overhunting may have also contributed to the moorhen decline.
Historically, this species was highly prized by the local Chamorros
as food (11), and in 1936, Bryan (12) felt moorhens were becoming
less common due to hunting.
79/05/18:44 FR 29128/29130 - Notice of review of status
79/06/13:44 FR 33915 - Extension of comment period
81/05/12:46 FR 26464/26409 - Petition accept. and status review
83/11/29:48 FR 53729/53733 - Proposed listing
84/01/20:49 FR 02485/02488 - Notice: proposed listing warranted
84/08/27:49 FR 33881/33885 - Listing, final rule
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
COASTAL
LAND USE -
Streams and Canals
Lakes
Reservoirs
Bays and Estuaries
Forested Wetland
Nonforested Wetland
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Lacustrine, littoral EM
Lacustrine, littoral AB
Palustrine EM
Palustrine AB
Estuarine, intertidal FO3
Estuarine, intertidal
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Mariana common moorhen is primarily restricted to fresh
water lakes, marshes and swamps (01). Beaty (13) reported moorhens
inhabit fresh water ponds, swamps and rivers. Seale (11) found
moorhens in marshes and taro patches in 1901, and in 1945, they were
also reported in fallow rice paddies on Guam (01). Kibler (14)
observed moorhens in an open, flooded mudflat with several islands of
green grass in it, but Baker (01) notes that moorhens seldom venture
out in the open water and prefer the weedy edges. Shallenberger (15)
stated that moorhens prefer open water bordered by vegetation such
as bulrush (Scirpus littoralis), and densely vegetated areas are not
desirable. Observations by biologists of the Guam Division of
Aquatic and Wildlife Resources indicate moorhens are wary and will
seek cover in surrounding vegetation at the slightest disturbance
(06). Although frequently associated with freshwater wetlands,
moorhens are common in Lake Susupe on Saipan, a brackish lake with
relatively high salinity (11 ppt) (07), and moorhens have been
sighted in a small tidal channel in the Tanapag region on Saipan (03).
Dense stands of mangrove grew along banks of the channel (03). Plants
commonly associated with marshes in the Marianas include Acrostichum,
Phragmites, Scirpus, Cyperus, and Hibiscus (07,16).
Brackney (17) found common gallinule (Gallinula chloropus)
densities highest on deep marshes with robust emergent vegetation and
a 50:50 ratio of cover to open water within the vegetation portion of
Lake Erie marshes. These marshes had the greatest amount of edge.
Specific environmental parameters required by the subspecies are
largely unknown. The depth of an open water pool in Agana Swamp,
historically an important habitat for moorhens, was 0.3 meters during
the dry season and 0.67 meters in the rainy season (18). Susupe Lake
on Saipan reaches a depth of about 3 meters (07). Mariana common
moorhens have been found in wetlands of varying size, and ranging as
small as 13 square meters (06). Moorhens are known to utilize
Habitat Associations - 1 seasonal wetlands (06). Mariana common moorhens will frequent
agricultural ponds.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Poaceae
General
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Human Association: Farm ponds
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Grass, insects, and larvae have been found in moorhen stomachs on
Guam (11). Bryan (12) reported moorhens feed on both plant material
and insects in or near the water. Marshall (19) observed moorhens
feeding in the water by swimming and sticking their head under the
surface to grasp green vegetation, or picking seeds and insects from
the ground as they walked through the cane. Biologists at the Guam
Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources have observed moorhens
dabbling for insects from the surface of ponds, foraging in shoreline
reeds approximately one meter high for insects, and plucking seeds
from pond vegetation (06).
Information is not available on the seasonal variation in the
foods or food types consumed as well as the preferred food types and
those foods essential to the survival of the species as a whole.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Information is not available on the home range or territoriality
in this species.
PERIODICITY:
Mariana common moorhens have been observed feeding during the day
(06). Birds kept in captivity were reported most active at night
(05,20).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Mariana common moorhens have been observed or collected
throughout the year and do not appear to migrate (06,20).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
The Mariana common moorhen utilizes the weedy edges of fresh
water lakes, marshes and swamps (01). Specific environmental
parameters required by the subspecies are largely unknown.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Downs (21) watched several moorhens perform what appeared to be
courtship behavior on Hagoi Lake, Tinian. However, the exact
requirments for moorhen display are not known. Hartert (20) found
moorhen nests in grass on swampy ground. Kibler (14) described a
nest on a moist piece of earth approximately 3 by 12 meters and
sparsely covered with grasses and sedges. The nest was built in the
single bush located on the mound. One bird stayed in the bush on the
beginnings of the nest while the other carried grasses to it.
Another nest was found in a 0.05 ha freswater pond about 270 m from
the ocean (06). This nest was on a raised mound about 6 m from
the shoreline surrounded by bulrushes. The nest was 40 cm in
diameter at the base and 45 cm high. It was 20 cm above the water
and made of reeds and grasses. Depth of the pond was estimated at
about 2.4 meters. Two other nests were found in bulrush at Lake
Hagoi (15).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
Little is known on the reproductive characteristics of the
Mariana common moorhen. Marshall (19) assumed moorhens breed all
year. Nests have been found in December, January, Febuary, March,
June, and July (14,20,22). A male was collected with enlarged gonads
in June (01). Clutch size appears to range between 4 - 8 eggs, and
broods have been recorded with 1-8 chicks (06,15). One pair of
Mariana common moorhens were followed through two clutches in a year,
and many pairs have been observed with both young chicks and
juveniles (06).
PARENTAL CARE:
Little is known on parental care. Adults are seen with large
juveniles estimated at up to 3 and 1/2 months old (06). Kibler (14)
observed an adult feeding two half-grown birds. Observations indicate
juveniles from earlier broods stay with the adults and chicks in
family groups (06).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Little information is available on the population biology of the
Mariana common moorhen. Freshwater habitat with adequate shoreline
vegetation for hiding is the current limiting factor. Historically,
the moorhen was described as abundant on Guam and Saipan (11,19).
In 1945, the population of moorhens on Tinain was estimated at 70
individuals (23). Surveys in 1978 estimated 90-120 birds in the
Susupe wetlands on Saipan, and no more than 30 at Hagoi Lake, Tinian
(24). Based on their 1982 survey, Engbring and Ramsey (03)
conservatively estimated 125 moorhens at Hagoi. Currently, the Guam
Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources estimates the Guam
population to be less then 100 (25). Through proper management the
population of moorhens could possibly be raised upwards of severial
hundred birds on Guam, 150 on Tinian, and 150 on Saipan. No data is
available on population levels of moorhens on Pagan, but if shoreline
vegetation was allowed to regenerate, the species could probably
sustain itself on the island.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
No interrelationships with other species are known at this time.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Creating Artificial Habitat/Nesting Structure
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Nonnative Vegetation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vegetation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Subsistence Hunting/Fishing/Trapping
Existing Subsistence Hunting/Fishing/Trapping
Adverse Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Existing Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Existing Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Adverse Strip mining
Existing Strip mining
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Suppressing wildfire
Existing Suppressing wildfire
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The most significant factor in the decline of the Mariana
common moorhen has been the loss of wetland habitat. Military
activities and general development on Guam have resulted in large
areas being asphalted or filled and drainage patterns being
considerably altered (07). Taro and rice are no longer major crops in
the Marianas and thus no longer provide suitable wetland habitat.
Several of the marshes and lakes, including Agana Swamp and Agana
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
Spring on Guam and Hagoi Lake on Tinian, are slowly filling in with
sediment and vegetation (07,08). Although much of the latter is due
to natural lake succession, clearing activities and road building
have augmented siltation (07). Fire suppression may have also
contributed to the accelerated succession occurring in these marshes.
Many marshes now contain almost inpenetrable monotypic stands of
Phragmites karka (07).
The introduced brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), a known
avian predator, has been recorded in wetlands on Guam (09). However,
it is unknown what impact, if any, this snake has had on the common
moorhen.
The fresh water lake on Pagan received large quantities of ash
and cinders from the recent eruption of Mt. Pagan which destroyed much
of the shoreline vegetation (10). Feral animals (pigs, goats and
cattle) have compounded the problem by trampling and eating any
regenerated vegetation, and all suitable moorhen habitat is now
destroyed (10).
Overhunting may have also contributed to the moorhen decline.
Historically, this species was highly prized by the local Chamorros
as food (11), and in 1936, Bryan (12) felt moorhens were becoming
less common due to hunting.
Although there is no substantial data, unusual rainfall and
concommitant changes in water levels may also effect moorhens through
brood survival, food availability, etc.
The primary threat to the Mariana common moorhen is the loss of
habitat. Some birds will continue to be shot illegally, but this
should not be a major threat to the population.
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Recovery Plan for the Mariana
Common Moorhen. Agency Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Honolulu,
HI. 68 pp.
The Mariana Common Moorhen has declined owing to alteration
or loss of habitat and, possibly, to predation by dogs, brown tree
snakes, and other animals brought to these islands by man. Though it
will be at least two years before a recovery plan is available, it
is useful now to outline general recovery objectives and actions.
Possible down-listing of the moorhen could be considered once
sufficient wetland habitat throughout the Marianas is secured and
managed for waterbirds. Conservation of wetlands should emphasize
preservation of permanent bodies of water that serve as refuges for
moorhens during the fierce dry season. Temporary ponds and marshes
that fill up with the coming of monsoonal rains also appear to serve
as important seasonal habitat for the nomadic moorhen; major wetlands
of this type should also be secured and managed. Moorhens respond
favorably to habitat manipulation elsewhere in their range.
Productivity of moorhens could be increased in the Marianas by (1)
controlling water levels in wetlands, (2) creating islands in wetlands
for nesting, (3) creating greater areas of open water and edge habitat
through prescribed dredging of wetlands, (4) controlling noxious
weeds, (5) controlling predators, and (6) controlling alien fish that
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
might compete with moorhens for food. To decide which of these
management techniques shoul receive priority, autecological research
should be conducted first.
Recovery actions underway are (1) research conducted by the Guam
Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources and (2) recommendations
made by the Honolulu Environmental Services Office of the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service as part of the review process for projects of,
or of permits issued by. the Army Corps of Engineers. Certain of
the recommendations included mitigation measures that would have
improved existing habitat or created new habitat; however, most of
the projects were never started.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Baker, R.H. 1951. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin,
evolution, and distribution. Univ. of Kansas Mus. of Nat. Hist.
3(1):1-359.
02 Hartert, E. 1917. On some Rallidae. Novit. Zool. 24:265-274.
03 Engbring, J. and F. Ramsey 1983. Pacific Islands forest bird
survey: Saipan, Tinian, Aguiguan, and Rota. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (Draft).
04 Jenkins, J.M. 1983. The native forest birds of Guam. American
Ornithologists Union, Ornothology Monogram No. 31, Washington.
61 pp.
05 Stafford, W.E. 1902. The birds of the Marianne Islands and their
vernacular names. I. Osprey 6:39-42,65-70.
06 Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources. Date (?). Field
notes. Guam Div. of Aquatic & Wildl. Res., Agana, Guam 96910.
07 Moore, P., L. Raulerson, M. Chernin, and P. McMakin. 1977.
Inventory and mapping of wetland vegetaion in Guam, Tinian, and
Saipan, Mariana Islands. Univ. of Guam Biosci., Guam. 253 pp.
08 Maben, A. 1980. Gallinule habitat survey and protection. In:
Guam Aquatic and Wildlife Resources Division Annual Report,
FY 1980. Department of Agriculture, Guam.
09 Tenorio, J.C. 1979. Ornithological survey of wetlands in Guam,
Saipan, Tinian and Pagan. Corps of Engin., Pac. Ocean Div., Dept.
of the Army.
10 Pratt, T.K. and T.O. Lemke. 1984. Unpubl. rept. Wildlife field
trip report from the Townsend Cromwell Raioma Cruise, 18 February-
5 March, 1984. Division of Fish and Wildlife, Department of
Natural Resources, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
11 Seale, A. 1901. Report of a mission to Guam. Occ. Papers Bernice
P. Bishop Museum. 1:17-128.
12 Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1936. Birds of Guam. Guam Recorder 13(2):14.
13 Beaty, J.J. 1967. Guam's remarkable birds. South Pacific Bull.
4:37-40.
14 Kibler, L.F. 1950. Notes on the birds of Guam. Auk 67:400-403.
15 Shallenberger (1978) cited in: Tenorio, J.C. 1979.
Ornithological survey of wetlands in Guam, Saipan, Tinian and
Pagan. Corps of Engin., Pac. Div., Dept. of the Army.
16 Stemmermann, L. 1981. A guide to Pacific wetland plants. U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District. 118 pp.
17 Brackney, A.W. 1979. Population ecology of common gallinules in
southern Lake Erie marshes. M.S. thesis, Ohio State University.
69 pp.
18 Neubauer, C.P. 1979. Limnological survey of the major streams and
rivers in Guam. In: Guam Aquatic and Wildlife Resources Division
Annual Report, FY 1979. Department of Agriculture, Guam.
19 Marshall, J.T., Jr. 1949. The endemic avifauna of Saipan, Tinian,
Guam and Palau. Condor 51:200-221.
20 Hartert, E. 1898. On the birds of the Marianne Islands. Novit.
Zool. 5(1):51-69.
21 Downs, T. 1946. Birds on Tinian in the Marianas. Trans. Kansas
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species MOORHEN, COMMON, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101010
Date 14 MAR 96
Acad. Science 49(1):87-106.
22 Drahos, N. 1977. Population dynamics of Guam birds. Unpubl. MS.
Guam Aq. and Wildl. Res. Div., Dept. of Agri., Guam.
23 Gleise (1945) cited in: Baker, R.H. 1951. The avifauna of
Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. Univ. of
Kansas Mus. of Nat. Hist. 3(1):1-359.
24 Shellenberger and Ford (1978) and USACOE (1981) cited In:
Engbring, J. and F. Ramsey 1983. Pacific islands forest bird
survey: Saipan, Tinian, Agiguan, and Rota. U.S. Fish and Wildl.
Ser. (Draft).
25 Jenkins, J.M., R.D. Anderson and C.F. Aguon. 1979. Studies of the
birds of Guam. In: Guam Aquatic and Wildl. Res. Div. Ann. Report,
FY 1979. Dept. of Agri., Guam.
26 Pyle, Robert. 1987. Pers. comm. Bishop Mus., Honolulu, HI.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources. Date (?) Field
notes. Guam Div. of Aquatic & Wildl. Res., Agana, Guam 96910.
02 Tenorio, J.C. 1979. Ornithological survey of wetlands in Guam,
Saipan, Tinian and Pagan. Corps of Engin., Pac. Ocean Div., Dept.
of the Army.
03 Engbring, J. and F. Ramsey. 1983. Pacific Islands forest bird
survey: Saipan, Tinian, Aguiguan, and Rota. U.S. Fish and Wildl.
Serv. (Draft).
04 Lemke, T.O. and T.K. Pratt. 1984. Unpubl. reprt. Tinian field
trip, 26-28 November, 1984. Fish and Wildl. Div., Dept. of Nat.
Res., Commonwealth of the N. Mariana Isl.
05 Baker, R.H. 1951. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin,
evolution, and distribution. Univ. of Kansas Mus. of Nat. Hist.
3(1):1-359.
06 Seale, A. 1901. Report of a mission to Guam. Occ. Papers Bernice
P. Bishop Museum. 1:17-128.
07 Strophlet, E.H. 1946. Birds of Guam. Auk 63:534-540.
08 Beaty, J.J. 1967. Guam's remarkable birds. South Pacific Bull.
4:37-40.
09 Marshall, J.T. Jr. 1949. The endemic avifauna of Saipan, Tinian,
Guam and Palau. Condor 51:200-221.
10 Stott, K. Jr. 1949. Notes on Saipan birds. Auk 64:523-527.
11 Lemke, T.O. 1984. Unpubl. MS. Recent observations on the
avifauna of the Northern Mariana Islands north of Saipan. Div. of
Fish and Wildl., Dept. of Nat. Res., Commonwealth of the N. Mariana
Isl.
12 Pratt, T.K. and T.O. Lemke. 1984. Unpubl. report. Wildlife
field trip report from the Townsend Cromwell Raioma Cruise, 18
February-5 March, 1984. Div. of Fish and Wildl., Dept. of Nat.
Res., Commonwealth of the N. Mariana Isl.
References - 2