(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
OTHER COMMON NAMES - SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE;SPARROW, SAN CLEMENTE; SPARROW, BELL; SPARROW, BELL'S;SPARROW, BELL'S, SAN CLEMENTE ISLAND'S; SPARROW, SAGE and SAN CLEMENTE ISLAND
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Birds
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - AVES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - PASSERIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - EMBERIZIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - AMPHISPIZA,
SPECIES AND SSP - BELLI, CLEMENTEAE
SCIENTIFIC NAME - AMPHISPIZA BELLI CLEMENTEAE
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
San Clemente Sage Sparrow
Amphispiza belli clementeae Ridgway, 1898
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Bird
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Aves
ORDER Passeriformes FAMILY: Emberizidae
The adult San Clemente sage sparrow is a terrestrial bird
approximately 13-15 cm in length. The wing and tail lengths average
63.2 (+/- 1.2 mm) and 63.3 (+/- 6.3 mm), respectively (01). The
average bill length is 9.8 (+/- 0.5 mm) (01). The adult plumage is
characterized by a dark gray to brown dorsal coloration with distinct
black streaks and light buffy underparts. A distinct dark colored,
central breast spot or stickpin is apparent on the chest area. The
wing and tail are dull blackish. A white eye ring is obvious against
a dark cheek, as is a whitish line over the eye (01,02,03).
In 1898, Ridgway described phenotypic variations of the San
Clemente sage sparrow and assigned subspecific status based primarily
on its larger body size and longer bill relative to mainland
counterparts (04). However, Ridgway subsequently questioned his own
subspecific classification (05). Nonetheless, several authors later
agreed with Ridgway's original opinion that the San Clemente race
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
warranted subspecific status (06,07,08,01).
The San Clemente sage sparrow also has been variously referred to
as the San Clemente sparrow, Bell's (or Bell) sparrow, San Clemente
Island's Bell's sparrow and the San Clemente Island sage sparrow.
However, the most accepted common name is the San Clemente sage
sparrow. The accepted scientific name is Amphispiza belli clementeae
Ridgway, 1898. The spelling of the subspecific name is at times
incorrectly given as clementae (09).
The type specimen for the insular race was provided by
C.H. Townsend to the U.S. Natural Museum, No. 117612. It is an adult
male collected from San Clemente Island, California, on 25 January,
1889 (04). Recent photographs of this race are located at the Natural
Resources Office, Staff Civil Engineers, Naval Air Station, North
Island, San Diego, California. Limited collections of San Clemente
sage sparrows are held at the San Diego Museum of Natural History and
at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
Federal Migratory
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The San Clemente sage sparrow (Amphispiza belli clementeae) has
been designated a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered
Species Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16
U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended. The subspecies has this status
wherever found including the State of California.
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
The species is protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(16 U.S.C. 703-711 et seq.; 50 CFR 10.13). It is included under
the listing of Amphispiza belli.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
DOD -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: California
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Department of Fish and Game
STATE STATUTE: Fish and Game Code Sec. 2225, Subsec. 3005.5 and
3504; FGC Sec. 3513; CAC Title 14, Sec. 670; and
FGC Sec. 3800.
The California Environmental Quality Act (PRC 2100 et seq.)
recognizes Federally listed Threatened and Endangered species as among
those species requiring that environmental impact assessments be made
for actions that may detrimentally affect them. See: Guidlines for
Implementation of the California Environmental Quality Act, California
Administrative Code, Chapter 3, Section 15380.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The San clemente sage sparrow is listed as Endangered in the IUCN
Red Data Book, 1981.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None.
76/06/01:41 FR 22073/22075 - Proposed rule, listing
77/08/11:42 FR 40682/40685 - Listed as Threatened
82/09/27:47 FR 42387/42388 - Five year review
85/04/05:50 FR 13708/13722 - Revised list of migratory birds
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
COASTAL
LAND USE -
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Bare Exposed Rock
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The San Clemente sage sparrow occurs only on San Clemente Island,
Los Angeles Co., CA. San Clemente Island is the southernmost of the
California Channel Islands, its center lying at about 32 degrees 50'
N latitude, 118 degrees 30' W longitude. It is about 65 statute
miles (102 km) west-northwest of San Diego and 49 miles (79 km)
south-southwest of the nearest mainland point of San Pedro.
San Clemente Island is nearly 21 miles (33 km) long, and ranges
from about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide near the north end to about four
miles (6.4 km) wide near the south end; its long axis runs
approximately northwest-southeast. The total land area of the island
is about 57 square miles (148.5 sq km). The island consists of
central grassland mesas and interspersed steep tree-lined canyons,
precipitous eastern escarpments and gently sloping western wave-formed
marine terraces. Geologically, the island is of Miocene origin and
consists of volcanic rock and sedimentary deposits (16,17). The
climate is typically maritime; mean summer and winter temperatures are
65 degrees F (18 degrees C) and 55 degrees F (13 degrees C),
respectively. Annual precipitation varies from 5-8" (13-20 cm)
resulting primarily from winter storms (14,15). The annual average
humidity is 80 percent. Freezing temperatures have never been
recorded and temperatures above 90 degrees F (32 degrees C) are
uncommon (14).
Most of the island's coastline is rugged and precipitous,
especially at Mosquito Cove on the southeastern side and Seal Cove on
the west. Sandy beaches are uncommon. The largest beaches are found
at the southern end of the island, at China, Horse, and Pyramid Coves.
San Clemente Island is arid during the June to September period;
rainfall is a rare event. However, several western canyons were
explored during June and August, 1981, and found to contain small
pools of open water. These temporary pools ranged from a couple of
feet to as much as 15-20 feet in diameter. Poolside observations
revealed up to 30 visits/hour by sage sparrows, especially in the
afternoon. Observations in subsequent years, however, have not
revealed the degree of use of these pools as witnessed in 1981. Their
significance is therefore unknown, although it may be that at times
the birds use these "reservoirs" as a survival strategy throughout
warm, dry months (01).
Sage sparrows on San Clemente Island are associated with the
habitat type classified as Maritime Desert Scrub, Lycium phase (01).
This vegetative zone is located on the lowest two or three of a series
of 20 or more wave-formed terraces principally along the island's
southern and western shorelines (14). The abundant plants in the
zone are boxthorn (Lycium californicum), after which this vegetation
phase is named, ragwort (Senecio lyonii), stonecrop (Crassula erecta),
and cacti species (e.g. coastal cholla, Opuntia prolifera; cunado or
snake cactus, Bergerocactus emoryi; and coastal prickly-pear, Opuntia
littoralis). Mixed grasses and forbs are also seasonally common on
these lower marine terraces (01,14).
These three zones are characterized by about 6% bare ground,
Habitat Associations - 1 Lycium plants occupy about 70% of the area and average about 8.5 m
in circumference and are approximately 51 cm in height (01). Further,
cactus species cover about 14.5% of the area, the remainder being
occupied by grasses and mixed forbes (01).
The San Clemente sage sparrow, like its mainland cognates, is
essentially a ground dweller. Individuals feed predominantly on or
near to the ground and use the shrub canopy for additional food
sources, protection, roosting, and nesting (01). Cactus plants,
Lycium or rock outcroppings are used as perches from which males sing.
The population on San Clemente Island is restricted to much lower
elevation than mainland conspecifics. Mainland forms may be found in
habitats exceeding 8,250 feet (2500 m) in elevation (03), although on
rare occasion they have been found along the coast at elevations of
less than 200 m. The San Clemente Island population rarely ventures
beyond 100 to 130 feet (30 to 40 m) above sea level, even though the
highest point at San Clemente Island is 1,965 feet (599 m). This is
most probably due to the restricted distribution of Lycium (01,14).
The only other site on San Clemente Island where sage sparrows
have been located recently is a relatively small area on the island's
eastern slope. Here, a narrow band of sagebrush (Artemisea spp.) is
located. Three pairs were observed in this habitat during 1981.
However, none have been noted there since (01).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General
General Forb Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Deciduous Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Cactus-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
During the winter months, San Clemente sage sparrows feed
profusely on the fruit of cactus, principally prickly-pears and
chollas (Opuntia spp.). In the spring, they shift their attention to
berries of boxthorn (Lycium californicum), which appears to be the
race's staple diet for much of the year (01). When available, the
birds also feed on fruits of saltbush (Atriplex spp) and ragwort
(Senecis lyonii). During the summer and fall, sage sparrows have been
observed stripping grass seed heads. During this time they also feed
on thistle and other unidentified plant species (01).
Adults feed spiders, Coleoptra, Cicadellidae, and Lepidoptera
larvae to nestlings and fledglings (01). Adults presumably consume
these arthropods as well (01).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
The San Clemente sage sparrow displays strong territorial
behavior during the breeding season (February - May). During this
period sparrows actively defend their territory for mating, nesting,
roosting, feeding, and for fledgling care (01). The average size of
sage sparrow territories on San Clemente Island seems to be about 13.3
hectares with a range of 9.5 ha to 19.8 ha (01).
During the remainder of the year adults are somewhat sedentary,
occupying a limited home range. However, juveniles are much more
nomadic and tend to gather in feeding flocks of up to 30 to 40
individuals (01).
PERIODICITY:
No special periodicity occurs with the San Clemente sage sparrow.
As with other passerines, they are more active during the early
mornings and evenings throughout the reproduction season of
February - May (01).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
The San Clemente sage sparrow population is nonmigratory (01,03).
Apparently adults, and to a large extent juveniles, move very little
within their local habitat (14).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
On San Clemente Island the sage sparrow is associated with
Maritime Desert Scrub, Lycium phase vegetation. Lycium plants, and
secondarily, cactus plants provide needed cover, food, and singing
perches. Since individuals spend considerable time on the ground,
the cover afforded by Lycium shrubs is undoubtedly of considerable
importance (01).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Sage sparrows construct nests almost exclusively within Lycium
bushes (01). Of 34 nests located from 1979-1985, all but one was
located in a Lycium shrub, usually toward the center of a dense
cluster. The single exception was a nest constructed in a
unidentified species of Senecio (01). Nests are well concealed, built
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
of dead grass, lichen, fox or cat fur, and Lycium twigs, and located
approximately 20 cm above the ground (mean= 20.04 cm; SD +/- 4.38 cm).
Nests are positioned in Lycium bushes an average of 31 cm from the
bush edge and 24.2 cm from the upper surface (i.e., canopy). The nest
shrubs average 53.6 cm and 7.2 m in height and circumference,
respectively (01).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Sage sparrows are typical passerines in their breeding mode.
Reproductive activity (male singing, territorial confrontation, and
pair bonding) occur as early as January. The behavioral modes
intensify until nesting, which extends from late February through
mid-June (01). The peak nesting activity occurs during the months
of March and April (01). Pairs remain together until mid-summer
(July - August).
Sage sparrows successfully reproduce during their first, and
at least through their third year. Both sexes share in the process
of nest construction, incubation, brooding and feeding of the young.
Also, males feed the female while she incubates (01). The ability
to raise two sets of young per breeding season was confirmed during
1985 (01) and may be an important strategy in the recovery of this
insular race.
Clutch size averages slightly less than three (mean= 2.81;
SD +/- 0.51; 76 eggs in 27 nests) while the average number of
hatchlings per nest is 2.26; SD +/- 0.66 and the number of fledglings
per nest is 1.89 (01). The incubation period appears to be 14 days
and the length of time young remain in the nest is approximately 10-12
days (01).
PARENTAL CARE:
Sage sparrows are altricial, spending approximately 10-12 days
developing within the nest (01).
Family units remain together about four weeks after young have
fledged. During this period young are periodically brooded by adults
and are fed by both adults. Thereafter young become independent of
parental care (18).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
The average population density of sage sparrows on San Clemente
Island from 1980 through 1985 was 0.36 per hectare (01). The greatest
density occurred during 1981 when 360 sparrows were counted (0.72
birds/hectare) while the lowest density was in 1984 with only 38 birds
included in the census (0.08/ha). The cause for the variation seems
to be most closely related to a combination of adverse weather and
restricted distribution of preferred habitat (01). Table 1 details
population estimates and densities of three areas on San Clemente
Island from 1980 through 1985 (08).
TABLE 1. Population size and density of sage sparrows in
three areas based on annual June direct counts.
---------------------------------------------------------------
West Shore Seal Cove Whale Point Total
Year Pop Density Pop Density Pop Density Pop Density
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
1980 144 0.41 23 0.24 9 0.15 176 0.35
1981 324 0.93 36 0.38 0 0 360 0.72
1982 196 0.56 9 0.10 0 0 205 0.41
1983 184 0.53 14 0.15 0 0 198 0.39
1984 33 0.09 5 0.05 0 0 38 0.08
1985 67 0.19 17 0.18 7 0.12 91 0.18
---------------------------------------------------------------
Density expressed as the number of sage sparrows per hectare.
Estimated area size: West Shore = 349.5 ha; Seal Cove = 94.2;
Whale Point = 58.4 ha.
From Hyde, 1985 (08).
It is doubtful that carrying capacity on San Clemente Island
has been reached by this race during the last 6 years. Ideal density
is certainly somewhat above the 0.72/ha of 1981; perhaps between
0.9-1.0 sage sparrows per hectare (01). Since Lycium phase habitat
is limited on the island, food, cover, and nesting areas are likewise
limited. Nesting survival rates are 1.89 fledglings per nest (01).
Mortality rates, sex ratio and turnover rates have not been
established with the insular sage sparrow. While it is unlikely that
individuals survive much longer than 5 years, it has nonetheless been
established that they do live at least 4 years (01).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
The San Clemente sage sparrow exhibits a strong dependency upon
the presence of the boxthorn (Lycium californicum) for nesting habitat
(01).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Nonnative Vegetation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Feral Animals
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Food Supply Reduction
Existing Food Supply Reduction
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Parasites
Existing Parasites
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
A number of factors have contributed to the threatened status
of the San Clemente sage sparrow. It is an island endemic, thus,
its distribution is extremely limited. Further, the essential habitat
on San Clemente Island is quite restricted (01). Although early
visitors to the island referred to this race as a common resident its
numbers have apparently declined (03,04,10). From 1980-1985 direct
counts of sage sparrows have indicated a population from as many as
360 individuals (1981) to as few as 38 birds in 1984 (01). There is,
therefore, concern over the viability of the gene pool for this race.
Another possible reason for the decline of A. b. clementeae is
competition with an ecological analogue, such as the white-crowned
sparrow (winter only), house finch, or horned lark, which all
partially overlap with the San Clemente Island sage sparrow. Also the
sage sparrow appears unable to effectively invade and use marginal
habitat. There are, scattered throughout the island, tracts of
Lycium, which superficially appear to be suitable for sage sparrows.
However, low concentrations or complete absence of sparrows is noted
in these suboptimal zones (14).
A large number of feral goats and cats inhabit San Clemente
Island. While their direct impact on sage sparrow numbers is unknown,
it is possible that habitat has been altered by the goats (thereby
reducing food and nesting habitat) and that cats have preyed upon
nesting sparrows and young (01,11,12,13).
Predation may be a significant factor limiting the population
growth of sage sparrows. While no direct evidence of predation has
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
been reported, there is reason to at least suspect that predation has
been significant. San Clemente Island harbors several possible
predators that occur in sage sparrow habitat; these are listed in
order of presumed importance: feral cats, island fox, kestrels, and
other raptors [red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), northern harriers
(Circus cyaneus) and barn owls (Tyto alba)]. Also, brown-headed
cowbirds (Molothrus ater), which have not been recorded breeding on
any Channel Island, were present throughout 1980 and must be
considered a potential nest parasite (14).
Recent documentation of reproductive failure of San Clemente
sage sparrows due to drought conditions has identified weather as
a possible contribution factor in decline of this insular race (01).
A direct count census in June of 1983 yielded 198 sparrows. One year
later, in June of 1984, only 38 individuals were located. This
followed an extremely dry spring which resulted in breeding failure
(01).
Possible continuing threats of this population include an
expanding feral cat population, unpredictable weather conditions,
expansion of military maneuvers or other human activity into critical
habitat, and fire.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery Plan for the
Endangered and Threatened Species of the California Channel Islands.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 165 pp.
Actions recommended for recovery of the San Clemente sage sparrow
include:
1) Habitat restoration,
2) Implementation of management regimes,
3) Habitat protection, and
4) Determining species requirements.
Habitat restoration consists of revegetation with Lycium to
provide additional habitat (plant material of various species for
revegetation will be provided through collection of seed and nursery
propagation of plants for reintroduction), erosion control, and
removal of exotic and feral organisms (rats, goats, pigs, cats and
deer, as well as noxious and exotic weeds). Management
recommendations include establishing shrublands and woodlands.
Habitat protection consists of promulgation and enforcement of Navy
regulations regarding San Clemente Island, preventing the introduction
of exotic organisms, and fencing off critical areas, eg. nesting
areas. Requirements for the species to survive and flourish need to
be determined for habitat, population size and dynamics, distribution,
and threats.
Cooperative agreements are being made between the Navy and FWS
for resource management, and research and surveys have been conducted.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Hyde, K.M. 1985. The status of the San Clemente sage sparrow.
Unpubublished report on file at: the Natural Resources Office,
North Island Naval Air Station, San Diego, CA. 55 pp.
02 Peterson, R.T. 1961. A field guide to western birds. Houghton
Mifflin Co., Boston.
03 Miller, A.H. 1968. Amphispiza belli clementeae, San Clemente
sage sparrow. IN: Life histories of North American birds. A.C.
Bent. U.S. National Museum Bull. 237:1019-1020.
04 Ridgway, R. 1898. Descriptions of supposed new genera, species
and subspecies of American birds. I. Frinqillidae. Auk 15:223-230.
05 Ridgway, R. 1901. Birds of North and Midland America. 267 pp.
06 Van Rossem, A.J. 1932. On the validity of the San Clemente Island
Bell's sparrow. Auk 49:490-491.
07 Grinnell, J. and A.H. Miller. 1944. The distribution of the birds
of California. Pac. Coast Avif. 27:1-608.
08 Johnson, N.K. 1972. Origin and differentiation of the avifauna
of the Channel Island, California. Condor 74:295-315.
09 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1977. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants. Federal Register 42:40682/40685.
10 Howell, A.B. 1917. Birds of the islands off the coast of southern
California. Pac. Coast Avif. 12:1-127.
11 Larson, J. 1982. Personnel communication. Staff Civil Engineers,
Natural Resources Office, North Island Naval Air Station, San
Diego, CA.
12 Raven, P.H. 1963. A flora of San Clemente Island, California.
Aliso 5:289-397.
13 Jones, L. 1973. The birds of San Clemente Island: An annotated
species list. Unpublished report on file at: the Natural Resources
Office, North Island Naval Air Station, San Diego, CA. 8 pp.
14 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery Plan for the
Endangered and Threatened Species of the California Channel
Islands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon.
165 pp.
15 Kasaty, P. 1978. Conservation Award report: San Clemente Island.
Naval Oceans System Center Technical Document 150:77.
16 Olmstead, F.H. 1958. Geologic reconnaissance of San Clemente
Island, California. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1017-B:55-68.
17 Vedder, J.G. and D.G. Howell. 1976. Neogene strata of the
southern group of Channel Islands, California. Pages 80-106.
IN: Aspects of the geologic history of the California Continental
Borderland. D.G. Howell (ed.). Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists.
Pacific Sec. Misc. Publ. 24.
18 Hyde, Kenneth M. 1980. Personal observations. Illinois College
of Optometry, Chicago, IL 60616.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Ridgway, R. 1898. Descriptions of supposed new genera, species,
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species SPARROW, SAGE, SAN CLEMENTE
Species Id ESIS101021
Date 14 MAR 96
and subspecies of American birds. I. Fringillidae. Auk 15:223-230.
02 Van Rossem, A.J. 1932. On the validity of the San Clemente Island
Bell's sparrow. Auk 49:490-491.
03 Howell, A.B. 1917. Birds of the islands off the coast of southern
California. Pac. Coast Avif. 12:1-127.
04 Grinnell, J. and A.H. Miller. 1944. The distribution of the birds
of California. Pac Coast Avif. 27:1-608.
05 Johnson, N.K. 1972. Origin and differentiation of the avifauna
of the Channel Islands, California. Condor 74:295-315.
06 Miller, A.H. 1968. Amphispiza belli clementeae, San Clemente sage
sparrow. IN: Life histories of North American birds. A.C. Bent.
U.S. National Museum Bull. 237:1019-1020.
07 Larson, J. 1980. Personal communication. Staff Civil Engineers,
Natural Resources Office, North Island Naval Air Station, San
Diego, CA.
08 Hyde, K.M. 1985. The status of the San Clemente sage sparrow.
Unpublished report on file at: the Natural Resources Office, North
Island Naval Air Station, San Diego, CA. 55 pp.
09 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery Plan for the
Endangered and Threatened Species of the California Channel
Islands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon.
165 pp.
10 Kasaty, P. 1978. Conservation Award report: San Clemente Island.
Naval Oceans System Center Technical Document 150:77.
11 Raven, P.H. 1963. A flora of San Clemente Island, California.
Aliso 5:289-397.
References - 2