(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

TAXONOMY

NAME - KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM

OTHER COMMON NAMES - KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM; KINGFISHER and MICRONESIAN;SIHEK

ELEMENT CODE -

CATEGORY - Birds

PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,

CLASS AND SUBCLASS - AVES,

ORDER AND SUBORDER - CORACIIFORMES,

FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - ALCEDINIDAE,

GENUS AND SUBGENUS - HALCYON,

SPECIES AND SSP - CINNAMOMINA, CINNAMOMINA

SCIENTIFIC NAME - HALCYON CINNAMOMINA CINNAMOMINA

AUTHORITY -

TAXONOMY REFERENCES -

COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Guam Micronesian Kingfisher

Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina Mayr, 1945

KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Bird

PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Aves
ORDER: Coraciiformes FAMILY: Alcedinidae

Halcyon c. cinnamomina is sexually dimorphic with males having
head, neck, upper back and entire undersurface rusty brown; auriculars
black with bluish wash; narrow black line extending around nape;
oribital ring black; lower back, lesser wing-coverts and scapular
greenish blue; outer webs of wing feathers and tail blue; rump
resembles tail but slightly lighter; underwing coverts greenish blue;
feet dark brown; bill black, base of mandible paler; iris dark brown.
Adult female resembles adult male, but chin and throat white; a
few cinnamon-tipped feathers on tibia and at head of wing; back and
scapulars dark olive-green and less blue.
Immature resembles adult, but brown of crown mixed with
greenish-blue; back and wing coverts edged with pale cinnamon; chin
and throat whitish; red of underparts buffy-white in male and paler
in female; feathers on breast and nape with dark edgings (01).
Taxonomic names and synonyms that have been used to describe
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

Halcyon c. cinnamomina are listed below (01).

Halcyon cinnamomina Swainson 1821
Alcedo fuficeps Dumont 1823
Dacela ruficeps Lesson 1831
Halcyon cinnamomeus Kittlitz 1836
Dacelo cinnamomina Kittlitz 1858
Todiramphus cinnamominus Cassin 1858
Sauropatis cinnamomina Cabanis 1859
Halcyon cinamominus Finsch 1876
Hacyon rufigularus Sharpe 1892
Halcyon cinnamanea Wheeler 1900
Halcyon cinnamonius Prowazek 1913
Souropatis cinnamominus Kuroda 1922
Hyposyma cinnamomina Mathews 1927
Halcyyon cinnamomius Bryan 1936
Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina Mayr 1945

The indigenous people of Guam, the Chammorros, call this bird the
"Sihek." The Guam Micronesian kingfisher is a subspecies of the
"Micronesian kingfisher," another common name.
There are 30 specimens from Guam deposited in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York (02) and 38 in the U.S. National
Museum of Natural History, Washinton, D.C.. There may be specimens
in additional museums. Photographs are held by the Guam Division of
Aquatic and Wildlife Resources.

Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

STATUS

Coded Status

E: Federal Endangered

Non-consumptive recreational

COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Guam Micronesian kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina)
has been designated as Endangered pursuant to the Endangered
Species Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884;
16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended. The subspecies has this status
wherever found including the Territory of Guam.
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.

RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:

USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
DOD -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.

All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.

STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:

TERRITORY: Guam
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Department of Agriculture,
Division of Aquatic and Wildl. Resources
STATE STATUTE: Endangered Species Act of Guam 1982, Public Law
15-36 June 18, 1979.

INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The species is not listed by CITES, but is listed as Endangered
by the IUCN Red Book (1979).

ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species was a common, endemic insectivore sought by bird
watchers.

79/05/18:44 FR 29128/29130 - Notice of review of status.
79/06/13:44 FR 33915/ - Extension of comment period.
81/05/12:46 FR 26464/26409 - Petition acceptance and status review.
83/11/29:48 FR 53729/53733 - Proposed listing as Endangered.
84/01/20:49 FR 02485/02488 - Notice: proposed listing warranted.
84/08/27:49 FR 33881/33885 - Final listing as Endangered.

Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS

HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL

LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Evergreen Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land

COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Guam Micronesian kingfisher nests and feeds primarily in
mature limestone forest, mixed woodland, second growth stands,
and to a lesser degree in the scrub forests of the northern plateau
(07). It was also found in coastal strand vegetation containing
coconut palm as well as riparian habitat (07). The kingfisher is one
of the few native birds that perches on powerlines or telephone poles
adjacent to forest areas (07). Halcyon c. cinnamomina requires mature
forest containing old rotting trees such as Pisonia grandis,
Artocarpus mariannensis, and Cocos nucifera in which it builds it's
cavity nest (09). Experience in captive breeding H. c. cinnamomina at
several stateside zoos has demonstrated the importance of extremely
rotten trees to serve as nest cavity sites for this species
(10,11,12). P. grandis, usually the largest tree in the native forest
(13), is preferred by the kingfisher when available (14,09).
P. grandis, which have "soft wood", will survive for many years with
rotten branches, broken off during typhoons, while the remainder of
the tree is quite viable (14). These soft rotten branches serve as
excellent nest cavity sites for the kingfisher (09).

Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

FOOD HABITS

TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE

LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Mammalia
General Arthropods
General Crustaceans
General Worms
General Reptilia

Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS

G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae

LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Snags: Unknown
G Tree Cavities: Unknown
G

Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

LIFE HISTORY

FOOD HABITS:
Halcyon c. cinnamomina feeds entirely on animal matter including
lizards (15), skinks and geckos (01), insects (16), anelids (16) and
small crustaceans (07). It feeds mainly upon prey that is on the
ground (07). In captivity, the kingfisher has taken geckos, anoles,
newly born mice, crickets, wax moth larvae and mealworms (14). The
kingfisher is a very deliberate forager, typically perching motionless
on exposed perches in large trees that have good views of the ground
below from which it swoops down to capture it's prey, often calling
(07). When successful it returns to it's perch, prey in it's bill,
and beats the prey side to side on the branch to stun it or kill it
before swallowing it whole (07).

HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Halcyon c. cinnamomina is territorial and highly vocal in defense
of it's nesting and foraging area (07). Both male and female defend
their territory (14,09). Territories appear to be held all year
round (07,14,09).

PERIODICITY:
The diurnal Guam Micronesian kingfisher has been observed nesting
in all months except August through November during the rainy season
(07).

MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Halcyon c. cinnamomina does not migrate and apparently remains
on territory all year round (07,14,09). Details of dispersal of
young to new territories is unknown.

COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
None known, but refer to the following sub-section "REPRODUCTIVE
SITE REQUIREMENTS" for description of nest cavity requirements.

REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Halcyon c. cinnamomina requires mature forest containing old
rotting trees such as Pisonia grandis, Artocarpus mariannensis, and
Cocos nucifera in which it builds it's cavity nest (09). Baker (01)
also reported a nest in a Ficus sp. tree. Jenkins (07) also reported
excavations attempted on telephoe poles or other wooden structures.
Experience in captive breeding H. c. cinnamomina at several stateside
zoos have demonstrated the importance of extremely rotton trees to
serve as nest cavity sites for this species (10,11,12). P. grandis,
usually the largest tree in the native forest(13), is prefered by the
kingfisher when available (14,09). P. grandis, which has "soft wood",
will survive for many years with rotten branches that were broken off
during typhoons, while the remainder of the tree is quite viable (14).
These soft rotten branches serve as excellent nest cavity sites for
the kingfisher (09).
Jenkins (07) reports that pairs may excavate their own cavities
or use other available cavities such as broken hollow limbs. Beck
(14) during 3 years of kingfisher capture efforts on Guam from
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

1983-86 and Marshall and Beck (09) during a 5 month study in 1985 only
observed kingfishers using cavities that the birds had made
themselves.

REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Nesting activity appears concentrated from December to July
(16,01,07). An average clutch consists of 2 eggs (07). Both sexes
participate in the excavation of the nest cavity in very soft rotten
trees (07). Jenkins (07) reported that mated pairs "drill" nest
cavities primarily from January through July. However, Beck (14)
and Marshall and Beck (09) observed nest cavity excavation during the
entire year. Some cavities are apparently never used as nest cavities
and may function primarily in the formation and maintenance of the
pair bond and in courtship (07).
Number of clutches per year is unknown, but observations during
1980-81 suggest some pairs produce two clutches per season (16). Both
adults incubate eggs, brood and feed young (07). Two clutches
reported by Baker (01) and one reported by the Guam Division of
Aquatic and Wildlife Resources staff (16) contained two eggs while
Marshall and Beck (09) found one nest with one egg. One brood
observed by the Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (17)
had two young while Marshall and Beck (09) observed a single fledgling
from one brood.

PARENTAL CARE:
Both sexes incubate the eggs during the day with the female only
incubating at night (09). Both sexes brood and feed the altricial
young (09) and participate in feeding of the fledglings (07). The
length of time of development of the young from hatching to
independence is unknown.

POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Predation by the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, is thought
to be responsiblenfor the present decline of H. c. cinnamomina (03).
Other factors limiting the kingfisher at present or in the past are
unknown.
At the present time only a few kingfishers are left in the wild
on Guam with almost all remaining individuals being solitary males
(14). Presumably this is due to the nocturnal Boiga taking the
incubating female kingfishers off the nest at night (14). It is
likely that H. c. cinnamomina will be extirpated from the wild on
Guam in the near future (14), but it's survival in captivity now
appears assured with successfull captive breeding of the Guam
Micronesian kingfisher at three mainland U.S. zoos as a part of a
captive breeding program set up by the Aquatic and Wildlife Resources
Division, Guam Department of Agriculture and the American Association
of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (18,19,20).

SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Jenkins (07) notes Halcyon c. cinnamomina's reputation as
agressive towards other species. Seale (15) mentioned it taking young
chickens, Marshall observed it harassing flocks of Bridled White-eyes,
Zosterops c. conspicillata, and Kibler (21) described adults chasing
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

Micronesian starlings, Aplonis apaca guami, from a fledgling.
Marshall and Beck (09) observed Mariana crows, Corvus kubaryi,
displacing a H. c. cinnamomina from a territory in which it had
recently fledged a young.

OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None known.

Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Beneficial Suppressing wildfire
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Feral Animals
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Applying pesticides
Existing Applying pesticides
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species

COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Predation of eggs, young and adults by the introduced
nocturnal brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, is thought to be
responsible for the present decline of the Guam subspecies of
Micronesian kingfisher and other forest birds of Guam (03).
Recently, introduced diseases were once suspected as possible
causes for both the range reductions and extinctions noted for most
native forest birds on Guam, but to date, no infectious organisms have
been isolated on Guam that could account for the decline (03). Feral
dogs, cats and rats, which are found on Guam, are thought to be a
major factor in the decline of the kingfisher (03).
There have been major changes in Guam's vegetation before,
during, and after World War II (04). However, substantial native
habitat still remains on Guam and habitat degradation is not thought
to be a major factor at present. If present development patterns
continue to reduce and segment the dwindling available mature forest,
recovery of the Guam Micronesian kingfisher may be hindered because
of it's apparent requirement of old rotting trees in mature forest in
which to build it's nest cavity (05).
Pesticides may have been a factor for decline in the past,
however an intensive pesticide survey conducted in 1981 on Guam,
concluded that pesticides were not a significant factor at that time
(06).
While agonistic interactions between the kingfisher and black
drongo, Dicrurus macrocerus, have been noted (07), Maben (08) found
competition to be an unlikely factor in the decline on Guam.
In the past, hunting (as a food item) may have stressed the
kingfisher on Guam but there is no evidence to suggest that it was
responsible for the kingfisher's recent decline on Guam (05).

APPROVED PLAN
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1987. Endangerd Native Forest Birds
of Guam and Rota of the Mariana Islands Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 110 pp.
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

The Guam Micronesian kingfisher is included in the Endangered
Native Forest Birds (for Guam and Rota of the Mariana Islands)
Recovery Plan. The recent, drastic decline of forest bird populations
on Guam has been one of the most alarming and challenging endangered
species problems of modern times. Current evidence points to an
efficient predator of small birds, the brown tree snake, as the
culprit. Once thought to be relatively resistent to snake predation,
the Guam Micronesian kingfisher population on Guam has dwindled to
just a few birds; in contrast, the collared kingfisher (H. chloris)
on Rota remains healthy.
The plan states among its primary objectives to prevent
extinction by initially establishing a sustainable population. In
addition, it is imperative to develop methods of reducing predation
by brown tree snakes; this action would then allow expansion of the
wild population and reintoduction of captive birds back into their
historic range. Down-listing to threatened status would occur once
predation from snakes is under control and kingfishers again occupy
all essential habitat. The Recovery Plan recommends the following
actions for the endangered forest birds of the Marianas:
(1) develop cooperative agreements among the USFWS, the Government of
Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, towards
protection and recovery of forest birds;
(2) conduct annual status surveys of endangered forest birds;
(3) develop a captive breeding program for all species;
(4) reduce avian mortality in the field by monitoring for disease,
preventing diseases and their vectors from becoming established,
monitoring for pesticides, and particularly a program for controlling
predation by snakes, specifically by
(a) research on the biology and ecology of the tree snake,
particularly in its native geographical range,
(b) develop control methods,
(c) implement control measures, and
(d) prevent transport of snakes to Rota;
(5) protect and manage essential habitat;
(6) conduct additional research necessary for refinement recovery
tasks and goals, including rehabilitating regrowth in denuded areas,
controlling alien organisms, identifying habitat requirements of
endangered birds, and developing criteria for delisting these
endangered species;
(7) develop methods for reintroducing endangered birds to essential
habitat and implement where appropriate; and
(8) develop a public awareness program.
Recovery actions ongoing or accomplished for Guam's forest birds
include: (1) legal protection and law enforcement, (2) protection
of essential habitat, including establishment of 6 small natural area
reserves held by the Territory or by the military, (3) ongoing captive
breeding program, (4) a completed public education program (which
should profitably be reinstated), (5) and extensive research on avian
diseases and biology of the brown tree snake. Virtually all of these
activities have been initiated and carried out by the Government of
Guam, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

References

***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****

01 Baker, R.H. 1951. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin,
evolution, and distribution. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist.
3:1-359.
02 Lanyon, W.E. Per. comm. Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist.
03 Savidge, J.A. In Preparation. The reasons for the decline of
Guam's avifauna. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Illinois, Champaign-Urbana.
04 Fosberg, F.R. 1960. The vegetation of Micronesia. Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist. 119(1):1-75.
05 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Tech. draft. Recovery
Plan for the Native Forest Birds of Guam and Rota, Mariana Islands.
U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Portland, OR. 110 pp.
06 Grue, C.E., C.M. Fecko, and A.J. Krynitsky. In Press. Pesticides
are not responsible for recent declines in native bird populations
on Guam. Micronesica.
07 Jenkins, J.M. 1983. The native forest birds of Guam. Ornith.
Monogr. No. 31. Am. Ornith. Union. Wash.,D.C. 61 pp.
08 Maben, Anne F. 1982. The feeding ecology of the black drongo
Dicrurus macrocercus on Guam. MS Thesis. Univ. Calif., Long
Beach. P. 80-81.
09 Marshall, S., and R.E. Beck, Jr. Unpubl. data. New York Zool. Soc.
Bronx Zoo, Bronx, New York 10460. and Div. of Aquatic and Wildl.
Res., Dept. of Agric., Govt. of Guam, Box 2950, Agana, Guam, 96910
10 Shelton, L.C. Unpubl. data. Phil. Zool. Soc., 34th and Girard
Ave., Phil., Pa. 19104.
11 Derrickson, S.R. Unpubl. data. Con. and Research Center, Nat.
Zool. Park, Smith. Inst., Front Royal, Va. 22630.
12 Shepard, C. Unpubl. data. New York Zool. Soc., Bronx Zoo, Bronx,
New York 10460.
13 Moore, P.H., and P.D. McMakin. 1979. Plants of Guam. Coop. Ext.
Serv., Univ. of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.
14 Beck, R.E., Jr. Unpubl. data. Div. of Aquatic and Wildl. Res.,
Dept. of Agric., Agana, Guam 96910.
15 Seale, A. 1901. Report of a mission to Guam. Occas. Pap. Bernice
P. Bishop Mus. 1:17-128.
16 Marshall, J.T., Jr. 1949. The endemic avifauna of Saipan, Tinian,
Guam and Palau. Condor 51:200-221.
17 Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources Field Records.
Guam Div. of Aquatic and Wildl. Res., Dept. of Agriculture, Govt.
of Guam, P.O. Box 2950, Agana, Guam.
18 Beck, R.E., Jr. 1983. Captive breeding of the Guam rail and other
native birds. In: Annual Report, FY 1983. Guam Aquatic and
Wildl. Res. Dept. of Agric., Gov. of Guam, Agana, Guam.
19 Beck, R.E., Jr. 1984. Captive breeding of the Guam rail and other
native birds. In: Annual Report, FY 1984. Guam Aquatic and
Wildl. Res. Dept. of Agric., Gov. of Guam, Agana, Guam.
20 Beck, R.E.,Jr. 1985. Captive breeding of the Guam rail and other
native birds. In: Annual Report, FY 1985. Guam Aquatic and
Wildl. Res. Dept. of Agric., Gov. of Guam, Agana, Guam.
21 Kibler, L.F. 1950. Notes on the birds of Guam. Auk. 67:400-403.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species KINGFISHER, MICRONESIAN, GUAM
Species Id ESIS101034
Date 14 MAR 96

***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****

01 Baker, R.H. 1951. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin,
evolution, and distribution. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist.
3:1-359.
02 Marshall, J.T., Jr. 1949. The endemic avifauna of Saipan, Tinian,
Guam and Palau. Condor 51:200-221.
03 Tubb, H.A. 1966. Notes on birds of Guam. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam
Soc. 21:135-138.
04 Jenkins, J.M. 1983. The native forest birds of Guam. Ornith.
Monogr. No. 31. Am. Ornith. Union. Wash., D.C. 61 pp.
05 Enbring, J. and F.L. Ramsey. 1984. Distribution and abundance of
the forest birds of Guam: Results of a 1981 survey. U.S. Fish and
Wildl. Serv., FWS/OBS-84/20. 54 pp.
06 Beck, R.E., Jr. 1984. Survey and inventory of the native land
birds of Guam. In: Annual Report, FY 1984. Guam Aquatic and
Wildl. Res. Dept. of Agric., Gov. of Guam, Agana, Guam.
07 Marshall, S. and R.E. Beck, Jr. Unpubl. Data. New York Zoological
Soc., Bronx Zoo, Bronx, New York, 10460. Depart. of Agric., Div.
of Aquatic and Wildl. Res., Box 2950, Agana, Guam.
08 Beck, R.E., Jr. Unpubl. Data. Dept. of Agric., Div. of Aquatic
and Wildl. Res., Box 2950, Agana, Guam.
09 Beck, R.E., Jr. 1983, 1984, 1985. Captive breeding of the Guam
Rail and other native birds. In: Guam Div. of Aquatic and Wildl.
Res. Annual Report. FY 1983, 1984, 1985. Dept. of Agric., Guam.

References - 2