(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - MALLARD, MARIANA
OTHER COMMON NAMES - MALLARD, MARIANAS; MALLARD, MARIANA; DUCK, MARIANAS; DUCK and OUSTALET'S
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Birds
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - AVES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - ANSERIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - ANATIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - ANAS,
SPECIES AND SSP - OUSTALETI,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - ANAS OUSTALETI
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Marianas Mallard
Anas oustaleti Salvadori, 1894
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Bird
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Aves
ORDER: Anseriformes FAMILY: Anatidae
Apparently two distinct morphs of the Marianas mallard (Anas
oustaleti) exist. Following Yamashina (01) they are called the
platyrhynchos type and the superciliosa (=poecilorhynca) type because
of their similarities to the Mallard (A. platyrhynchos) and the Grey
or Black duck (A. superciliosa) of the South Pacific. The Mariana
mallard (A. oustaleti) is a typical dabbling duck 50.8-55.88 cm
(20-22 inches) in length with the silhouette of a mallard.
Measurements (in milimeters) from nine Marianas mallards (12) are:
wing 238-266 (252); tail 75-84 (81); exposed culmen 49-53 (51);
tarsus 41-43 (42).
Species description: (01)
The "platyrhynchos" type, adult male nuptial plumage: Head -
whole head dark green except at sides which are intermingled with buff
feathers, a dark brown streak through the eye and a faint white ring
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
on the lower neck; Scapulars and side of body - as in
A. superciliosa, sides of body vermiculated but some brown feathers
are found even in the full nuptial plumage, under wings lighter.
Upper breast - dark reddish chestnut with dusky spots; Tail - upper
and under tail coverts as in A. platyrhynchos i.e., dark below and
above with white tail feathers, central upper tail coverts dark and
curled upward. Speculum - as in A. platyrhynchos, i.e., dark blue
bordered by white margins, upper border buff instead of white in some
specimens; Bill - black with olive tip; Iris - dark brown; Feet -
reddish orange, webs darker. Adult male eclipse plumage resembles
eclipse plumage of A. platyrhynchos.
The "superciliosa" type, adult male nuptial plumage resembles
A. superciliosa pelewensis from Palau and Truk with the following
differences: Head - top of head dark brown, sides of head brown and
buffy, dark brown eye line, buffy eye stripe above, sides of head
are browner, supercilliary stripes and ground color of cheeks are more
buffy than A. superciliosa; Scapulars and sides of body - dark brown
with light brown margins, more broadley edged with light brown than
A, superciliosa; Underwing lighter; Upper breast - dark brown with
light brown margins, more broadly edged with light brown then
A. superciliosa; Tail - dark brown with no white, central upper tail
coverts flat without curls; Speculum - usually dark blue or purple as
in A .platyrhynchos but two specimens had dark green speculums,
margins of speculum usually white, but sometimes faint or buffy.
Bill - olive with black spot in center of mandible; Iris - dark
brown. Feet - dark orange, darker in joints and webs. Adult male
eclipse plumage same as nuptial plumage.
Females of platyrhychos and superciliosa types are
indistinguishable from each other and resemble A. superciliosa except
for a blue speculum. General description: an all brown duck with
feathers edged with light brown, sides of face marked with light
yellow or buffy feathers, dark eye line through eye with buffy eye
stripe above, tail brown without upward curling feathers, speculum
blue, bill blackish or brownish.
Species identification:
The Marianas mallard was first described by Bonaparte in 1856
(02) as a subspecies of Anas boschas, based on one specimen from
"Les Isles Malouines" in the Paris Museum. Thirty-eight years later
Salvadori (03) examined the same specimen and called it A. oustaleti.
The next six specimens were collected by Marche from Guam in 1888 and
described by Oustalet (04). Since then the taxonomy of the species
has been debated from time to time. Kuroda (05) changed the genus to
Polionetta. Hartert (06) felt the population was a subspecies of
A. superciliosa, and recent authors Amadon (07) and Delacour and Mayr
(08) state that it is a subspecies of the Common mallard A.
platyrhychos oustaleti. Much of the debate over the true species
status was generated by Yamashina (01) in his studies on the hybrid
origin of the Marianas mallard. Weller (09) in his recent review of
island ducks prefers the mallard subspecies theory while Greenway (10)
and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (11) consider it a true
species.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
Specimens: The type specimen is located in the Paris National Museum
of Natural History. There are fewer than 100 specimens recorded in
the literature. The majority were collected by the Japanese in the
1930's to 1940's (12) and kept in private collections. Their
whereabouts following the war is unclear. There are six additional
specimens in the Paris Museum collected by Marche, one in the Tring
Museum collected by Hartert (06), two in the U.S. National Museum and
six in the American Museum of Natural History (12). There is an
extensive series of slides of the Marianas mallard in the Honolulu
office of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. They were taken of
captive ducks in 1979, the last positively identified birds found in
the wild. The birds were captured for an artifical propagation
program that eventually failed.
Taxonomy - 3 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Commercial/consumption
Game (Consumptive Recreational)
Non-consumptive recreational
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Marianas mallard (Anas oustaleti) has been designated an
Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as
amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
Territory of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas
Islands.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
DOD -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
TERRITORY: Guam
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Division of Aquatic and Wildlife
Resources, Department of Agriculture,
Guam
STATE STATUTE: Endangered Species Act of Guam 1982;
Guam Public Law 15-36, June 18, 1979.
COMMONWEALTH: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
DESIGNATED STATUS: None.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
This species is listed in Appendix I of CITES; it is listed as
Endangered in the IUCN Red Book (1981 edition) and the 1986 IUCN Red
List of Threatened Animals.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The Marianas mallards were once hunted for food. They also were
once sought recreationally by bird watchers.
77/02/22:42 FR 10465/10488 - Rule on CITES.
77/06/02:42 FR 28136/28137 - Listing, final rule.
77/07/14:42 FR 36420/36431 - Updated list.
78/03/06:43 FR 09168/09172 - Survey of species listed by CITES.
78/05/03:43 FR 19176/19191 - Survey of species listed by CITES.
78/12/11:43 FR 58030/58048 - Updated list.
80/04/03:45 FR 22848/22849 - Final rule on amended CITES list.
80/05/20:45 FR 33768/33779 - Updated list.
81/09/04:46 FR 44660/44674 - Final rule on amended CITES list.
82/09/27:47 FR 42387/42388 - Five year review.
83/07/27:48 FR 34182/34196 - Updated list.
87/07/07:52 FR 25522/25528 - Five year review.
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
COASTAL
LAND USE -
Streams and Canals
Lakes
Nonforested Wetland
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Lacustrine, littoral EM2
Palustrine EM2
Palustrine EM1
Estuarine, intertidal FO3
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Marianas mallards typically inhabit wetland areas, particulary
freshwater/brackish lakes and ponds adjacent to marshes, but are also
known to use lagoons, streams and flooded fields (12,14,15,16).
Historically the major wetlands used by mallards included: on Guam,
the Talofofo River Valley, small streams and scattered small marshy
areas (12); on Tinian, Lake Hagoi, a small "freshwater" pond
surrounded by 40 acreas of marsh on the northern end of Tinian
(01,15); on Saipan, the Garpan lagoon, a small mangrove covered lagoon
on the west coast and Lake Susupe a 45 acrea brackish water lake with
several hundred acres of adjacent marsh and small ponds. All three
islands also have temporary ponds that are used seasonally by
waterfowl. In 1984 wetlands in the Northern Marianas were rated as
primary or secondary mallard habitat on the basis of water levels,
nesting cover and size. Of 12 wetland areas only 4 ranked as having
primary habitat potential for mallards (18).
Wetland vegetation typical of mallard habitat is described in
detail by Stemmermann (20). Dense nesting and security cover in the
best habitat includes thick stands of large aquatic fern
Acrostichum aureum and zones of Scirpus, Cyperus and Phragmites karka
(15).
Little is known about the environmental parameters required by
A. oustaleti except that it is depended on small natural wetlands that
varied from rivers and streams to ponds and small lakes and mangrove
lagoons. Presumably the salinity, temperature, turbidity and
nutrient levels varied between locations. A wetlands survey,
conducted by the Army Corps of Engineers (14), described wetland
areas relative to wetland bird populations.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Crustaceans
General Molluscs
General Floating aquat. plant
General Vascular Plants-Emergent Nonwoody
General Vascular Plants-Submerged Nonwoody
General Poaceae
General
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Human Association: Farm ponds
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Virtually nothing is recorded about the food habits of
A. oustaleti (12,15). The only specific comment is made by Marshall
(16) who states: "This mallard feeds on green vegetation and seeds by
plucking away at the grass in very shallow water. No tip-up feeding
was seen." The food habits checklist (refer to field "Food:") is
constructed from the food habits of the Common mallard and what foods
are available in Marianas wetlands. One can expect that A. oustaleti
will eat floating, emergent, and submerged nonwoody plants, grasses,
seeds, insects, crustaceans and snails.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
There are no specific observations of territorial behavior in
A. oustaleti (12,15), but one can expect that territorial behavior
occurs during the breeding season as it does for most ducks. Again,
the behavior of the species is poorly documented. Pair bonding occurs
during the mating season, but the female is responsible for nest
building and rearing of young. Young chicks stay with their
mother until they are fledged and can live independently.
Size of home range is unknown, although the wetlands that mallards
inhabit are sometimes quite small.
PERIODICITY:
There is no record of any unusual periodicity displayed by
A. oustalet (12,15). As one might expect they tend to use dense cover
in the middle of the hot tropical day (24).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
In a strict sense this species is nonmigratory. The Marianas
mallard is known from only three small islands in the Mariana
archipelago (Guam, Tinian, Saipan) (12). Inter-island movement of
ducks between Saipan and Tinian separated by three miles of open
ocean does not occur (15,18). Movements probably occur as a means
of obtaining food or in reaction to human disturbances. Inter-island
movements between Guam and Rota (30-40 miles) have been suspected but
never proven (12).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Dense cover associated with wetlands includes large stands of
rushes Scirpus juncoides, Phragmites karka and various sedges. Also
important for cover are wetland ferns Acrostichum aureum which form
hammocks in several marshes (20). The largest complex of mallard
habitat lies in southern Saipan, the Lake Susupe marsh area, a total
of 150-200 acres with periphal marsh habitat. Other areas known to
have been used by mallards are much smaller; they bred on Lake Hagoi
which is a small pond of about 10 acres surrounded by 40 acres
of marsh (15). Detailed descriptions of existing wetlands are found
in a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers report (14). In ranking mallard
habitat, primary habitat was considered to be 7.5 acres or larger
plus meeting other requirements (18).
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Reproductive sites for A. oustaleti occurred in freshwater/
brackish water wetlands on Tinian, Saipan and Guam (12). There is no
detailed information on specific display, breeding or nursery areas.
Nests have been collected (15,01) from Tinian where the nest was built
on the edge of Lake Hagoi in the "thickets" from dead leaves, stems
and stems with roots attached, and with feathers from the parents
mixed in.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Information on breeding in A. oustaleti exists as scattered notes
in the literature. From these bits and pieces it appears that the
mallard breeds and nests from at least January to July, with more
records occurring in June and July than any other time (12,15). Seale
(22) found Marianas mallard nests on Guam "among the reedy swamps and
streams." Two downy young were found in June. Others have reported
breeding on Guam in January and February (23) while Saipan breeding
records run from January to March in one account (01). Marshall (16)
reports seeing ducklings in April in the Northern Marianas. Clutch
size ranged from 7-12, eggs being greyish white with a pale greenish
tinge, measuring 61.6 x 38.9 mm in an oval shape (15). Kuroda
believed that mallards in the Marianas had only one clutch per year
that was laid in June or July. Mating as in other Anas probably
involves strong pair bonding and ritualistic breeding behavior similar
to common mallards, however, there is no record of breeding behavior
for A. oustaleti. They were frequently seen in pairs (16) and
preferred winding channels and dense vegetation rather than open water
(16,24). Incubation was estimated by Kuroda to be 28 days (15).
Artificial propagation in captivity was not successful, so details
are largely unavailable.
PARENTAL CARE:
There is very little information on parental care in A. oustaleti
(12,15). It can be assumed however that parental care is similar to
other species of dabbling ducks in the genus Anas, such as
A. platyrhynchos. In this species the eggs are incubated and defended
by the female. The young are precocial, following the female away
from the nest shortly after hatching. Young birds learn about their
environment while they accompany the female for several weeks, until
they have fledged. Unlike migratory species, where parental bonds
are broken during the fall migration, related Marianas mallards have
the potential of continued contact in the small restricted wetland
habitats in the island chain. Indeed there is a higher chance of
genetic inbreeding in such an island ecosystem.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Recent surveys indicate that the Marianas mallard is extinct
within the Northern Marianas Islands (18,19). Similar conclusions have
already been reached for the Guam population (21). Without a viable
population it is impossible to describe the current biology of the
species. The recovery potential for the species disappeared when
the captive breeding program failed (18).
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
The Marian mallard has no known special interrelationships with a
particular species of plant or animal.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Boating Activities
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Adverse Subsistence Hunting/Fishing/Trapping
Existing Subsistence Hunting/Fishing/Trapping
Adverse Artillery/Explosions
Existing Artillery/Explosions
Adverse Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Existing Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Salinity alteration
Existing Salinity alteration
Adverse Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Existing Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Adverse Strip mining
Existing Strip mining
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Like many Endangered species the decline of the Marianas
mallard was probably the result of several factors, some of which are
difficult to document in retrospect. The species has probably never
been abundant in the small island chain that lacks extensive wetland
areas (12). Based on historical information the primary reasons for
the decline of A. oustaleti are habitat destruction, overhunting and
inadequate regulatory mechanisms in the past.
Habitat Destruction: Extensive alteration of native vegetation began
during the Japenese administration (1914-1944) when Saipan and Tinian
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
were intensively farmed and the island supported a human population
many times larger than the present one. Aerial photos taken prior to
World War II indicate that very little native vegetation remained and
the wetlands were drained and/or regulated for the production of
crops. World War II also had a devastating impact on mallard habitat.
Saipan in particular was virtually leveled by bombs and artillery in
1944 (13). Since the war the two islands that supported mallards,
Saipan and Guam, have experienced large scale land development
projects such as airports, housing developments, tourist facilities,
military bases, and modern roads. Some of these projects have reduced
the amount and quality of Mariana mallard habitat (14). For example a
brackish water swamp and marsh near the village of Garapan on Saipan,
that harbored a breeding population of A. oustaleti prior to the war
(15) no longer exists. The wetland was filled in for development of
an industrial park. New roads that cross the Chalan Kanoa marsh near
Lake Susupe (major mallard habitat) have altered the natural drainage
of the wetland, increasing its salinity and affecting plant
succession.
Overutilization: Overhunting has been implicated as a reason for the
decline of the Mariana mallard both during Japenese times (15) and
following the war (16). The Japenese, who were interested in studying
A. oustaleti (15) attempted to regulate the harvest and eventually
protected certain wetland areas. To what extent game laws were
enforced is unknown. Ironically 30-40 specimens of the mallard were
taken by the Japanese for scientific reasons. Collecting may have
reduced an already small gene pool at an inopportune time prior to
major habitat destruction. During and immediately after island
fighting (WW II) people were forced to live off the land, including
wildlife for substance. There is a distinct possibility that several
mallards were killed during this period.
Inadequate Regulatory Mechanisms: Wild ducks were killed illegally by
hunters on Saipan and Tinian as late as the 1970's. Both migratory
and the native species were subject to mortality from hunters when the
A. oustaleti population was very small. There was and still is a
definite lack of enforcement of game laws at the local level, even
though the Mariana mallard has been protected by Territorial and
Federal laws since the early 1970's (17).
Future Threats: Based on recent surveys in the Mariana islands,
A. oustaleti is probably extinct (18,19). As a result of these
findings a discussion of future threats is academic. However, the
existing wetlands that support other wildlife species (including the
Endangered race of Common moorhen, Gallinula chloropus guami) will
continue to suffer in the future from development projects similar to
those mentioned above.
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. The Marianas Mallard Recovery
Plan. Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 23 pp.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
The Mariana mallard (Anas oustaleti) is jeopardized by its
limited area of habitat and small population (may be extinct).
It appears to have succumbed to over-hunting. Hope for its
rediscovery steadily diminishes with the repeated but unsuccessful
surveys by local and Federal wildlife biologists, many of whom now
consider the bird extinct. Although a recovery plan has been drafted,
it seems likely that, upon impending completion of a status report,
the species will be considered for delisting, owing to extinction.
In the meantime, the following recovery actions have been recommended;
(1) continued surveys to locate the mallard,
(2) continued prohibition of hunting,
(3) rigorous protection of all wetlands in the Marianas (this would
include the following: acguisition of wetlands [especially Hagoi
area on Tinian, and Lake Susupe and its surrounding wetland areas on
Saipan], controll and restrict pollution, restrict development,
restrict boating activities that harrass the birds, maintain water
tables, maintain/control water flows, maintain/control water salinity
levels, and develope a wetland management plan that favors wetland
species, particularly on Saipan and Tinian where the mallard was last
seen,
(4) preventing the introduction of feral mallards and other domestic
waterfowl to wetlands of Marianas, and
(5) If any birds should be found, captive breeding is considered
essential.
Recovery actions underway include ongoing surveys and law
enforcement by the CNMI Division of Fish and Wildlife and review of
development projects affecting wetlands.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Yamashina, Y. 1948. Notes on the Marianas mallard. Pac. Sci.
2:121-124.
02 Bonaparte, C.R. 1850-57. Conspects generum avium. 1850, 1:1-543;
1855-57, 2:1-232.
03 Salvatori, T. 1894. Anas. oustaleti. Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club. 20:1.
04 Oustalet, M.E. 1896. Les mammiferes et les oiseaux des Iles
Mariannnes. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Paris. 8:24-74.
05 Kuroda. In: Momiyama, T.T. 1922. Birds of Micronesia. Descriptons
of two new genera and nine new subspecies of birds of Micronesia.
Ornith. Soc. Japan 1:1-24.
06 Hartert, E. 1930. List of birds collected by Ernst Mayr. Novit.
Zool. 36:27-128.
07 Amadon, D. 1943. Notes on some non-passerine genera. Amer. Mus.
Novit. 1237:1-22.
08 Delaour, J. and E. Mayr. 1945. The family Anatidae. Wilson
Bull., 57:3-55.
09 Weller, M.W. 1980. The island waterfowl. Iowa State Univ. Press,
Ames, Iowa. 121 pp.
10 Greenway, J.C., Jr. 1958. Extinct and vanishing birds of the
world. Spec. Publ. 13 New York: Am. Comm. Intern. Wildl. Prot.
11 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1977. Endangered and Threatened
wildlife and plants: Determination that the Mariana mallard is an
endangered species. Fed. Reg. 42:28136-28137, June 2, 1977.
12 Baker, R.H. 1951. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin,
evolution, and distribution. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat.
Hist. 3:1-359.
13 Baker, R.H. 1946. Some effects of the war on wildlife of
Micronesia. Tran. 11th N. Am. Wildl. Conf. pp. 205-213.
14 Tenorio, J. and Associates. 1979. Ornithological surveys of
wetlands in Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Pagan. U.S. Army Corps of
Eng. Pacif. Ocean Div., Honolulu. 202 pp.
15 Kuroda, N. 1941-42. A study of the Marianas Mallard, Anas
oustaleti. Tori. pt 1, 11:99-119 pt. 2, 11:443-448. (In Japenese).
16 Marshall, T.J., Jr. 1949. The endemic avifauna of Saipan, Tinian,
Guam and Palau. Condor 51:200-221.
17 Engbring, J. and F.L. Ramsey. 1984. Unpubl. data. Micronesian
forest bird survey, 1982. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Ser., Honolulu, HI.
224 pp.
18 Lemke, T.O. 1984. Marianas mallard surveys and investigations.
Pitman-Roberstson Job Progress Report. FY 1984. Div. of Fish and
Wildlife, Saipan. 4 pp.
19 Schmitt, B. 1985. Unpubl. data. Mariana mallard surveys and
investigations. Pittman-Robertson Job Progress Rept. FY 1985.
Div. of Fish and Wildl., Saipan.
20 Stemmermann, L. 1981. A guide to Pacific wetland plants. U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District. Honolulu, HI. 116 pp.
21 Jenkins, J.M. 1983. The native forest birds of Guam. Am.
Ornith. Union., Ornith. Mono. 31:1-61.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species MALLARD, MARIANA
Species Id ESIS101048
Date 14 MAR 96
22 Seale, A. 1901. Report of a mission to Guam. Occ. Papers Bernice
P. Bishop Mus. 1:17-128.
23 Phillips, J.C. 1983. A natural history of the ducks. Houghton
Mifflin Co., Boston and New York. 409 pp.
24 Stott, K., Jr. 1947. Notes on Saipan birds. Auk. 63:523-527.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Lemke, T.O. 1983. Marianas mallard surveys and investigations.
Pitman-Roberstson Job Progress Report. FY 83. Div. of Fish and
Wildlife, Saipan. 4 pp.
02 Lemke, T.O. 1984. Marianas mallard surveys and investigations.
Pitman-Roberstson Job Progress Report. FY 84. Div. of Fish and
Wildlife, Saipan. 4 pp.
03 Mayr, E. 1945. Birds of the southwest Pacific. Macmillian Co.
New York. 316 pp.
04 Baker, R.H. 1951. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin,
evolution, and distribution. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat.
Hist. 3:1-359.
05 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1977. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants: Determination that the Marinana mallard is an
Endangered species. June 2, 1977. Fed. Reg. 42:28136-28137.
06 Phillips, J.C. 1983. A natural history of the ducks. Houghton
Mifflin Co., Boston and New York. 409 pp.
07 Jenkins, J.M. 1983. The native forest birds of Guam. Am.
Ornith. Union., Ornith. Mono. 31:1-61.
08 Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berret. 1979. America's
unknown avifauna: the birds of the Mariana Islands. Amer. Birds
33:227-235.
References - 2