(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
OTHER COMMON NAMES - PARROT, PUERTO RICAN; AMAZON and PUERTO RICAN; COTORRA DE PUERTO RICO; COTORRA PUERTORIQUENNA
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Birds
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - AVES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - PSITTACIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - PSITTACIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - AMAZONA,
SPECIES AND SSP - VITTATA,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - AMAZONA VITTATA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Puerto Rican Parrot
Amazona vittata (Boddaert, 1783)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Bird
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Aves
ORDER: Psittaciformes FAMILY: Psittacidae
The Puerto Rican parrot has a length of 28-30 centimeters. The
plumage is mostly green, becoming paler and yellowish underneath.
Feathers, particularly those of the head and nape, are edged with
dusky black. The under tail covert is yellowish-green; under wing
coverts are green; the tail is green, tipped with yellowish-green;
and the lateral retices are marked with red on the inner webs at the
base and edged with blue. The primary coverts and primaries are deep
blue, showing in flight, and the outer webs of the outermost
secondaries are blue and narrowly edged with dull green. The frontal
band and lores are red. The bill is yellowish. The legs and feet are
a grayish-yellow.
Two subspecies are recognized: Amazona vittata vittata
(Boddaert), from Puerto Rico and possibly offshore Vieques and Mona
Islands; and A. v. gracilipes Ridgway, from Culebra Island (now
extinct). The species name, Amazona vittata is listed as such in the
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
federal register.
Several common names are used including; Puerto Rican amazon,
Puerto Rican parrot, Cotorra de Puerto Rico, and Cotorra
Puertoriquenna.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Puerto Rico; Federal Endangered
Puerto Rico; State Listed
E: Federal Endangered
Non-consumptive recreational
Commercial
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) has been designated an
Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including
Puerto Rico.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Puerto Rico Department of Natural
Resources
STATE STATUTES: Organic Act, Sec 155; and Wildlife Act, Sec 85
and 91. Regulation to Govern the Management of
Threatened and Endangered Species in the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 1985.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES AND LAWS:
Listed in CITES-I on February 22, 1977. The species is also
listed in the Annex of the Convention on Nature Protection and
Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere on February 8, 1941.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
Historically the Puerto Rican parrot was used as a pet.
Presently, since Federal protection, the species is not in great
demand commercially. However, the parrot does have a non-consumptive
recreational value to bird watchers.
67/03/11:32 FR 04001/ - Listed Endangered
70/10/13:35 FR 16047/16048 - Republication of Endangered list
75/05/16:40 FR 21499/21501 - Notice of intent, Critical Habitat
77/02/22:42 FR 10462/10488 - Listing in CITES-I
77/07/14:42 FR 36420/36431 - Republication of Endangered list
81/09/04:46 FR 44660/44674 - Amendments to CITES
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - 5 year status review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Residential
Cropland and Pasture
Evergreen Forest Land
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Although the original distribution of the parrot was not
described, a reconstruction can be made based on the casual reports of
early naturalists and travelers to the island, and on other evidence
(01,02). There are several early records of parrot populations in the
moist coastal and foothill forests of eastern Puerto Rico near the
species present range (09,10,11,12). Interviews (02) of old-timers
revealed widespread occurrence of the parrot in eastern Puerto Rico,
so it was probably widespread throughout the moist coastal forest that
originally covered about a quarter of the islands surface (02,01).
The parrot was also known to occur in the moist limestone karst forest
(13,14,12), upper Cordillera and upper Luquillo Forests (15), and in
mangrove forest (12). Records for the Puerto Rican parrot exist for
3 of the 4 major offshore islands of Puerto Rico: Vieques (moist
coastal forest) (16,12), Culebra (dry coastal forest) (12), and Mona
Island (dry coastal forest) (17). Despite the absence of records
from the dry forest of southern Puerto Rico, the parrots former
presence in dry scrubby forests of Mona Island and information on
other Greater Antillean Amazona strongly suggest that even the driest
forests of mainland Puerto Rico were suitable foraging and nesting
habitats for the parrot (01,02).
The parrots present range in the Luqillo Mountains includes areas
of extremely high rainfall (200 inches per year). Although the parrot
closely associates with mature, closed canopy forest which contains
the trees of sufficient size to form nesting cavities, the species
also ventures out of the forest to lowland rural and suburban lands at
various times for undetermined reasons (01,02,08). Parrots formerly
made daily flights from the Luquillo Mountains to the lowland mangrove
forests on the northern coast of Puerto Rico (12). Parrots were also
known to leave the forests to raid farm crops in the lowlands
especially agricultural areas containing fruit, corn, and vegetables
(01,02,11,12).
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
HERBIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Deciduous Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Evergreen Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Tree-Bark/Cambium
General Lianas-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Deciduous Trees-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Evergreen Trees-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Tree Cavities: Unknown
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Generally speaking the Puerto Rican parrot seems to consume the
greatest quanity of flowers/fruit/and seed from the upper canopy
of deciduous trees and the evergreen forest habitat of which it is
most commonly found, therefore these food items may be preferred (02,
18). The following is a list of specific consumed food items for the
parrot according to Rodriguez-Vidal (18), and Snyder (02):
Items most commonly consumed include; the pericarp of the seeds
of sierra palm (Prestoea montana); tabonuco (Dacrycodes excelsa); and
negra lora (Matayba domingensis). The fruit of bejuco de rana
(Marcgravia sintenisii); camasey (Miconia sintenisii); cupey de altura
(Clusia gundlachii); and palo de cruz (Rheedia portoricensis). The
flowers of bejuco de rana (Marcgravia sintenisii); achiotillo
(Alchornea latifolia), and Piptocarpha tetrantha. The leaves and
twigs of cupeillo (Clusia grisebachiana); laurel sabino (Magnolia
splendens); caimitillo verde (Micropholis garciniaefolia); and
Piptocarpha tetrantha. The bark of bejuco de rana (Marcgravia
sintenisii); cupeillo (Clusia grisebachiana), and cachimbo cumun
(Psychotria berteriana). Also, the buds of cuaba (Inga vera), are
among the food items most commonly consumed by Puerto Rican parrots
(02,18). Aditional specific food items may be found in 02 and 08.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
The Puerto Rican parrot maintains a breeding territory centered
around its nesting cavity. This territory is vigorously defended
against other parrots, and against other competitors (i.e., the
pearly-eyed thrasher (Margarops fuscatus). Territory size varies with
individuals and with proximity and aggressiveness of other parrots and
competitors, but averages about 50 meters in radius around the nest.
Although parrots frequently roost overnight in nesting areas
during the non-breeding season, the territorial aggressiveness
diminishes greatly during this period. Parrots may roost in small
flocks of up to 26 parrots in nesting areas during the non-breeding
season.
During nesting and nonbreeding seasons parrots may range long
distances to forage and loaf, away from the roost/nest sites.
Foraging and loafing may be in small groups (up to 13-16 birds) or in
loose flocks up to 3 miles from the evening gathering site or nest
area. Flocks of foraging parrots formerly roamed further in search of
food, visiting lowland coastal and agricultural areas (01,02,12).
PERIODICITY:
Parrot activity is confined to daylight hours (02). Parrots
begin calling and movement activities about 30 minutes after first
light. Birds shift perches, advertise territories, and conduct
maintenance behavior for up to one hour before leaving the roosting
area for foraging grounds. During the non-breeding season parrots
may be gone from the roost site for the entire day, returning only
in late afternoon or evening to again call, preen, and conduct other
maintenance activities (02). During the breeding season, parrots
stay near the nesting cavity where only the female does the incubation
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
and early (up to 3 weeks) brooding activities. During this season the
male forages afield and returns to the nesting area where the female
is fed by regurgitation (02).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
The Puerto Rican parrot is a non-migratory species (02).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
The Puerto Rican parrot depends on dense forest for shelter and
concealment against predators and seems to be most common in the upper
canopy. Cavities are not used for roosting, however, adequate
cavities are required for nesting (02).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
The species requires an adequate cavity for nesting. The cavity
is normally (presently) within a palo colorado (Cyrilla racemiflora),
although other species of trees have been used in the past (01,02,18).
Only one nest in the past 15 years has been in a species other than a
palo colorado (i.e., Magnolia splendens) (01,02). Cavities must be
secure against entry of water and deep enough to thwart off predatory
efforts. All cavities now in use by parrots (modified to varying
degrees by program biologists) are at least 5 feet deep and have an
internal diameter of at least 10 inches (01,02,05).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Puerto Rican parrots normally have long-lasting pair bonds.
Sexual maturity is achieved at 4 years of age, although some birds in
captivity have produced eggs at 3 years of age. The breeding season
begins in late November to early January when pairs begin
investigating potential and former nest sites. Egg laying occurs in
February to March, the driest time of the year, in the present range
of the species. Parrots normally have only one reproductive period
per year, but may recycle if the first clutch is destroyed or fails to
hatch. Normally three eggs are laid in a clutch, although 2 and up to
4 eggs have been produced by wild pairs. The incubation period is
about 26 to 27 days. The nestling period lasts about 63-65 days.
Young birds associate with the parents through the non-nesting season
and sometimes through part of the next nesting period (01,02,08,18).
PARENTAL CARE:
Females normally perform most of the care of eggs and chicks.
Males may occasionally enter the nest and feed young chicks, but do
not normally incubate or brood chicks. The female is at the nest
during the entire day and night (except for food exchanges from the
male which takes place about 20 meters from the nest) throughout the
incubation and for about the first 10 to 14 days of brooding.
Thereafter the female spends more time away from the nest as she joins
the male on foraging trips in order to provide enough food for the
growing brood. Chicks are altricial and must be steadily brooded for
the first 10 to 14 days. Brooding continues overnight up to about the
time of fledging. Families remain together at least until the
beginning of the next breeding season. Yearlings may still remain in
the nesting area thereafter but are usually chased from the locality
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
by the adults (02).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
The population in th Luquillo Forest reached a low point of 13
individuals in the wild in 1975. Since then, the population has
slowly increassed to about 30 birds (01,02). Another 27 birds are
currently in a captive flock located in the Luquillo Forest.
Longevity in the wild is unknown although certain individuals are
known to have attained an age of 14 years old. In captivity the
species has survived as long as 23 years (02,19). At this time food
supply and cover appear to be adequate within the Luquillo Forest for
the current parrot population and that projected for the next decade.
Current limiting factors include; predation (01,02,07,08);
competition (01,02,07,08); and habitat loss (01,02,06,05,08). Disease
and natural catastrophe are threats for the population and the species
as a whole, while it is limited to one small area (01,02,08).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Several raptors are actual or potential predators of free-flying
parrots, their eggs, and chicks (01,02,05,07,08,18). Red-tailed hawks
(Bueto jamaicensis), broad-winged hawks (B. platypterus), and
peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) occur within the Luquillo Forest
and have been observed in attempts to capture parrots (02). Pearly-
eyed thrashers (Margarops fuscatus) apparently represent a recent
addition to the Luquillo Forest avifauna and the parrot has little
behavioral or ecological defense against this nest predator and
competitor (01,02,05,07,08,19). Thrashers enter parrot nests in
search of their own nest sites. In so doing, they encounter parrot
eggs or young chicks which they may then destroy. Honeybees (Apis
melifera), introduced by early colonists to Puerto Rico, have become
feral and are common throughout the Luquillo Forest where they compete
with parrots for nesting cavities (01,02,05,08). Warble flies
(Philornis pici) and soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) are parasites
of nestlings and may cause death of the chicks if subjected to a
massive infestation (01,02,08,19). Black or roof rats (Rattus rattus)
may destroy parrot eggs or young chicks if nests are left unattended
by adults and are thus a secondary source of predation. Rats may also
compete with parrots for nest cavities but are normally of little
threat if the nest is being normally attended by the parrot adults
(01,02,05,08,19).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Creating Artificial Habitat/Nesting Structure
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Restricting Timber Harvest
Beneficial Maintaining Later Stages of Succession
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Beneficial Disease Control Measures
Beneficial Rehabilitating Individuals
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Invertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Adverse Incidental Capturing/Killing
Existing Incidental Capturing/Killing
Adverse Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Existing Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Adverse Poaching
Existing Poaching
Adverse Commercial Exploitation
Existing Commercial Exploitation
Adverse Sport Hunting/Fishing
Existing Sport Hunting/Fishing
Adverse Parasites
Existing Parasites
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Forest Alteration
Existing Forest Alteration
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The Puerto Rican parrot, dependent upon old-age timber for
nesting cavities, was reduced in range and number following the near
complete habitat destruction in Puerto Rico (01,02). By 1912, less
than one percent of the virgin forest remained (03,04). Finally, by
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
the mid-1930's, the parrot was found only in the Luquillo Mountains
of eastern Puerto Rico where 2,270 hectares of virgin Pre-Columbian
forest had been preserved (01,04). Habitat loss because of forest
clearing/alteration for development purposes, including agriculture,
all but eliminated suitable nesting/foraging/roosting sites for the
parrot. The decline of the parrot was also the result of chick
harvesting for the pet trade and incidental killing. The decline of
the Luquillo Forest population within recent decades was caused by
consistently poor reproduction and by extremely high mortality at
times, especially during the mid-1960's. Poor reproduction resulted
primarily from 5 major sources: Nest robbing by man (01,02); nest
site scarcity and inadequacies through habitat loss and competition
with pearly-eyed thrashers and introduced honey bees for nest sites
(02,05,06); nest predation by the pearly-eyed thrasher, Margarops
fuscatus (01,02,05,07); predation on parrots by species like the red-
tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis (01,02,08); and parasitism of nestlings
by warble flies, Philornis and Neomusca pici (01,02). Among the
factors that must be considered as potential sources of the decline of
the population is the possibility of disease epedemics in the Luquillo
parrot population. Another source of high mortality may have been
related to the injuries associated with the intense intraspecific
conflict among the parrots (01,02,06).
Future threats to a recovering population and to additional
populations reintroduced to former habitats include: Shooting,
harvesting for the pet trade, inter- and intraspecific competition,
and disease from several exotic avifauna on Puerto Rico (01,02).
Details on the parrots biology in reference to the above mentioned
reasons for population decline can be found in the narrative of the
biology section.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Revised. Puerto Rican Parrot
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 69 pp.
Recovery objectives include the increase of the wild population
in Luquillo Forest to a self-sustaining level of 250 breeding pairs
(5 year average). Other recovery objectives include:
-Captive propagation for reintroduction (to prevent high mortality).
-Restricting poaching (for the commercial pet trade).
-Rehabilitation of individuals.
-Disease control measures (parasitism, exotic vectors).
-Transplantation of wild eggs.
-Restrict/evaluate timber harvesting (preferred habitat loss).
-Habitat revegetation.
-Create artificial nesting structures.
-Maintain later stages of succession.
-Control/restrict development (agriculture and other development).
-Control/restrict road maintenance activities (nest sites).
-Control native vertebrates (competition/predation/disease).
-Control/remove exotic vertebrates.
-Control/remove invertebrates (competition/parasitism).
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
-Transplanting wild individuals.
-Land use zoning (habitat protection).
-Land aquisition.
-Limiting human access (disturbance/poaching/indiscriminate killing).
Also the objective to establish and maintain a second wild
population of at least 250 breeding pairs (5 year average) elsewhere
within the parrots historical range is required for recovery (08).
At present, all activities listed above for Luquillo Forest are
in progress. The Luquillo aviary has been successful in having Puerto
Rican parrots reproduce in captivity. Some young are placed in nests
in the wild, some are kept in captivity for later release, and some
are kept for captive propagation. Planning and negotiations have
begun to establish the second breeding aviary and release site in Rio
Abajo State Forest. Plans for this site are similar to those for the
Luquillo site. Habitat evaluation has been ongoing. The aviary
facility is being designed and construction is pending at this time.
Occasionally nesting cavities are modified by biologists to improve
the liklelihood of nesting sucess.
The purposes for the recovery objectives are justified by the
details found in the narratives concerning reasons for the species
status and the biology narrative addressing species
interrelationships.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Wiley J.W. 1980. The Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata): its
decline and the program for its conservation, p. 133-159 In: R.F.
Pasquier (ed); Conservation of new world parrots. Smithsonina/
ICBP.
02 Snyder, N.F.R., J.W. Wiley, and C.B. Kepler. Ms. The parrots of
Luquillo.
03 Murphy, L.S. 1916. Forests of Puerto Rico, past, present, and
future, and their physical and economic environment. US Dept. of
Agri. Bull. No. 354. 99 pp.
04 Wadsworth, F.H. 1949. The development of forest land resources of
the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Mich.,
Ann Arbor. 481 pp.
05 Wiley, J.W. 1985. The Puerto Rican parrot and competition for
its nest sites in P.J. Moors (ed); Conservaion management of
islands. ICBP Tech. Publ. No. 3.
06 Snyder, N.F.R. 1978. Puerto Rican parrots and nest site scarcity,
p. 47-53 In: S.A. Temple (ed) Endangered birds--management
techniques for preserving threatened species. Univ. of WI,
Madison.
07 Snyder, N.F.R., and J.D. Tapken. 1978. Puerto Rican parrots and
nest predation by pearly-eyed thrashers, p. 113-120 In: S.A.
Temple (ed) Endangered birds--management techniques for preserving
threatened species. Univ. of WI, Madison.
08 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Puerto Rican Parrot
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Atlanta, Georgia.
44 pp.
09 Ledru, A. 1810. Voyage aux iles de Teneriffe, La Trinite, Saint
Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Puerto Rico. Arthus Bertrand, Paris.
10 Taylor, E.C. 1864. Five months in the West Indies. Part 2,
Martinique, Dominica, and Puerto Rico. Ibis 6:157-173.
11 Wetmore, A. 1916. Birds of Puerto Rico. U.S. Dept. of Agri.
Bull. No. 326. 140 pp.
12 Wetmore, A. 1927. The birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands. NY Acad. of Sci. Scientific Survey of Puerto Rico and
the Virgin Islands 9 (parts 3 and 4):245-298.
13 Gundlach, J. 1878. Apuntes para la fauna Puerto-Riquena aves.
Anales de la Sociedad Esp. Hist. Nat., Madrid, 7:141-234,343-422.
14 Stahl, A. 1882. Fauna de Puerto Rico. Clasificacion Sistematica
de los animales que Dr. A. Stahl en Bayamon. Boletin Mercantil,
Bayamon, Puerto Rico. 157 pp.
15 Mortiz, C. 1836. Notizen zur fauna der Insel Puertorico.
Wiegmann's Arch. fur Naturg. 2:373-392.
16 West, H. 1794. Beytrage zur Beschreibung von St. Croix. C.G.
Proft, Kopenhagen. 274 pp.
17 Olson, S. 1985. Personal communication. Recently discovered
Puerto Rican parrot bones among a collection made on Mona Island
early in this century. US Nat. Mus.
18 Rodriguez-Vidal, J.A. 1959. Puerto Rican parrot study.
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Dept. Agric. Mono. 1:15 pp.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species PARROT, PUERTO RICAN
Species Id ESIS104004
Date 14 MAR 96
19 Wiley, J.W., and G. Gee. 1981. The role of captive propagation
in the conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. AFA Watchbird:
441-453.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Wiley J.W. 1980. The Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata): its
decline and the program for its conservation, p. 133-159 In: R.F.
Pasquier (ed); Conservation of new world parrots. Smithsonina/
ICBP.
02 Snyder, N.F.R., J.W. Wiley, and C.B. Kepler. Ms. The parrots of
Luquillo.
03 Rodriguez-Vidal, J.A. 1959. Puerto Rican parrot study.
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Dept. Agric. Mono. 1:15 pp.
04 Wiley, J.W. 1985. The Puerto Rican parrot and competition for
its nest sites in P.J. Moors (ed); Conservaion management of
islands. ICBP Tech. Publ. No. 3.
05 Hill, R.T. 1899. Notes on the forest conditions of Puerto Rico.
US Dept. of Agri. For. Bull. 25:1-48.
06 Murphy, L.S. 1916. Forests of Puerto Rico, past, present, and
future, and their physical and economic environment. U.S. Dept. of
Agri. Bull. No. 354. 99 pp.
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