(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
OTHER COMMON NAMES - GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN;GOOSE, HUTCHINS'S;GOOSE, WHITE-CHEEKED;GOOSE, CANADA, LESSER;GOOSE, CANADA, ASIATIC;GOOSE, TUNDRA;GOOSE, LAND;GOOSE and TITMOUSE;LEGCH;LUCH;LUG-ACH;LAGIX;SHIJUKARA GAN
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Birds
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - AVES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - ANSERIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - ANATIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - BRANTA,
SPECIES AND SSP - CANADENSIS, LEUCOPAREIA
SCIENTIFIC NAME - BRANTA CANADENSIS LEUCOPAREIA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Aleutian Canada Goose
Branta canadensis leucopareia Delacour, 1951
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Bird
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Aves
ORDER: Anseriformes FAMILY: Anatidae
The Aleutian Canada goose is small race of Canada goose averaging
1700 to 2100 grams (01). It has the typical black head and neck,
white cheek patches, grayish brown back and wings, white rump, black
tail feathers, legs, and feet of the species. It is distinguished by
a conspicuous white neck ring at the base of the neck that, in adult
plumage, is usually greater than 10 mm wide and is subtended by a ring
of darker feathers (01). The cheek patches are usually separated by a
black line under the throat and the breast is a pale grayish-brown
color, although a small number of lighter and darker breasted birds
occur (01). Similar appearing cackling Canada geese (B.c. minima) are
smaller in size and have a dark breast color with a purplish or
brownish cast whereas Taverner's Canada geese (B.c. taverneri) are
larger and have a lighter breast color (01). Both minima and
taverneri sometimes have white neck rings but these are usually narrow
or indistinct (01).
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
Recent authors have differed in their interpretation of the
nomenclature of Canada goose subspecies (01,02,03,04). The first
detailed description of the Canada goose from the Aleutian Islands was
provided by Brandt (05) who named this bird Anser leucopareius in
1836. The type specimen is located in Leningrad, USSR (06).
Subsequent authors referred to the Canada goose from the Aleutian
Islands as Bernicla hutchinsii (07), Bernicla canadensis leuclopareia
(part) (08), Branta minima (part) Ridgway 1885 (09), B. canadensis
hutchinsii (part) (10,11), B.c. minima (part) (10,11), B.c.
leucopareia (part) (12), B. hutchinsii asiatica Aldrich 1946 (13), B.
leucopareia leucopareia (part) Hellmayr and Conover 1948 (14), and
finally B.c. leucopareia by Delacour in 1951 (15) who restricted the
subspecific leucopareia to the Canada geese that bred in the Aleutian
Islands, whereas many of the previous authors had included birds from
the area now considered to be the breeding range of minima, taverneri
and parvipes. The sixth edition of the AOU Checklist (16) does not
include subspecies, so the control scientific name is listed as Branta
canadensis Linnaeus 1758. The fifth edition of the AOU Checklist (17)
includes subspecies and lists this subspecies as B.c. leucopareia.
Common names found in the literature include Hutchins's goose
(07,10,11), white-cheeked goose (08), lesser Canada goose (12),
Asiatic Canada goose (13), tundra goose (14), land goose, legch, luch,
lug-ach, lagix, shijukara gan, and titmouse goose (30).
A discriminant function analysis using measurements of
morphological features such as culmen, total tarsus, tarsus, neck-
ring, midtoe, bill at nail, nares and base appears to be the best
method for assigning a specimen to this subspecies (01).
A breeding population of Canada geese that is morphometrically
intermediate between Aleutian and Taverner's Canada geese (B.c.
taverneri) was discovered on Kiliktagik Island in the Semidi Islands
in 1979 (18,19). This is just outside the currently recognized
breeding range of Aleutian Canada geese, and these geese are not
currently considered to be Aleutian Canada geese (19). They winter
near Pacific City, Tillamook County, Oregon (18,19).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Federal Migratory
Commercial/consumption
Game (Consumptive Recreational)
Non-consumptive recreational
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Aleutian Canada goose (Branta canadensis leucopareia) has
been designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered
Species Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884;
16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended. The subspecies has this status
wherever found including the States of Alaska, California, Oregon,
and Washington and Japan.
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
The species is also protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(16 U.S.C. 703-711 et seq.; 50 CFR 10.13).
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Alaska, Oregon and Washington
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Alaska Department of Fish and Game;
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife;
Washington Department of Fish and Game.
STATE STATUTE: Alaska Statute 16.20.180 to 16.20.210;
Oregon Revised Statutes 498.026;
Revised Code of Washington Annotated 77.16.040,
77.16.120, Washington Administrative Code 232-
12-014.
STATE: California, Nevada
DESIGNATED STATUS: (CA, NV) Recognized Endangered; (NV)
Migratory Game Bird
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: California Department of Fish and Game;
Nevada Board of Wildlife Commissioners,
Department of Wildlife.
STATE STATUTE: California Endangered Species Act, Sec. 5
2050-2055 of the California Fish and Game Code;
Nevada Revised Statutes 501.097,501.100,503.584,
and Nevada Administrative Code 503.010 to 503.
080.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
This species is listed in CITES I and is consitered a protected
species in Japan. This species is also listed by the Convention on
Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western
Hemisphere.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
Positive values - Includes scientific and non-consumptive
recreational use values by universities, researchers and
bird-watchers. Formerly of subsistence value as food for native
Americans (Aleuts) in the Aleutian Islands and to waterfowl hunters in
western North America.
Negative values - Occasional crop depredation problems arise in
the California/Oregon wintering areas.
67/03/11:32 FR 04001/ - listing as Endangered
70/06/02:35 FR 08495/ - Conservation of Endang. species list
77/02/22:42 FR 10462/10488 - CITES I listing, Implementation of CITES
77/07/19:42 FR 37032/ - EPA exemption, pest control
Status - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
77/08/17:42 FR 41489/ - permit application
78/06/30:43 FR 28546/ - EPA exemption, pest control
79/06/21:44 FR 36251/ - EPA exemption, pest control
80/07/01:45 FR 44540/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
80/07/22:45 FR 49062/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
80/08/13:45 FR 53982/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
80/08/21:45 FR 55960/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
80/09/04:45 FR 58540/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
80/09/12:45 FR 60482/ - EPA emergency exemption, pest control
80/09/16:45 FR 61532/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
81/03/25:46 FR 18666/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
81/07/08:46 FR 35316/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
81/07/13:46 FR 36056/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
81/07/29:46 FR 38868/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
81/08/17:46 FR 41736/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
81/08/21:46 FR 42642/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
81/09/04:46 FR 44660/ - amendment to CITES
81/09/09:46 FR 45098/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
81/09/18:46 FR 46542/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
81/10/16:46 FR 51040/ - reply to objections to permit issuance
82/01/15:47 FR 02415/ - permit application
82/04/19:47 FR 16718/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
82/06/15:47 FR 25922/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
82/07/12:47 FR 30162/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
82/07/19:47 FR 31282/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
82/08/21:47 FR 36578/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
82/08/30:47 FR 38246/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
82/09/01:47 FR 38625/ - EPA emergency exemption, pest control
82/09/17:47 FR 41252/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
82/09/27:47 FR 42524/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
83/04/05:48 FR 14700/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
83/05/11:48 FR 21207/ - prop. permit amendment - FWS
83/06/17:48 FR 27799/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
83/06/30:48 FR 30196/ - designate area of crit. env. concern-BLM
83/07/07:48 FR 31226/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
83/07/22:48 FR 33488/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
83/07/29:48 FR 34526/ - endangered species permit application
83/08/15:48 FR 36853/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
84/09/14:49 FR 36272/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
85/04/17:50 FR 15218/ - EPA
85/07/05:50 FR 27638/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review
85/07/26:50 FR 30424/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
85/07/31:50 FR 31012/ - EPA
85/08/13:50 FR 32587/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
85/09/05:50 FR 36198/ - migratory bird hunting regulations
85/09/10:50 FR 36974/ - oil and gas lease sale
85/12/16:50 FR 51372/ - oil and gas lease sale
Status - 3 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Cropland and Pasture
Lakes
Reservoirs
Nonforested Wetland
Tundra Land: Herbaceous
Tundra Land: Wet
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Lacustrine, littoral OW0
Lacustrine, limnetic OW0
Palustrine OW0
Palustrine EM1
Lacustrine, littoral OW0
Lacustrine, limnetic OW0
Palustrine OW0
Palustrine EM1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Breeding Season:
Activity at Buldir Island during nesting is centered in the
lowland tall-plant association consisting of beach rye-umbel and beach
rye-umbel-fern communities (38). These communities are made up
primarily of beach rye (Elymus arenarius), red fescue (Festuca rubra),
cow parsnip (Heracleum lanatum), wild celery (Angelica lucida) and
fern (Atyrium felix-femina) (38).
Most goose nests studied on Buldir Island, one of the 3 known
breeding locations for this subspecies, occurred on sea slope areas
of herbaceous tundra in areas with dense concentrations of beach rye
(Elymus arenarius) and red fescue (Festuca rubra) between 30 and 320
meters in elevation (38). The specific nest sites were composed
almost primarily of beach rye (38). Most nests were discovered
between 30 and 320 meters in elevation on steep slopes (70 percent on
slopes exceeding 20 degrees) and were constructed of beach rye,
mosses, fern (Athyrium felix-femina), and red fescue (38). A positive
correlation was found between (a) nesting and hatching success and (b)
steepness of slope (38). Elevation was not found to affect hatching
success (38). After hatching, families move inland to higher
elevation where they feed in sedge (Carex macrochaeta) -fescue meadows
and moss-willow (Salix spp.) tundra (38). The geese do not need large
bodies of water for molting, but the main water body on Buldir Island
was used frequently for bathing (38) and birds roosted at night on
shallow pools (10). Geese were seldom observed in salt water (38).
Non-Breeding Season:
During the non-breeding season this subspecies is closely
associated with intensively managed agricultural lands (21,24,34,35,
46). Important habitats are managed pasturelands that include grasses
and clovers (24,46) and row crops such as corn (Zea mays), wheat
Habitat Associations - 1 (triticum aestivum), oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare),
rice (Oryza sativa), lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) and black-eyed
beans (Vigna catjang) (24,32,34,35,47). Impounded waters such
as farm ponds, sewage lagoons, duck clubs and lakes as well as
intermittently flooded low lying areas are utilized as roosting sites
during the non-breeding season (24,32,34,35,47). Of particular
importance is Castle Rock NWR, a 5.2-ha island off the coast of
northwestern California near Crescent City, Del Norte County, that is
used as a roosting site for nearly the entire population during the
spring migration and up to half in the fall migration (24,31,32,35,47,
48). Flooded areas near feeding sites are used for bathing (24,32),
but there have been very few sightings of geese in salt water (33).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Roots/Tubers/Rhizomes-Herbaceous
General Poaceae
General
General Forb Leaves/Stems
General Evergreen Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Arthropods
General Roots/Tubers/Rhizomes-Herbaceous
General Poaceae
General
General Forb Leaves/Stems
General Evergreen Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Human Association: Farm ponds
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Human Association: Farm ponds
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Breeding Season:
Newly emerged leaves of beach rye (Elymus arenarius) and the
roots of black lily (Fritillaria camschatcensis) were utilized for
food in the early spring (39). Leaves and seeds of red fescue
(Festuca rubra) and sedge (Carex macrochaeta) were favored food items
during the late spring, summer, and fall (39). Berries of crowberry
(Empetrum nigrum) were important as a fall food (39). Goslings were
observed to consume insects, particularly ground beetles, as well as a
wide variety of plants (39). The geese apparently acquire their
drinking water primarily from vegetation (39).
Non-Breeding Season:
Grazing on leaves and stems of grasses, clovers and other plants
or on newly sprouted grains, and gleaning waste grain seeds from
harvested fields are the predominant feeding strategies in the non-
breeding season (24,34,35,46,23). Important introduced pasture
grasses appear to be velvet grass (Holcus lanatus), redtop (Agrostis
alba), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Bermuda grass (Cynadon
dactylon), red fescue, ryegrass (Lolium spp.) and Dallis grass
(Paspalum dilatum) (24). Leaves, stems, and stolons from clovers such
as red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clover (T. repens), and bur-
clover (Medicago hispida) may also be important food items (24).
Waste grain from harvested corn (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum spp.), and
rice (Oryza sativa) are used heavily in the winter (24,34). Birds
have also been observed to feed in harvested lima bean (Phaseolus
lunatus) and black-eyed bean (Vigna catjang) fields, where both stems
and beans were consumed, and in newly sprouted fields of barley, wheat
(Triticum aestivum), and oats (Avena sativa) (24,34). Flooded areas
within or near the fields used for feeding are utilized for drinking
water.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Ganders are territorial during the breeding season, the but
extent of territory boundaries has not been studied (39). Over 50% of
156 nests had a neighbor nest less than 50 meters away, and 91% were
within 250 meters of the nearest known active nest (39). This
subspecies is gregarious during the non-breeding season (24).
PERIODICITY:
The Aleutian Canada goose is primarily diurnal and feeds most
actively during the early morning and late afternoon and evening hours
on the non-breeding grounds (24,40,41). Some birds leave from and
return to the feeding areas during darkness (24).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Seasonal Migrations:
The Aleutian goose departs the breeding grounds in the Aleutian
Islands from late August into Dec., but primarily during Sept. (24,
38). At least some birds fly eastward along the islands (26,30) to
about Unimak and then they are believed to head southeast across the
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
Gulf of Alaska (21,24,38). Most birds are next seen on the California
coast near Crescent City, Del Norte County or in the northern
Sacramento Valley of California near Colusa, Colusa and Sutter
counties in late October through late November or to mid-December (21,
23,24,34,36,37,47,48). Individuals have been shot or seen in
Washington (224,37,42,48) and seen in northern Oregon along the coast
during fall migration (37). A few birds sometimes stop briefly along
the Oregon coast near Langlois, Curry and Coos counties (42,36,37,32,
48,47). River valleys are probably used as flight paths from the
coast to interior California (24,31,34,35).
The birds move from the Sacramento Valley 125 miles south to the
wintering areas near Modesto, Stanislaus Co., and Los Banos, Merced
Co. via the Yolo Bypass and the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta during
late Nov. and Dec. (21,23,24,32,34,35,36,37,47,48). Back-and-forth
movement between the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys has occurred
(34,35,36). Some birds migrate directly from Crescent City to the
Modesto area without stopping in the Colusa area. Most birds move
north to the Crescent City area during Feb., March and early spring
via the Sacramento Valley and river valleys until nearly the entire
population is present during late March and early April (21,24,32,34,
36,37,47,48).
Most of the birds breeding on Chagulak Island migrate to El
Sobrante without stopping in the Crescent City area during either
their southward or northward flights (47).
The birds leave the Crescent City area during mid- to late April,
and nearly the entire population is gone by early May (21,24,32,34,36,
37,47,48). A few birds (possibly nonbreeders) may summer on Castle
Rocks (49). The majority of the birds are believed to make a
transoceanic flight to the Aleutian Islands in the spring (21),
arriving on the breeding grounds in early May (38). Some birds have
been observed along the Aleutian Island chain east of the current
breeding grounds (24,30,35,38). Some birds have been observed in the
spring migrating along the coasts of Oregon and Washington (21,24,32,
35,36,37,47,48). Migrations occur during both daylight and night
hours (35,36).
Daily Migrations:
Flights from the roost area to feeding locations in the morning
and back to the roost in the evening occur virtually every day during
the non-breeding season (24,32,34,35,36,47,48). These flights
generally occur just as the sun is rising or setting, but may be
advanced during cold, windy weather or delayed during foggy calm
weather (24,37). Most of these flights are less than 16 km (10 miles)
in length, but flights from roost to feeding area of up to 80 km (50
miles) in the San Joaquin Valley have been recorded (32,34,36,37).
These longer flights have been noted to follow the path of the San
Joaquin River (32,34,42).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
The Aleutian Canada goose frequents open feeding areas on the
migration and wintering grounds (33). Other subspecies of Canada
geese have been shown to prefer large, open fields for feeding on the
non-breeding grounds (43). This is believed to be due to the security
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
afforded by increased visibility (33,43). Open water or coastal
islands are used as roost sites during migration and wintering periods
(24,32,34,35,36,37,47,48). On the breeding grounds the beach rye-
umbel-fern community provide cover for molting adults and goslings
(38). Flying birds roost in shallow pools where available (10).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Nest sites on Buldir Island occurred almost exclusively in the
beach rye-umbel and beach rye-umbel-fern communities (38). Hummocks
of dried beach rye were believed to be utilized as protection from
wind and rain (38). Beach rye was the major plant used in nest
construction (38).
The specific nest sites were composed almost primarily of beach
rye (38). Most nests were discovered between 30 and 320 meters in
elevation on steep slopes (70 percent on slopes exceeding 20 degrees)
and were constructed of beach rye, mosses, fern (Athyrium felix-
femina), and red fescue (38). A positive correlation was found
between (a) nesting and hatching success and (b) steepness of slope
(38). Elevation was not found to affect hatching success (38).
Nests on Agattu Island were in situations similar to those on
Buldir (54) whereas on Chagulak Island they were located in a mixture
of short vegetation including moss, willow, beach rye and spring
beauty (Claytonia sp.); against a backdrop of taller vegetation,
boulders or hummocks.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Pair bonds for other subspecies of Canada geese are believed to
be established when the yearlings return to the breeding area, but few
yearlings are believed to nest (03). Pair bonds are known to be life-
long for other subspecies (03), and what are believed to be pairs of
leucopareia have been seen together for up to 10 years on the
wintering grounds (33). At least some 2 year old Aleutians nest, but
most are probably 3 years old before nesting (39). Geese arrived on
the breeding grounds in early to mid-May and egg laying extended from
the second week of May to the first week of June (38). Incubation
takes about 28 days (38). The average clutch size from was 5.6 eggs
(38) to 5.75 eggs (50). Nesting success averaged 91% (38). About 4
goslings per successful pair fledged after about 55 days (38).
PARENTAL CARE:
The male Canada goose usually defends the nest site while the
female incubates (03). Once the young have hatched, both parents of
other subspecies tend the young and the female usually broods the
young at night (03). Males defend small areas around the brood (03).
On the breeding grounds, adult Aleutians moved the broods from the sea
slope nesting areas to inland areas (38). The young are precocial
(03). Parental care for other subspecies lasts through the first year
until the family returns to the breeding area and the adults chase
away last years young before beginning a new nesting season (03).
This appears to be the case for leucopareia (38).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
The population level of this subspecies has increased 430 pct.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
from 790 in spring 1975 (31) to 3800 in spring 1985 (47). About 4200
birds were believed to be in the population in winter 1985-1986 (49).
This increase is believed to be primarily a result of closures on
Canada goose hunting in California (19,34,35,38). In addition,
transplants of wild birds and releases of hand-reared birds resulted
in reestablishment of breeding birds on Agattu Island by 1984 (54).
The estimated population there in 1985 was at least 12 pairs and 50
birds (53). In 1976 an estimated 138 pairs laid clutches, in 1977 an
estimated 171 pairs laid clutches (38), in 1979 an estimated 150 pairs
laid clutches (44) and in 1982 an estimated 287 pairs laid clutches
(19). Known survival of leg-banded adults for the period 1976 to 1979
was 77% (34). Known survival of neck-banded adults for the period
1977 to 1979 was 64% (34). Males had higher estimated survival rates
(34). The primary cause of known mortality on the wintering grounds
is shooting (24,32,34,36,37,47), but a larger portion of the
population is believed to die during the summer months, possibly due
to the stress of migrating and nesting (34). Avian cholera outbreaks
occur nearly annually in the Modesto area (24,34,42,36,37,32,47,48,49)
and less frequently at Lake Earl (24,34,37), but hazing birds from
infected areas has kept losses small. Forty-two birds drowned in the
Crescent City area during a serve nocturnal storm (51). On the
breeding grounds, glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glauescens) were
observed to prey on goose eggs (38) and bald eagles (Haliaeetus
leucocephalus) preyed on young and flightless adults (38). Peregrine
falcons (Falco peregrinus), parasitic jaegers (Stercorarius
parasiticus) and snowy owls (Nyctea scandiaca) may also have taken
geese (38). Prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus) have taken adults on
the wintering grounds (45).
The sex ratio of goslings banded on the breeding grounds from
1974 to 1976 was skewed in favor of males (57%) (39), and 51% of the
birds banded on the spring staging grounds in California from 1976 to
1983 were males (45). Exact longevity in the wild is unknown, but at
least one bird that was banded as a juvenile in 1974 was still in the
population in 1986 (33).
Ultimately, competition for breeding sites on fox-free islands
may limit the continued expansion of this subspecies (38), so the
primary goal of the recovery effort is the restoration of self-
sustaining breeding populations on 3 other islands (19).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
The introduction of Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) for fur farming
in the Aleutian Islands from about 1836 (20) to about 1930 (21) is
believed to be the primary reason for the decline in numbers of this
subspecies (19,21,22,23,24). Surveys in the Aleutian Islands in the
late 1930's showed that no geese remained on islands where foxes had
been introduced (30). By 1962 the only known breeding population of
Aleutian geese was found on Buldir Island (22), one of only about 11
islands where foxes had not been introduced (20). Another apparently
relict breeding population was discovered in 1982 on Chagulak Island
(52,19).
OTHER LIFE DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 5 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
Life History - 6 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Disease Control Measures
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Adverse Subsistence Hunting/Fishing/Trapping
Existing Subsistence Hunting/Fishing/Trapping
Adverse Commercial Exploitation
Existing Commercial Exploitation
Adverse Sport Hunting/Fishing
Existing Sport Hunting/Fishing
Adverse Disease
Existing Disease
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse
Existing
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Disease Control Measures
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Adverse Subsistence Hunting/Fishing/Trapping
Existing Subsistence Hunting/Fishing/Trapping
Adverse Commercial Exploitation
Existing Commercial Exploitation
Adverse Sport Hunting/Fishing
Existing Sport Hunting/Fishing
Adverse Disease
Existing Disease
Adverse Predation
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Existing Predation
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The introduction of Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) for fur farming
from about 1836 (20) to about 1930 (21) is believed to be the primary
reason for the decline in numbers of this subspecies (19,21,22,23,24).
Market (29) and sport (30,22) hunting in California and subsistence
hunting on the breeding grounds (10) probably helped to maintain the
reduced population levels. The establishment of Canada goose hunting
closures in the fall of 1975 in the migration and wintering areas in
California (21,23) has been primarily responsible for bringing about
an increase in the number of geese from 790 in spring 1975 (21,23,31)
to about 4200 in winter 1985-1986 (49).
Current threats to this subspecies include excessive sport
harvest, disease outbreaks, changes in grazing practices, conversion
of wintering habitat from row crops and pasture land to other crops or
commercial development (33), and occasional heavy snowstorms during
the nesting season (10). This subspecies is vulnerable to outbreaks
of avian cholera in local areas of the migration and wintering
distribution (24,34,35,36,37). Possible development in migration
areas near Langlois, Oregon for wind turbine generator fields may make
this area unsuitable for use by this subspecies (33). Reintroduced
geese on Amchitka Island in the late 1960's and early 1970's have
contended with nuclear testing. The long term effect(s) or threats to
the geese are unknown.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Revised Aleutian Canada Goose
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK. 42 pp.
The following recovery actions have been identified in the
revised Aleutian Canada Goose Recovery Plan, approved September 1982.
1.) Determine the seasonal distribution of Aleutian geese in the
California and Oregon wintering grounds and provide protection of
the habitat (i.e., regulations, land acquistion, etc.).
2.) Establish and maintain hunting closures to protect the wintering
flock, and enforcement of the closures to protect the species from
illegal take. Human disturbance needs to be assessed and reduced
if necessary. Provide habitat protection to wintering areas
(i.e., land use planning, agricultural planning, wetland
management, etc.).
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
3.) Survey for new breeding populations in the Aleutian Islands.
4.) Eliminate introduced Arctic foxes from islands targeted for
reintroduction of geese. This has been done successfully with the
use of the pesticide compound 1080.
5.) Transplant geese to fox-free islands and establish at least 3 new
breeding colonies.
6.) Protect geese from disease (avian cholera) by determing the extent
of the problems and developing/implementing prevention methods and
programs.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
References
*****REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE*****
01 Johnson, D.H., D.E. Timm and P.F. Springer. 1979. Morphological
characteristics of Canada geese in the Pacific flyway. Pp. 56-80.
In: R.L. Jarvis and J.C. Bartonek (eds.) Management and Biology of
Pacific Flyway Geese. OSU Bookstore, Inc. Corvallis, OR. 346 pp.
02 Palmer, R.S. (ed.). 1976. Handbook of North American Birds. Vol.
2. Part 1. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT. 347 pp.
03 Bellrose, F.C. 1978. Ducks, Geese, and Swans of North America.
Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 543 pp.
04 Johnsgard, P.A. 1975. Waterfowl of North America. Indiana Univ.
Press, Bloomington. 575 pp.
05 Brandt, J.F. Note sur l'Anser canadensis et l'Anser pictus de la
Zoographie de Pallas. Bull. Sci. Acad. Imper., St. Petersbourg.
1(7):37 (original not seen).
06 Marquardt, R.E. and C.L. Pribil. 1962. The Anser Leucopareius of
Brandt. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. Vol. 42:274-279.
07 Heerman, A.L. 1859. Page 67 In: Reports of explorations and
survey to ascertain the most practical and economical route for a
railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Vol. 10,
Secy. War, 33rd Congress, 2nd session. Senate Ex. Doc. No. 78.
08 Nelson, E.W. 1883. Birds of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean.
Pages 55-118. In: Cruise of the revenue-steamer "Corwin" in Alaska
and the N.W. Arctic Ocean. James Anglin & Co., Washington. 120
pp.
09 Ridgway, R. 1885. Note of the Anser leucopareius of Brandt.
Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. No. 8. pp. 21-22.
10 Turner, L.M. 1886. Contributions to the natural history of
Alaska. Arctic Ser. of Publ. Issued in connection with the Signal
Service, U.S. Army. No. 2. 226 pp.
11 Peters, J.L. 1931. Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1.
Harvard Univ. Press. Cambridge, MA. 345 pp.
12 American Ornithologists' Union. 1931. Check-list of North
American Birds. 4th ed. Lancaster Press, Inc. Lancaster, PA.
526 pp.
13 Aldrich, J.W. 1946. Speciation in the white-cheeked geese.
Wilson Bull. 48(4):94-103.
14 Hellmayr, C.E. and B. Conover. 1948. Catalogue of birds of the
Americas. Field Mus. Natl. Hist., Zool. Ser. Vol. 13, Part 1, No.
2, Publ. 615. 434 pp.
15 Delacour, J. 1951. Preliminary notes on the taxonomy of Canada
geese, Branta canadensis. Am. Mus. Novitates. No. 1537. 10 pp.
16 American Ornithologists' Union. 1983. Check-list of North
American Birds. 6th ed. Allen Press. Lawrence, KS. 877 pp.
17 American Ornithologists' Union. 1957. Check-list of North
American Birds. 5th ed. Port City Press, Inc. Baltimore, MD.
691 pp.
18 Hatch, S.A. and M.A. Hatch. 1983. An isolated population of small
Canada geese on Kaliktagik Island, Alaska. Wildfowl 34:130-136.
19 Martin, J.L., J.R. LeDonne, F.B. Lee, P.A. Lehenbauer, P.F.
Springer, and D.E. Timm. 1982. Aleutian Canada Goose Recovery
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
Plan. USFWS. 42 pp.
20 Tikhemenev, P.A. 1861. Historical review of the origin of the
Russian-American Company and its activities up to the present time.
Pt. 1. Edward Weimar Printing Office. St. Petersburg.
21 Springer, P.F., G.V. Byrd and D.W. Woolington. 1978.
Reestablishing Aleutian Canada geese. Pp. 331-338 in: S.A. Temple
(ed.), Endangered Birds: Management Techniques for Preserving
Threatened Species. Univ. WI Press. Madison. 466 pp.
22 Jones, R.D., Jr. 1963. Buldir Island, site of a remnant breeding
population of Aleutian Canada geese. Ann. report Wildlife Trust
14:80-84.
23 Byrd, G.V. and P.F. Springer. 1976. Recovery program for the
Endangered Aleutian Canada goose. Cal-Neva Wildl. Trans. pp. 65-
73.
24 Woolington, D.W. 1980. Migration and wintering ecology of the
Aleutian Canada goose. M.S. thesis. Humboldt State Univ. Arcata,
CA. 135 pp.
25 Pierce, R.A.(ed.). 1980. Siberia and Northwestern America 1788-
1792, the journal of C.H. Merck, naturalist with the Russian
scientific expedition led by Captains J. Billings and G. Sarychev.
(Translated by F. Jaensch). The Limestone Press. Ontario, Canada.
215 pp.
26 Jochelson, W. 1933. History, Ethnology and Anthropology of the
Aleut. Carnegie Institute. Washington, D.C. Publ. 432. 91 pp.
27 Stejneger, L. 1883. Results of ornithological explorations in the
Commander Islands and Kamtschatka. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. No. 29.
382 pp.
28 Snow, H.J. 1897. Notes on the Kurile Island. Royal Geog.
Society. London. 91 pp.
29 Grinnell, J., H.D. Bryant and T.I. Storer. 1918. The Game Birds
of California. Univ. CA Press. Berkeley. 642 pp.
30 Murie, O.J. 1959. Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska
Peninsula. USFWS. N. Am. Fauna. No. 61. 364 pp.
31 Springer, P.F. 1975. Report on observations of Aleutian Canada
geese in northern coastal California, spring 1975. USFWS. Arcata,
CA. 26 pp.
32 Yparraguirre, D.R. 1983. Population, distribution and ecology of
Aleutian Canada geese on their migration and wintering areas,
1982-1983. CA Dept. Fish & Game. Sacramento, CA. 35 pp.
33 Springer, P.F. Personal communication. USFWS. Wildlife Research
Field Station. Humboldt State Univ. Arcata, CA.
34 Yparraguirre, D.R. 1982. Annual survival and wintering
distribution of Aleutian Canada geese, 1976-1981. M.S. thesis.
Humboldt State Univ. Arcata, CA. 73 pp.
35 Woolington, D.W., P.F. Springer and D.R. Yparraguirre. 1979.
Migration and wintering ecology of Aleutian Canada geese. Pages
299-309 In: R.L. Jarvis and J.C. Bartonek (eds.). Management and
Biology of Pacific Flyway Geese. OSU Bookstores. Corvallis, OR.
346 pp.
36 Umland, S.R. and P.F. Springer. 1981. Population, distribution
and ecology of Aleutian Canada geese on their migration and
wintering areas, 1980-1981. USFWS. Arcata, CA. 26 pp.
37 Pomeroy, D.P. and P.F. Springer. 1982. Population, distribution
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
and ecology of Aleutian Canada geese on their migration and
wintering areas, 1981-1982. USFWS. Arcata, CA. 32 pp.
38 Byrd, G.V. and D.W. Woolington. 1983. Ecology of Aleutian Canada
geese at Buldir Island, Alaska. USFWS. Spec. Sci. Rep.-Wildl. No.
253. 18 pp.
39 Byrd, G.V. and D.W. Woolington. 1978. Breeding biology, habitat
utilization and population structure of Aleutian Canada geese on
Buldir Island. USFWS. Adak, AK. 110 pp.
40 Camilleri, E.P. 1977. Activities and use patterns of Aleutian
Canada geese in winter. Unpubl. Senior Proj. Humboldt State Univ.
Arcata, CA. 25 pp.
41 Frazer, S. 1979. Time-activity budget for Aleutian Canada geese
on spring migration, Crescent City, California. Unpubl. Senior
Proj. Humboldt State Univ. Arcata, CA. 15 pp.
42 Beall, J.T. 1980. Distribution, migration and mortality of
Aleutian Canada geese in California, 1979-1980. CA Dept. Fish &
Game. Sacramento, CA. 30 pp.
43 Simpson, S.G. and R.L. Jarvis. 1979. Comparative ecology of
several subspecies of Canada geese during winter in western Oregon.
Pages 223-241 In: R.L. Jarvis and J.C. Bartonek (eds.) Biology and
Management of Pacific Flyway Geese. OSU Bookstores. Corvallis,
OR. 346 pp.
44 Henry, W.G. and T.J. Early. 1979. Progress report on the study of
Aleutian Canada geese at Buldir Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.
USFWS. Adak, AK. 26 pp.
45 Yparraguirre, D.R. Personal communication. 1111 C St., Arcata,
CA.
46 Boyer, D.A. and K.O. Fulgham. 1986. The influence of cattle
grazing on the migration habitat of the Aleutian canada geese.
Humboldt State Univ. 9 pp.
47 Hofmann, P.S., P.F. Springer and M.A. Gregg. 1985. Population,
distribution and ecology of the Aleutian Canada geese on their
migration and wintering areas, 1984-85. CA Dept. of Fish and Game,
Sacramento. 43 pp.
48 Nelson, E.T., P.F. Springer and D.R. Yparragiurre. 1984.
Population, distribution and ecology of the Aleutian Canada geese
on their migration and wintering areas, 1983-84. USFWS, Humboldt
State Univ., Arcota, CA. 31 pp.
49 Greeg, M.A. and T.M. Eckhardt. 1986. Population, distribution and
ecology of the Aleutian Canada geese on their migration and
wintering areas. Quarterly Rept., Oct. 1985-Jan. 1986. Humboldt
State Univ. 11 pp.
50 Deines, F.G. and S. Hatch. 1984. Aleutian Canada goose nesting
survey at Chagulak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, spring 1984.
Alaska Maritime NWR, Adak, AK. 7 pp.
51 Springer, P.F., R. Strand and P. Gullett. 1986. Probable drowning
of Aleutian Canada geese on California's north coast. Unpub. rept.
5 pp.
52 Bailey, E.P. and J.L. Trapp. 1984. A record wild breeding
population of the Aleutian Canada goose. Am. Birds 38:284-286.
53 Zeillemaker, C.F. 1985. Personal communication. Alaska Maritime
NWR, Adak, AK.
54 Deines, F.G. and B. Willging. 1984. Aleutian Canada Goose survey
References - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
at Agattu Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, spring 1984. Alaska
Maritime NWR, Adak, AK. 16 pp.
55 Austin, O.A. and N. Kuroda. 1953. The birds of Japan, their
status and distribution. Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zool. 109:277-
637.
*****REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY*****
01 Martin, J.L., J.R. LeDonne, F.B. Lee, P.A. Lehenbauer, P.F.
Springer and D.E. Timm. 1982. Aleutian Canada Goose Recovery
Plan. USFWS. 42 pp.
02 Woolington, D.W. 1980. Migration and wintering ecology of the
Aleutian Canada goose. M.S. thesis. Humboldt State Univ. Arcata,
CA. 135 pp.
03 Yparraguirre, D.R. 1982. Annual survival and wintering
distribution of Aleutian Canada geese, 1976-1981. M.S. thesis.
Humboldt State Univ. Arcata, CA. 73 pp.
04 Springer, P.F., G.V. Byrd and D.W. Woolington. 1978.
Reestablishing Aleutian Canada geese. Pp. 331-338 in S.A. Temple
(ed.), Endangered Birds: Management Techniques for Preserving
Threatened Species. Univ. WI Press. Madison. 466 pp.
05 Woolington, D.W., P.F. Springer and D.R. Yparraguirre. 1979.
Migration and wintering distribution of Aleutian Canada geese. Pp.
299-309 In: R.L. Jarvis & J.C. Bartonek (eds.), Management and
Biology of Pacific Flyway Geese. OSU bookstores, Corvallis, OR.
346 pp.
06 Pomeroy, D.P. and P.F. Springer. 1982. Population, distribution
and ecology of Aleutian Canada geese on their migration and
wintering areas, 1981-82. USFWS. Arcata, CA. 32 pp.
07 Umland, S.R. and P.F. Springer. 1981. Population, distribution
and ecology of Aleutian Canada geese on their migration and
wintering areas, 1980-1981. USFWS. Arcata, CA. 26 pp.
08 Yparraguirre, D.R. 1983. Population, distribution and ecology of
Aleutian Canada geese on their migration and wintering areas,
1982-1983. CA Dept. of Fish & Game, Sacramento, CA. 35 pp.
09 Pierce, R.A. (ed.). 1980. Siberia and Northwestern America 1788-
1792, the journal of C.H. Merck, naturalist with the Russian
scientific expedition led by Captains J. Billings & G. Sarychev.
(Translated by F. Jaensch). The Limestone Press. Ontario, Canada.
215 pp.
10 Clark, A.H. 1910. The birds collected and observed during the
cruise of the "Albatross" in the North Pacific Ocean, and in the
Bering Okhotsk, Japan, and Eastern Seas from April-December 1906.
Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 38:25-74.
11 Turner, L.M. 1886. Contributions to the natural history of
Alaska. Arctic Ser. of Publ. Issued in connection with the Signal
Service. U.S. Army, No. 2. 226 pp.
12 Stejneger, L. 1883. Results of ornithological explorations in the
Commander Islands and Kamtschatka. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. No. 29.
382 pp.
13 Snow, H.J. 1897. Notes on the Kurile Island. Royal Geog.
Society. London. 91 pp.
References - 4 (DRAFT) - References
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
14 American Ornithologists' Union. 1957. Checklist of North American
Birds. 5th ed. Port City Press, Inc. Lancaster, PA. 526 pp.
15 Delacour, J. 1954. The Waterfowl of the World. Vol. 2. Country
Life Ltd., London. 234 pp.
16 Bent, A.C. 1925. Life histories of North American waterfowl.
Order Anseres (Part 2). U.S. Natl. Mus., Bull. No. 130. 316 pp.
17 Zeillemaker, C.F. 1983. Final report, Aleutian Canada goose
survey at Nizki and Alaid Islands, Near Island group, Aleutian
Islands, spring 1983. Alaska Maritime NWR, Adak, AK. 14 pp.
18 Hatch, S.A. and M.A. Hatch. 1983. An isolated population of small
Canada geese on Kaliktagik Island, Alaska. Wildfowl 34:130-136.
19 Beall, J.T. 1980. Distribution, migration and mortality of
Aleutian Canada geese in California, 1979-1980. CA Dept. of Fish &
Game. Sacramento, CA. 30 pp.
20 Bailey, E.P. and J.L. Trapp. 1982. A second wild breeding
population of the Aleutian Canada goose. USFWS. Homer, AK. 11
pp.
21 Byrd, G.V. and D.W. Woolington. 1978. Breeding biology, habitat
utilization and population structure of Aleutian Canada geese on
Buldir Island. USFWS. Adak, AK. 110 pp.
22 Murie, O.J. 1959. Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska
Peninsula. USFWS. N. Am. Fauna No. 61. 364 pp.
23 Nelson, E.W. 1883. Birds of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean.
Pages 55-118 In: Cruise of the revenue-steamer "Corwin" in Alaska
and the N.W. Arctic Ocean. James Anglin and Lo., Washington. 120
pp.
24 Jochelson, W. 1933. History, ethnology, and anthropology of the
Aleut. Carnegie Institute, Washington, D.C. Publ. 432. 91 pp.
25 Kuroda, N. 1939. Geese and Ducks of the World (in Japanese) 4to,
Tokyo. 121 pp.
26 Kurechi, M. 1985. Personal comm. 4-1 Nankodai 5, Izuimi, Miyazi
983, Japan.
27 Grinnell, J., H.D. Bryant and T.I. Storer. 1918. The Game Birds
of California. Univ. CA Press, Berkeley. 642 pp.
28 Heerman, A.L. 1859. Page 67 In: Reports of explorations and
survey to ascertain the most practical and economical route for a
railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Vol. 10,
Secy. War, 33rd Congress, 2nd session. Senate Ex. Doc. No. 78.
29 Bailey, E.P. and J.L. Trapp. 1984. A record wild breeding
population of the Aleutian Canada goose. Am. Birds 38:284-286.
30 Deines, F.G. and B. Willging. 1984. Aleutian Canada Goose survey
at Agattu Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, spring 1984. Alaska
Maritime NWR, Adak, AK. 16 pp.
31 Zeillemaker, C.F. 1985. Personal communication. Alaska Maritime
NWR, Adak, AK.
32 Zeillemaker, C.F. and J.L. Trapp. 1984. Aleutian Canada goose
survey at Alaid and Nizki Islands, Near Island Group, Aleutian
Islands, Alaska, spring 1984. Alaska Maritime NWR, Adak, AK. 7 pp.
33 Shields, G.F. 1985. Personel communication. Inst. Artic Biol.,
Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, AK.
34 Nelson, E.T., P.F. Springer and D.R. Yparragiurre. 1984.
Population, distribution and ecology of the Aleutian Canada geese
on their migration and wintering areas, 1983-84. USFWS, Humboldt
References - 5 (DRAFT) - References
Species GOOSE, CANADA, ALEUTIAN
Species Id ESIS107001
Date 14 MAR 96
State Univ., Arcota, CA. 31 pp.
35 Hofmann, P.S., P.F. Springer and M.A. Gregg. 1985. Population,
distribution and ecology of the Aleutian Canada geese on their
migration and wintering areas, 1984-85. CA Dept. of Fish and Game,
Sacramento. 43 pp.
36 Greeg, M.A. and T.M. Eckhardt. 1986. Population, distribution and
ecology of the Aleutian Canada geese on their migration and
wintering areas. Quarterly Rept., Oct. 1985-Jan. 1986. Humboldt
State Univ. 11 pp.
37 Hansen, H.A. and H.K. Nelson. 1964. Honkers large and small. Pp
109-124 In: J.P. Linduska (ed.), waterfowl tomorrow. USFWS.
770 pp.
References - 6