(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
OTHER COMMON NAMES - IGUANA, GROUND, MONA ISLAND;IGUANA, GROUND, MONA; IGUANA, ROCK; IGUANA, ROCK and HISPANIOLAN
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Reptiles
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - REPTILIA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - SQUAMATA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - IGUANIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - CYCLURA,
SPECIES AND SSP - STEJNEGERI,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - CYCLURA STEJNEGERI
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Mona Ground Iguana
Cyclura stejnegeri (Barbour and Noble, 1916)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Reptile
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Reptilia
ORDER: Squamata FAMILY: Iguanidae
The Mona Island ground iguana, Cyclura stejnegeri, is the largest
of the terrestrial lizards of Puerto Rico, adults growing to about 3
to 4 feet in total length (03,02,01,04). The body is heavy, the head
large, and the tail is stout and compressed (03). A large jowl under
the angle of the jaw is present especially in large individuals (01,
03). A large median dewlap joins posteriorly a strong transverse
fold (01,03). There is a small median frontal horn on the snout (01,
03). Along the median line of the neck and back, a series of
enlarged strongly keeled scales froms a low serrated crest, reduced
between the shoulders (01,03,02). The general color of the adult is
olive or olive gray, sometimes with brown and/or blue hues. Unlike
the adults, young are patterned dorsally with pale bands edged with
dark gray on a background of gray or brown (03).
The species is considered by some a subspecies of Cyclura
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
cornuta, the rhinoceros iguana of Hispaniola (02,05,06,03). Others
hold that the differences in scalation (04,02,01) make the Mona
Cyclura atypical from the specimens of C. cornuta from Haiti (01,02,
07) and perhaps distinct at the species level. The characters
considered to distinguish the Mona Cyclura from the Hispaniolan
counterpart are the absence of an interclary row of scales between
rosteral and nasals, and a double row of scales between the median and
frontal horn and the last one of the prefrontal shields or horns (02,
01). Nonetheless, some specimens from unknown localities (not
attributed to Mona Island) share some scalation characters, leaving
the taxonomic situation somewhat unresolved (02). All authors past
and present agree that the two forms (i.e., Mona Island and
Hispaniola) of Cyclura are closely related, but how far they have
diverged in evolutionary time, presumably at least 10,000 years, is
still an open question (08).
The synonyms found in literature for the Mona Cyclura are
explained by the above. The following are included: Metopoceros
cornutus Meerwarth, 1901; Cyclura cornuta Stejneger, 1904; Cyclura
stejnegeri Barbour and Noble, 1916; and Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri
Barbour, 1937; (01,02,03,06,07,08,09).
Useful material for species identification such as subspecies
photographs or references to descriptions can be found in the
following localities: U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. (i.e.
USNM 29365-29367,29642); Zoological Garden of London, Great Britain;
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachussetts; Dr. J.A. Rivero, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez
Campus, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico; and Dr. T.A. Wiewandt.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Puerto Rico; State Listed
T: Federal Threatened
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Mona ground iguana (Cyclura stejnegeri) has been designated
a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including
Mona Island, approximately 43 miles west of western Puerto Rico.
Designated Critical Habitat for the species is Mona Island, PR
(50 CFR, Sec. 17.95(c)).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
DESIGNATED STATUS: Threatened with Critical Habitat (Mona Is.)
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Department of Natural Resources
STATUTE: Regulation to Govern the Management of Threatened and
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
Endangered Species in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico,
1985
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The Mona iguana is included on Appendix II of the Convention on
the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) under higher
taxa listing all species of the family Iguanidae.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
No commercial utilization and minimal human contact with the
species because of its remote range and secretive habits.
77/02/22:42 FR 10462/10488 - Implementation of CITIES
77/05/26:42 FR 27003/27007 - Proposed rule, Threat w/ Critical Habitat
78/02/03:42 FR 04618/04621 - Final rule, Threatened w/ Critical Hab
83/12/08:48 FR 55100/55102 - Five year review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Mixed Forest Land
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Mona Island ground iguana, Cyclura stejnegeri, is endemic to
Mona Island. Mona Island is flat and cavernous, with a substrate of
limestone and dolomite, and a subtropical dry climate (08). About 90
percent of its surface is a conspicuously homogeneous plateau
environment dominated by a short-tree forest (81 percent) and shrub
(19 percent) communities (08). Vegetation types included in the
species range are: Semi-evergreen seasonal forest, seasonal deciduous
woodland, evergreen littoral woodland, semi-evergreen seasonal
woodland, and a plantation (15).
The population of iguanas is sparse and distributed island-wide,
with talus slopes and sinkhole depressions being preferred habitats
(08). Census counts taken when iguanas were active, and during all
seasons (except for the nesting season) revealed no spatial
segregation between juveniles and adults or between males and females
(08). Iguanas were encountered more often on the plateau, and
especially so along major escarpments and cliffside talus slopes (3-4
times as common). In contrast, iguanas were rare on the southwestern
coastal plain, except during the nesting season (08). Increased use
of the southwest coastal plain is explained by the fact that the area
provides suitable loose sandy soil and areas exposed to the sun,
essential requirements for successful nesting, incubation, hatching
and emergence (08). Less than 1 percent of Mona Island is suitable
for nesting.
Iguanas spend a significant portion of their lives underground,
at their preferred sites. Natural cavities or crevices in the
limestone are used as retreats (08). Such are very important to the
iguana because they potentially benefit the species by providing
protection from predators (i.e., juvenile iguanas), escape from
pursuit by conspecifics, and an option to avoid environmental extremes
(08). These retreats (i.e., resting sites) are usually within 1.5 m
of the surface. Parameters measured for retreats during a three day
period indicate humidity fluctuates between 76-91 percent and
temperature remains nearly constant between 22.8 C and 23.3 C (08).
Measurements taken during consecutive months showed retreat (cave)
temperature varied through a 7.0 C range (23.0 C-30.0 C),
approximately half the expected annual fluctuation in ambient
temperature (08).
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Poaceae
General Forb Leaves/Stems
General Deciduous Shrubs-Leaves/Twigs
General Evergreen Shrubs-Leaves/Twigs
General Cactaceae
General Deciduous Trees-Leaves/Twigs
General Coniferae
General Lianas-Leaves/Twigs
General Arthropods
General Crustaceans
General Molluscs
General Forb Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Evergreen Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Cactus-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Deciduous Trees-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Evergreen Trees-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
General Lianas-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Terrestrial Features: Caves, dry
G Terrestrial Features: Depressions
G Terrestrial Features: Talus
G Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Notes in the literature suggest that all cycluran iguanas are
omnivorous herbivores (14:in 08). This has been verified for the Mona
ground iguana. A total of 71 plant species and less than a dozen
animal species are found in the adult iguanas diet (08). Grasses,
sedges, cacti, and the leaves of most abundant shrubs and trees on
Mona Island are poorly represented in the diet (08). Leaf types
appearing consistently in samples were Capparis flexuosa, a woody
liana/shrub, and two legumes, Centrosema virginiana and Galactia
dubia, both herbaceous vines with thin leaves (08). Of the 12 species
eaten in greatest quantity and with regularity, 58 percent fall in the
grass, herb or succulent categories (08). Wiewandt (08) found that
fruit is important in the iguanas diet. When fruits were available,
they were taken to the near exclusion of leaves (08).
Considerable variability exist in digestive efficiency. Leaves
least altered physically by the digestive process were those of most
trees and shrubs. Leaves of herbs observed to be taken by iguanas
never appeared in fecal samples. Plant parts that appear to be well
assimilated were fruits and flower petals (08).
Mona iguanas are opportunistic in their feeding behavior, thus
their diet varies with geographic and seasonal differences in the
character of the islands plant communities (08). Samples taken at one
sinkhole depression (i.e., La Bajurita) reflected pronounced seasonal
changes in availability of flowers, fruits, and caterpillars (08).
Seasonal fruit availability affects the distribution and density of
iguanas on Mona. Density of iguanas on a census route roughly tripled
during the fruiting season of a popular food item, the manchineel
tree, Hippomane mancinella (08). A list of important food items and
food parts can be found in: (08).
The Mona Cyclura devotes little time and energy to foraging. The
only animal foods eaten are those that are easy to catch (08).
Animal foods of apparently greatest significance to the iguanas are
large, slow-moving insects found on the ground and that undergo
periodic population explosions (04). The most marked cycle observed
was that of a large sphingid moth, Pseudosphinx tetrio, whose larvae
are host-specific on Mona to the arborescent shrub Plumeria obtusa or
frangipani (08).
The diet of juvenile Mona iguanas is very similar to that of the
adults except for expected differences in size of food items eaten and
the preponderance of herbaceous plants (08). Eight of the nine genera
of plants eaten are herbaceous and the ninth is a succulent shrub.
Flowers of three species not also found in the diet of adults are
taken: Chamaesyce anegadensis, Pilea microphylla, and Gossypuim
barbadense (08).
In spite of their seasonality, fruits predominate in importance
to the Mona iguana population, and are assuredly the principal plant
foods contributing towards growth, reproduction, and fat reserves.
Their selection of plant foods do not occur by chance. Their diet
strongly favors items that are relatively low in cellulose, low in
aromatic compounds, and easily obtained (08).
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
The Mona iguana is territorial. Such behavior occurs at and is
centered on: 1) Mating sites, which are retreat-focused and defended
by males against males in competition for access to females; 2)
Retreats, which are defended year-round by juveniles and females
against others of their own size and/or sex; and 3) Nest sites, which
are defended by females against females during the nesting season
while guarding holes or completed nests (08).
Territoriality is manifested in the Mona iguana by advertisement
and threat or attack during social encounters. Head movement displays
are part of the behavioral repertoire and appear during advertisement,
threat, assertion (i.e., individuals in close proximity), and a high
level of excitement (i.e., defense of a retreat, a nest hole, and
courting males) situations (08). Fighting is common during the
defense of a territory, especially between males. Fights among adult
males are highly formalized tests of strength, which include face-to-
face pushing matches, mouths streched wide open, and noses usually
pointed in opposite directions (08). Attacks involve lunges to bite
and tail lashing (08). Home range for the iguana seems to be defined
by "retreats" and areas close by. Daily activities normally begin and
end in close proximity to retreats, and social activity is centralized
there (08). A group of marked resident iguanas, occasionally sighted
in perpheral areas were all within 100 m of the "retreat" complex
(08). A radio tagged female iguana limited her activities to an area
not exceeding 1400 square meters in size (08). Long range movements
away from areas of residency occur when females go to the limited
nesting areas available in Mona (08). Exploratory forays afield are
not usual, considering "retreats", nest sites, and favorite food
sources are patchy in distribution on the island (08).
Territory size for 8 males at an island sinkhole depression
ranged between 32 to 252 square meters, with the largest males holding
the largest territories year round (08). The smallest territories
were near the absolute minimum in which any mating could be
accomplished without interference from neighboring males (08).
PERIODICITY:
Mona iguanas are diurnal. Year round these diurnal lizards pass
most of the day resting motionless conserving energy and water (08).
Activity is sporadic, possibly optimizing foraging efficiency while
minimizing intraspecific strife (08). The extremely slow pace of the
iguanas life-style is broken only during the breeding and nesting
seasons (08).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
In the general sense of the word, the species is non-migratory,
as movements do not extend outside the island limits. Long range
movements do occur and are associated with the nesting season.
Nesting habitats, where surface soils are adequately deep and suitable
are few on Mona Island. Thus, gravid females may migrate appreciable
distances to reach favorable nesting areas (08). Distances covered
vary according to the females "retreat" residence location from
adequate nesting habitat. Distances covered are not mentioned in the
literature. Choice of migration route is probably limited by
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
individual experience (08).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Natural cavities or crevices in the limestone are used as
"retreats" (shelter) and are occupied individually or shared
communally (08). The size of these "retreats" permit the occupant
to lie in a nearly horizontal position on bare rock 1-2 m inside the
entrance, which is often little wider than the animal itself (08).
Retreats on Mona are never dug by iguanas, although some enlarge
existing crevices by clearing away soil accumulated beneath boulders
or outcrops (08). Iguanas frequenting caves use sinkhole rubble or
stalagmites as shelters (08). Understory vegetation is important for
cover and as a potential food source. Secondary growth and
accumulated debris in some areas can function as protective cover
offering shelter to nesting females (08).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Reproductive activities occur in areas contiguous to retreats
within the males' territories (08). Courtship and mating occur there.
The shrubby undergrowth around retreats serve as cover, in spite of
the open canopy forest of short, slow-growing trees that cover most
(86 percent) of Mona Islands plateau (08). Nesting occurs on areas
providing loose soil (i.e., sand) with direct exposure to the sun (04,
08). Nesting areas are limited mainly to the southwest coastal plain
and a few sinkhole depressions (08). Females are often gregarious at
these sites during the nesting season. This occurs because less than
1 percent of Mona provides suitable areas (08). Migration must then
occur from areas of residency to adequate nesting sites (08).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Mona iguanas have only one reproductive period per year. The
breeding season starts by the second week of June and ends by mid
July. Territories are established well before the season starts with
males using two strategies. The long term strategy involves year
round territorial defense while the short term strategy involves the
establishment of territories shortly before the breeding season,
and defending them for a month or less. Usually only males holding
territories are successful at courtship and mating.
Sexual maturity is reached by males in their third or fourth year
at a size of 28-31 cm snout-vent (suggested by data on captive
juveniles). Female Mona iguanas apparently attain sexual maturity
when they reach 35-40 cm snout-vent length, ussually by their fourth
or fifth year. Females may not enter the breeding population before
their sixth or seventh year if previous years are unfavorable for
growth.
Females are receptive during the breeding season and will mate
with one or several males. Thus, multiple inseminations by different
males are common. Nonetheless, females frequenting or residing
within a "long term" held territory might seek or stay within its
domain when she becomes receptive. Copulations can be as brief as 15
seconds, or as long as 2 min 15 seconds. Although there is no
satisfactory terminology to describe their complex reproductive
system, the respurce defense polygyny term is applicable.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
Nesting is highly synchronous from year to year, consisting of a
period of two weeks begining in mid July. Onset and decline of such
is accordingly abrupt. Females apparently nest each year. Nests are
dug on areas that provide loose soil with exposure to the sun.
Typically, 12 large (2 in by 3 in) soft shelled eggs are laid at the
end of a burrow 2 to 5 feet long and 1 to 2 feet below the surface.
The female then carefully refills the passage, obliterates the
entrance, and, because of their communal nesting habit, may remain at
the site for several days to defend it from other females searching
for a place to dig. Eggs hatch about three months after being laid.
Nesting areas are used repeatedly (08).
PARENTAL CARE:
Mona iguanas exhibit nest guarding behavior. Females guard their
nests after completed (i.e., digging, laying, and covering) for at
least one day (avg. 3.4 days, max. 10 days) by returning to patrol the
site (08). Extended guarding behavior undoubtedly prevents much of
the egg mortality that would otherwise occur through interspecific
competition, but does not eliminate it all. During guarding, females
are extremely aggressive towards intruders (08). No parental care
occurs when hatchlings emerge (08).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
The Mona iguana is a long lived species and nests once a year.
Clutch size is small, and juveniles are slow growing and late maturing
(08). They have no predators as adults although they are highly
vulnerable as juveniles. Their demographic traits makes them
particularly susceptible to disturbance, therefore recovery potential
is inherently slow (08).
Present low iguana density and inadequate representation of
juveniles is attributed to: (1) predation from introduced mammals
(i.e., cats); and (2) a history of disturbance to significant nesting
areas. Nesting sites are a limiting factor as less than 1 percent of
Mona Island's surface area is suitable. Predominantly herbivorous,
the species may be competing for similar food items with an introduced
mammal species (i.e., goats) (08). Sex ratio of the iguana appears to
be nearly equal as suggested by counts in a study area (08).
Present population density estimates suggest the population
numbers from 2000 (conservative) to 4000 (liberal) (08). No other
population parameter can be discussed at this time given the
information available.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Potential predators of juvenile iguanas on Mona Island include:
sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis);
and domestic cats (Felis domesticus). Feral pigs prey upon Mona
iguana eggs as was documented during the summers of 1972-1974 (08).
Potential competitors of iguanas at several age classes include
goats (Capra hircus). Their effect on the species could be direct
by depleting similar food items, or indirect by degrading
(overbrowsing) plant communities on which the iguana depends (08).
Signs of such damage are evident in Mona's plateau forest and shrub
communities (08).
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
Parasites of Cyclura stejnegeri include ticks (Amblyoma
cruciferum), mites, flies (Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, and
Tabanidae), a deer fly (Stenotabanus stigma), and two nemotodes
(Atractidae, and an unidentified species) (08).
A symbiont of the Mona iguana is the terrestrial hermit crab
(Coenobita clypeatus). The feces of the iguana are picked apart and
used as food (08).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
No other life descriptor can be included at this time.
Life History - 5 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Hiking/Camping
Existing Hiking/Camping
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Present status of the Mona ground iguana is the result of the
combined effects of predation and competition from introduced
mammals, a history of disturbance to the few significant nesting
areas, and alteration (with consequent reduction) of the original
nesting habitat on Mona Island (08).
In Pre-Columbian times the species may have been under hunting
pressure by the natives inhabiting the island. The literature
reveals that other species of Cyclura from the West Indies, some of
them extinct now, were indeed used as food by Pre-Columbian Indians
(04,10-13) and modern man (07).
Man has clearly been the prime cause for the demise of Cyclurans,
either directly through hunting or indirectly by giving domestic
animals free range, importing exotic predators, or otherwise modifying
critical aspects of the lizards natural habitat (08).
Future threats to the survival of Cyclura stejnegeri include
intensive recreational use of Mona Island, continued disturbance of
significant nesting habitats, inadequate protection of important
areas, interuption of sensitive periods of the species life cycle, and
the increase in, and inadequate control measures of, introduced mammal
populations on Mona Island (08).
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery Plan for the Mona
Ground Iguana (Cyclura stejnegeri). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Atlanta, GA. 22 pp.
Management actions recommended for recovery include:
(1) Determining status of present population
(2) Controlling/removing exotic vertebrates
(3) Controlling/removing domestic animals
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
(4) Controlling/restricting development
(5) Continuing protection of habitat
(6) Continuing protection of present population
(7) Limiting human access
Research on feral goats is underway; protection of habitat is
ongoing; and protection of the present population incidental to other
natural resource law enforcement activities on Mona is ongoing.
No direct recovery work is being done on the Mona ground iguana at
this time.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Schmidt, K.P. 1928. Amphibians and land reptiles of Puerto Rico,
with a list of those reported from the Virgin Islands. N.Y. Acad.
of Sci. Scient. Survey of P.R. and V.I., 10:1-160.
02 Stejneger, L. 1904. The herpetology of Puerto Rico. Rept. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 1902; 549-724.
03 Rivero, J.A. 1978. Los anfibios y reptiles de Puerto Rico.
Universidad de Puerto Rico, Editorial Universitaria, Mayaguez,
Puerto Rico. 152p. 49 plates.
04 Wiewandt, T.A. 1973. Mona amphibians, reptiles and mammals. In:
Junta de Calidad Ambiental de Puerto Rico. Isla Mona, Vol. 2,
Appendice L; 1-13.
05 Schwartz, A. and R. Thomas. 1975. A check-list of West Indian
amphibians and reptiles. Carnegie Mus. Natur. Hist., Spec. Publ.
(1):1-216.
06 Barbour, T. 1937. Third llist of Antillean reptiles and
amphibians. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 82(2):77-166.
07 Barbour, T. and G.K. Noble. 1916. A revision of the lizards of
genus Cyclura. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 60:139-164, Pls.1-15.
08 Wiewandt, T.A. 1977. Ecology, behavior, and management of the
Mona Island ground iguana Cyclura stejnegeri. Ph.D. Thesis.
Cornell University. 330p.
09 Meerwarth, H. 1901. Die westindischen reptilien und batrachier
des Naturhistorischen Museums in hamburg. Mitt. Naturh. Mus.
Hamburg. 18:1-41, and 2 pls.
10 Miller, G.S. 1918. Mammals and reptiles collected by Theodore de
Booy in the Virgin Islands. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 54:507-511.
11 Auffenberg, W. 1975. The dragon isles: West Indian rock iguanas.
Bahamas Naturalist. 1:2-7.
12 Morrison, S.E. 1942. Admiral of the ocean sea; a life of
Christopher Columbus. Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.
13 Woodley, J.D. 1971. The Jamaican ground iguana in Hellshire, pp.
127-133. In: Hellshire Hills Sci. Sur., 1970. J.D. Woodley (ed.)
Univ. West Indies, Inst. Jamaica, Kingston.
14 Carey, W.M. 1975. The rock iguana, Cyclura pinguis, on Anegada
British Virgin Islands, with notes on Cyclura ricordii and Cyclura
cornuta on Hispaniola. Bull. Fla. State Mus., Biol. Sci. 9(4):
189-233.
15 Beard, J.S. 1955. The classification of tropical american
vegetation types. Ecology. 36(1):89-100.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Stejneger, L. 1904. The herpetology of Puerto Rico. Rept. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 1902; 549-724.
02 Schmidt, K.P. 1928. Amphibians and land reptiles of Puerto Rico,
with a list of those reported from the Virgin Islands. N.Y. Acad.
of Sci. Scient. Survey of P.R. and V.I., 10:1-160.
03 Rivero, J.A. 1978. Los anfibios y reptiles de Puerto Rico.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species IGUANA, GROUND, MONA
Species Id ESIS154008
Date 14 MAR 96
Universidad de Puerto Rico, Editorial Universitaria, Mayaguez,
Puerto Rico. 152p. 49 plates.
04 Schwartz, A. and R. Thomas. 1975. A check-list of West Indian
amphibians and reptiles. Carnegie Mus. Natur. Hist., Spec. Publ.
(1):1-216.
05 Wiewandt, T.A. 1973. Mona amphibians, reptiles and mammals. In:
Junta de Calidad Ambiental de Puerto Rico. Isla Mona, Vol. 2,
Appendice L; 1-13.
06 Schmidt, K.P. 1926. The amphibians and reptiles of Mona Island,
West Indies. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., 12(12):149-163.
07 Wiewandt, T.A. 1977. Ecology, behavior, and management of the
Mona Island ground iguana Cyclura stejnegeri. Ph.D. Thesis.
Cornell University. 330p.
08 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered Species
Technical Bulletin. Nov.-Dec. 5(2):1-12.
References - 2