(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
OTHER COMMON NAMES - TURTLE, RED-BELLIED and ALABAMA; RED-BELLY
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Reptiles
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - REPTILIA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - TESTUDINES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - EMYDIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - PSEUDEMYS,
SPECIES AND SSP - ALABAMENSIS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - PSEUDEMYS ALABAMENSIS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Alabama Red-bellied Turtle
Pseudemys alabamensis Baur, 1893
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Reptile
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Reptilia
ORDER: Testudines FAMILY: Emydidae
The Alabama red-bellied turtle is a large (20-25 cm or 8-10 inch
carapace length), freshwater, herbivorous turtle, normally with an
orange to reddish plastron and a prominent notch at the tip of the
upper jaw, bordered on either side by a toothlike cusp. The elongated
carapace is highly arched and elevated along the mid-line; its highest
point is often anterior to the mid-body where the carapace is widest.
The carapace is brown to olive, with yellow, orange, or reddish
streaks and mottling that form distinct, light vertical bars on the
pleural scutes. The skin is olive to black with yellow to light
orange stripes.
Characteristics most useful in distinguishing this species from
other members of its genus in the Southeast include the number and
configuration of stripes on the head (01,02,03). The Alabama
red-bellied turtle has more stripes than the Florida red-bellied
turtle, and both the former and latter have a prefrontal arrow which
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
is normally absent in the river cooter (Pseudemys concinna) and the
cooter (Pseudemys floridana). Arching of the shell, and the presence
of a notch with prominent cusps also distinguish the Alabama
red-bellied turtle from the river cooter and the cooter; cusps and
shell arching are normally absent in the latter two species.
Although recognized as distinct as early as 1856 (04), the
Alabama red-bellied turtle was not formally described until 1893 (05)
(noted as Ptchemys mobiliensis), when the species was described from
type specimens from Mobile Bay in the Gustav Kohn collection (now in
the National Museum of Natural History, Wash., D.C.). The Alabama
red-bellied turtle is considered to be a valid species by Carr and
Crenshaw (06), Mount (02), McCoy and Vogt (07), Pritchard (08), Ward
(09), and Dobie (03). Another scientific name given to this species
is Chrysemys alabamensis. Another common name is the red-belly (16).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Alabama; Federal Endangered
Alabama; State Listed
Alabama; Unofficially Listed
E: Federal Endangered
Commercial
Commercial/consumption
Game (Consumptive Recreational)
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Alabama red-bellied turtle (Pseudemys alabamensis) has been
designated as Endangered pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of
1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
State of Alabama.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Alabama
DESIGNATED STATUS: Nongame Wildlife Species
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Alabama Div. of Game and Fish
STATE STATUTE: Alabama Game and Fish Code 87-GF-7.
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Threatened, Mount. 1986. Vertebrate animals
of Alabama in need of Special Attention. AL
Agr. Expt. Sta., Auburn Univ. 124 pp.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The IUCN lists the Alabama red-bellied turtle as indeterminate,
1982.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
Alabama red-bellied turtles and their eggs have historically
served as a minor food source for man, however, their small numbers in
comparison to the large number of turtles of other species indicates
that they probably were never a major food resource, Dobie (03)
reported that residents in the vicinity of the known nesting habitat
of this turtle spent several days a year gathering and eating turtle
eggs. This practice has apparently declined in response to decreases
in the number of nesting females and eggs.
Some Alabama red-bellied turtles have been trapped and sold as
pets and food. Headlights and dip nets have been used to collect
turtles in weed beds during warm months, especially for obtaining
turtles for the pet trade. Pet dealers have advertised this species
for up to twenty-five dollars per turtle. Trawling has been used to
obtain winter estivating turtles for sale as food. In addition,
Alabama red-bellied turtles are incidentally harvested by commercial
fishermen and shrimpers in gill, hoop, and trammel nets, and crab
traps.
77/06/06:42 FR 28903/ - Notice of Review
85/09/18:50 FR 37958/37967 - Notice of Review
86/07/08:51 FR 24727/24731 - Proposal for listing as Threatened
87/06/16:52 FR 22939/22943 - Final listing as Endangered no Crit. Hab.
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
COASTAL
LAND USE -
Streams and Canals
Bays and Estuaries
Forested Wetland
Nonforested Wetland
Beaches
Sandy Areas other than Beaches
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, tidal AB2
Riverine, tidal AB1
Estuarine, intertidal EM5
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Alabama red-bellied turtle inhabits the lower part of the
floodplain of the Mobile River System in Baldwin and Mobile Counties,
Alabama. The turtle occurs in greatest numbers in the backwater
areas of bays between Interstate Highway 10 and U.S. Highway 90 and
north of Highway 90. Water depth in these bay backwaters is
1-2 meters (3.3 - 6.6 feet), and these areas have extensive beds of
submerged and emergent aquatic vegetation. These broad, vegetated
expanses of shallows are considered to be the principal habitat of
this species (03,07). Dobie (03) suggested that dense beds of aquatic
vegetation provide turtles with substrate for basking (these turtles
are heliothermic) and predator avoidance, in addition to food. This
turtle is believed to repeatedly nest in only one area, a sand beach
area on an island spoil bank, although Dobie (03) suggested that the
species may periodically nest along embankments of the causeway across
Mobile Bay. The turtle may nest on the natural river levee at the
edge of wooded swamp and destruction of this wooded swamp would likely
result in erosion of this natural levee. This would eliminate one
area where the turtle may nest (15).
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
HERBIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General
General Floating aquat. plant
General Vascular Plants-Submerged Nonwoody
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Sandy offshore islands
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
No data are available on the specific food items consumed by
Pseudemys alabamensis (Alabama red-bellied turtle). However, Dobie
(03) reports that "over the course of several years study on
alabamensis, I have not found any 'gut' contents in alabamensis other
than vegetation. The aquatic plants serving as the primary food item
for alabamensis are found along the rivers, creeks, and bayous, and in
the bays north of U.S. Highway 90."
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Unknown.
PERIODICITY:
This is a diurnal species. The females are nocturnal during egg
laying season. The young probably emerge at night but are primarily
diurnal.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
This species is non-migratory.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
The Alabama red-bellied turtle utilizes floating mats of
vegetation for cover. Nest sites are placed on sand beaches and
natural river levees (03).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
The Alabama red-bellied turtle nests on sand beaches and natural
levees.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Clutch sizes observed in 1985 by Weisberger (10) ranged from 4 to
9 eggs (average of 6, which is low when compared to other Pseudemys).
PARENTAL CARE:
No parental care is provided.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Total population size of this species is poorly known. McCoy and
Vogt (07) provided the only data on relative abundance for this
turtle; they trapped 20 animals in 1008 hours of sampling
(.02 turtles/hour). Dobie (03) questioned the utility of these
relative abundance data since trapping was more opportunistic than
systematic. However, age class data suggest a declining trend in this
turtle. Dobie (14) showed a decline of young turtles in the
population between 1970 and 1983. Of the 24 individuals collected
from 1968 to 1970, 10 were juveniles and small adults, whereas only
1 of 20 collected between 1971 and 1983 was a juvenile or small adult.
Dobie (03) believed that decline in recruitment was caused mostly by
disturbance and egg predation on the known nesting area. Dobie (14)
observed 63 nests of the species on the nesting area between 1971 and
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
1983. Fourteen Alabama red-bellied turtle nests were found on the
same nesting area in the summer of 1985 (10). Clutch sizes observed
in 1985 by Weisberger (10) ranged from 4 to 9 eggs (average of 6,
which is low when compared to other Pseudemys).
More information is needed to determine how turtles use certain
micro-habitats to perform ecological functions, such as nesting,
feeding, wintering, and thermoregulation.
The Alabama red-bellied turtle is threatened primarily by human
activities on this species' only known nesting site. Dobie (03)
reported heavy use of the sand beach nesting habitat by campers on
summer holidays during times when turtles were nesting. Camp lights,
people, and noise associated with high recreational use likely reduce
nesting by the Alabama red-bellied turtle on the island. The tires of
three-wheeled vehicles which are driven over sand beaches were
observed uncovering turtle nests, resulting in dehydration, predation,
and breakage of eggs during the summer of 1985 (10). These
disturbances to nesting habitat, and predation have apparently reduced
reproductive success and recruitment since 1970. The remainder of the
turtle's habitat, the marshes and bays of the lower part of the Mobile
River System, are not as disturbed as the nesting island.
Chemical treatments of 2,4-D herbicide, aimed at reducing aquatic
vegetation (water hyacinth) in Lower Mobile area, began in the 1950's
and were limited to only a few small areas. The Corps discontinued
its program in 1978, although the State of Alabama has continued small
treatments since 1981. The Service believes that these treatments
have no significantly reduced the quality of Alabama red-bellied
turtle habitat in the area. Rather, natural phenomina, such as
movement of salt wedges up into bays during hurricanes, more likely
account for major reductions in aquatic vegetation along the Lower
Mobile Bay area.
Dobie (03) reported that residents in the vicinity of the known
nesting habitat of this turtle spent several days a year gathering and
eating turtle eggs. This practice has apparently declined in response
to decreases in the number of nesting females and egg.
Some Alabama red-bellied turtles have been trapped and sold
commercially as pets and used as food (03). Headlights and dip nets
have been used to collect turtles in weed beds during warm months,
especially for obtaining turtles for the pet trade (03). Pet dealers
have advertised this species for up to twenty-five dollars per turtle
(03). Trawling has been used to obtain winter estivating turtles for
sale as food (03). In addition, Alabama red-bellied turtles are
incidentally harvested by commercial fisherman and shrimpers in gill,
hoop, and trammel nets, and crab traps (07). When combined with
predation and physical disturbance to the nesting area, taking of this
species increases the overall precarious nature of this turtle's
future.
There is no known threat from disease. The alligator is probably
a frequent predator of red-bellied turtles as evidenced by the high
frequency of tooth scars found on the shells of young turtles (03).
Domestic pigs were released on the nesting island during the late
1960's. These pigs follow turtles from the water to nest sites where
they eat eggs and subsequent to laying (03). Domestic pigs are still
on the island, although their predation on turtle eggs has not been
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
verified in recent years.
Fish crow (Corvus ossifragus) predation appears to be one of the
main factors limiting nest success of Alabama red-bellied turtles on
the only known nesting site (03). Of nine red-bellied turtle nests
(containing 3-6 eggs each) found between May 27 and July 15, 1978,
100 percent of the eggs had been destroyed by crows (12). Similar
rates of predation were noted during the summer of 1985 (10). Fish
crows also prey upon black-knobbed sawback turtle (Graptemys
nigrinoda) nests on this island; 95 percent of the nests were
destroyed by crows during a study by Lahanas (13). Heavy predation on
Alabama red-bellied turtles is facilitated by concentration of nests
on the sand banks of the island; these natural dry sand beaches are
relatively rare within the vicinity of the island. Fire ants may also
prey upon turtle eggs, as they have been found in the nest chambers of
the Alabama red-bellied turtle.
Hurricanes may periodically reduce vegetation by forcing salt
water wedges up into bays. Historically, these losses of aquatic
vegetation probably had no permanent impact on the species; turtle
numbers were reduced in years immediately following hurricanes, but
increased as aquatic vegetation became reestablished. However, a
reduction in recruitment of young turtles since 1970, primarily due to
predation, may decrease the ability of the Alabama red-bellied turtle
to recover from catastrophic events such as hurricanes.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
As mentioned above the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is
probably a frequent predator of red-bellied turtles (03), and fish
crow (Corvus ossifragus) predation appears to be one of the main
factors limiting nest success of Alabama red-bellied turtles on the
only known nesting site, an island (03).
Floating aquatic vegetation is used for food and cover. Turtles
may lay their eggs in alligator nests, but this information in still
unconfirmed (15).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Creating Artificial Habitat/Nesting Structure
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Regulating commercial harvest levels
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Feral Animals
Adverse Subsistence Hunting/Fishing/Trapping
Existing Subsistence Hunting/Fishing/Trapping
Adverse Incidental Capturing/Killing
Existing Incidental Capturing/Killing
Adverse Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Existing Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Hiking/Camping
Existing Hiking/Camping
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The Alabama red-bellied turtle is threatened primarily by
human activities on this species' only known nesting site, an island
spoil bank. Dobie (03) reported heavy use of the sand beach nesting
habitat by campers on summer holidays during times when turtles were
nesting. Camp lights, people, and noise associated with high
recreational use likely reduce nesting by the Alabama red-bellied
turtle on the island. The tires of three-wheeled vehicles which are
driven over sand beaches were observed uncovering turtle nests,
resulting in dehydration, predation, and breakage of eggs during the
summer of 1985 (10). These disturbances to nesting habitat, and
predation, have apparently reduced reproductive success and
recruitment since 1970. Recreational use of the beach areas is very
heavy throughout the nesting season although there is no officially
designated recreational area or facility (15).
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
The remainder of the turtle's habitat, the marshes and bays of
the lower part of the Mobile River System, are not as disturbed as the
nesting island. However, Dobie (03) observed what appeared to be
areas with reduced amounts of aquatic vegetation south of Clover Leaf
Landing. He suggested that these areas had been chemically treated.
Mike Eubanks of the Mobile Office of the Corps of Engineers (Corps)
(11) indicated that the Corps and State of Alabama had treated a
limited amount of aquatic habitat with 2,4-D (a herbicide) within the
Lower Mobile Bay area. These treatments started in the 1950's and
were limited to only a few small areas. The Corps discontinued its
program in 1978, although the State of Alabama has continued small
treatments since 1981. Chemical treatments were initiated primarily
to control introduced aquatic vegetation such as water hyacinth. The
Service believes that these treatments have not significantly reduced
the quality of Alabama red-bellied turtle habitat in the area.
Rather, natural phenomena, such as movement of salt wedges up into
bays during hurricanes, more likely account for major reductions in
aquatic vegetation along the Lower Mobile Bay area. Historically,
these losses of aquatic vegetation probably had no permanent impact on
the species; turtle numbers were reduced in years immediately
following hurricanes, but increased as aquatic vegetation became
reestablished. However, a reduction in recruitment of young turtles
since 1970, primarily due to predation, may decrease the ability of
the Alabama red-bellied turtle to recover from catastrophic events
such as hurricanes. Dobie (03) reported that residents in the
vicinity of the known nesting habitat of this turtle spent several
days a year gathering and eating turtle eggs. This practice has
apparently declined in reponse to decreases in the number of nesting
females and eggs. Clutch sizes observed in 1985 by Weisberger (10)
ranged from 4 to 9 eggs (average of 6, which is low when compared to
other Pseudemys).
Some Alabama red-bellied turtles have been trapped and sold as
pets and food (03). Headlights and dip nets have been used to collect
turtles in weed beds during warm months, especially for obtaining
turtles for the pet trade (03). Pet dealers have advertised this
species for up to twenty-five dollars per turtle (03). Trawling has
been used to obtain winter estivating turtles for sale as food (03).
In addition, Alabama red-bellied turtles are incidentally harvested by
commercial fisherman and shrimpers in gill, hoop, and trammel nets,
and crab traps (07). When combined with predation and physical
disturbance to the nesting area, taking of this species increases the
overall precarious nature of this turtle's future.
There is no known threat from disease. The alligator is probably
a frequent predator of red-bellied turtles as evidenced by the high
frequency of tooth scars found on the shells of young turtles (03).
Domestic pigs were released on the nesting island during the late
1960's. These pigs follow turtles from the water to nest sites where
they eat eggs during and subsequent to laying (03). Domestic pigs are
still on the island, although their predation on turtle eggs has not
been verified in recent years.
Fish crow (Corvus ossifragus) predation appears to be one of the
main factors limiting nest success of Alabama red-bellied turtles on
the only known nesting site (03). Of nine red-bellied turtle nests
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
(containing 3-6 eggs each) found between May 27 and July 15, 1978,
100 percent of the eggs had been destroyed by crows (12). Similar
rates of predation were noted during the summer of 1985 (10). Fish
crows also prey upon black-knobbed sawback turtle (Graptemys
nigrinoda) nests on this island; 95 percent of the nests were
destroyed by crows during a study by Lahanas (13). Heavy predation on
Alabama red-bellied turtles is facilitated by concentration of nests
on the sand banks of the island; these natural dry sand beaches are
relatively rare within the vicinity of the island. Fire ants may also
prey upon turtle eggs, as they have been found in the nest chambers of
the Alabama red-bellied turtle.
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
The Alabama red-bellied turtle recovery plan is in preparation and
was available for technical review in September, 1987.
The following outline includes management actions recommended for
the recovery of the Alabama red-bellied turtle:
1. Determine population structure and status.
A. Determine sex ratio, size, and age at maturity, age structure
and survival rates by sex and age classes.
B. Assess population trends based on juvenile/adult ratio and
population indices.
C. Determine reproductive success on known nesting areas.
2. Determine habitat requirements and locate acceptable habitats.
A. Identify nesting locations.
B. Determine nesting habitat requirements.
C. Determine food and basking requirements and requirements for
overwintering.
D. Identify important feeding, basking and overwintering
habitats.
3. Study reproductive, basking, feeding, and overwintering behavior.
4. Protect the species and its habitat.
A. Obtain the assistance of local, State, and Federal law
enforcement authorites in the prevention of egg collecting and
shooting and collection of the Alabama red-bellied turtle
itself for commercial and non-commercial purposes;
B. Manage habitat for the Alabama red-bellied turtle by;
a. prohibiting human activities that are incompatible with
turtle reproduction on nesting habitat (i.e. limiting
recreational access, ORV use, development, etc.;
b. prohibit snagging in important basking areas.
c. effect coordination with appropriate agencies to prevent
destruction of food sources (aquatic vegetation) by
herbicide application;
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
d. remove feral animals such as wild pigs and native
vertebrates such as fish crow to protect nests from
predation;
e. protect and manage nesting area by cooperative agreement,
easment, or acquisition;
f. review Corps of Engineers Section 404 notices for
possible impacts on species habitat.
5. Establish additional nesting habitat.
A. Investigate feasibility of establishing additional nesting
habitat through creation of dredge-spoil islands.
B. Establish at least two additional nesting beaches on islands.
6. Conservation of the Alabama red-bellied turtle and its habitat.
A. Prepare conservation education poster.
B. Issue news release.
There are no on-going recovery actions being implemented at this time.
Management Practices - 4 (DRAFT) - References
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Ernst, C.H., and R.W. Barbour. 1972. Turtles of the United
States. Univ. Presses of Ky., Lexington. 347 pp.
02 Mount, R.H. 1975. The reptiles and amphibians of Alabama. Auburn
Univ. Agri. Exp. Sta., Auburn, AL. 347 pp.
03 Dobie, J.L. 1985. Distribution and status of the Alabama red-
bellied turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis Baur. Rept. to U.S. Fish and
Wildl. Serv., Contr. No. 14-16-0009-1546.
04 Agassiz, L. 1857. Contributions to the natural history of the
United States. Vol. 1, Little, Brown, and Co. 452 pp.
05 Baur, G. 1893. Notes on the classification and taxonomy of the
Testudinata. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 31:210-225.
06 Carr, A.F., Jr., and J.W. Crenshaw, Jr. 1957. A taxonomic
reappraisal of the turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis Baur. Bull. Fla.
State Mus. 2:25-42.
07 McCoy, C.J., and R.C. Vogt. 1979. Distribution and population
status of the Alabama red-bellied turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis.
Rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Contr. No. 14-16-0004-79-038.
08 Pritchard, P.C.H. 1979. Encyclopedia of turtles. T.F.H. Publ.,
Inc. Ltd., Neptune, NJ. 895 pp.
09 Ward, J.P. 1984. Relationships of chrysemyd turtles of North
America (Testudines:Emydidae). Special Publ. Mus. Tex. Tech. Univ.
21:1-51.
10 Weisberger, B. 1985. Pers. comm. Auburn Univ., Dept. of Zool.
and Entomology, Auburn, AL.
11 Eubanks, M. 1985. Pers. comm. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Mobile District, Mobile, AL.
12 Meany, D.B. 1979. Nesting habits of the Alabama red-bellied
turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 50:113.
13 Lahanas, P.N. 1982. Aspects of life history of the southern
black-knobbed sawback, Graptemys nigrinoda delticola Folkerts and
Mount. MS Thesis, Auburn Univ., Auburn, AL. 27 pp.
14 Dobie, J.L. 1985. Pers. knowledge and Unpubl. data. Auburn
Univ., Auburn, AL.
15 Bagley, F.M. 1987. Pers. knowledge. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Jackson, MS.
16 Mount, R.H. 1986. Vertebrate animals of Alabama in need of
special attention. Ala. Agr. Expt. Sta., Auburn Univ. 124 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Dobie, J.L. 1985. Distribution and status of the Alabama red-
bellied turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis Baur. Unpubl. Rept. to U.S.
Fish and Wildl. Serv., Contr. No. 14-16-0009-1546.
02 Mount, R.H. 1975. The reptiles and amphibians of Alabama. Auburn
Univ. Agri. Exp. Sta., Auburn, AL. 347 pp.
03 McCoy, C.J., and R.C. Vogt. 1979. Distribution and population
status of the Alabama red-bellied turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis.
Unpubl. Rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Contr. No.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species TURTLE, RED-BELLIED, ALABAMA
Species Id ESIS154013
Date 14 MAR 96
14-16-0004-79-038.
04 Bagley, F.M. 1987. Pers. knowledge. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Jackson, MS.
References - 2