(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - CHUB, BORAX LAKE
OTHER COMMON NAMES - CHUB, BORAX LAKE; CHUB and ALVORD
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CYPRINIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CYPRINIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - GILA,
SPECIES AND SSP - BORAXOBIUS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - GILA BORAXOBIUS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Borax Lake Chub
Gila boraxobius Williams and Bond, 1980
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Cypriniformes FAMILY: Cyprinidae
Gila boraxobius Williams and Bond 1980 (11), the Borax Lake chub,
is a dwarf species related to G. alvordensis, the Alvord chub, and
also has been called the Alvord chub (01). Maximum known standard
length is 92.7 mm, but adults typically range between 33-50 SL. The
body is robust, its depth 0.214 - 0.331 SL and width 0.144 - 0.197 SL.
The head is relatively long (0.280 - 0.357 SL) and wide (0.157 - 0.201
SL). The head is noticeably concave in profile, and the mouth
oblique, in specimens over 40 mm. The eye is relatively large, the
orbit length is 0.48 - 0.79 SL. The caudal peduncle is 0.92 - 0.122
SL (11).
Pharyngeal teath are uniserial, typically 5,4; gill rakers are
short and average about 20, ranging from 18 to 22. Fin ray counts,
given as range with mean in parentheses, are: dorsal 7-8 (7.2); anal
7-8 (7.1); left pelvic 7-9 (7.9); left pectoral 12-15 (14.1); caudal
18-20 (18.9). Scales have radii in all fields. The lateral line is
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
reduced, usually extending to below dorsal fin. Lateral line pores
range from 2 to 43, mean 13.2. The number of scales around the caudal
peduncle averages 32.1. Vertebral counts are: precaudal 19-21 (19.8);
caudal 16-19 (17.7); total 37-39 (37.6) (11).
Color of the upper part of head and body is olive green set with
numerous small melanophores that extend nearly to the ventral surface.
A dark line extends along the dorsal midline of the body. In
preservation, an uneven row of large melanophores, seldom evident in
life, appears along each side of the dorsal midline in some specimens.
Purple iridescence is usually seen on the sides of live individuals.
Fins are clear but have melanophores along the rays of the dorsal,
caudal, the upper four rays of the pectorals, and occasionally the
anal (11).
C.L. Hubbs and R.R. Miller (05) initially referred to the Borax
Lake chub as Siphateles sp., considering it conspecific with the chub
in streams and ponds of the Alvord Basin (05). They later (1972)
applied the name Gila alvordensis to the chub populations in Trout
Creek and Borax Lake (06). Bond (01) followed Hubbs and Miller in
referring to the species as Gila alvordensis Hubbs and Miller 1972,
but later noted specific differences, especially in large specimens.
Upon examining specimens of 60 to 93 SL, C.L. Hubbs agreed that the
Borax Lake population was specifically distinct. The species was then
described and named by Williams and Bond (11). The Anadarko
Production Company, holder of leases for geothermal exploration in the
area, in comments to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, expressed the
view that there was insufficient evidence to consider the species
distinct from G. alvordensis (11). However, recent authors agree in
its rank as a separate species, G. boraxobius.
Type specimens of Gila boraxobius are distributed as follows:
Holotype at Univ. of Michigan Mus. of Zoology (UMMZ), male,
UMMZ 203329, 50.6 mm SL; Paratopotypes UMMZ 203330, 114 specimens
(14.3 - 68.3 mm SL); Oregon State University (OS) OS 4137, 12
(34.1 - 90.4); OS 4138, 182 (25.8 - 61.8) (11)*. There are color
slides of the species on file at Oregon State Univ. A color
photograph has been published (04) and a figure of the holotype is
part of the original description (11). The species is described in
the Ph.D. dissertation of J.E. Williams (10).
*Eight specimens from OS 4128 are now in the fish collection at
Tulane University as TU 116232 (03).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Borax Lake chub (Gila boraxobius) has been designated an
Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including
the State of Oregon. Critical Habitat has been designated in
Harney County, OR and includes 640 acres in T37S, R33E including Borax
Lake, marsh areas to the south and southwest, Lower Borax Lake and hot
springs north of Borax Lake (50 CFR 17.95(e)).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Oregon
DESIGNATED STATUS: Protected and Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Department of Fish and Wildlife
STATE STATUTE: Oregon Administrative Rules 635-11-160,
635-44-130; Oregon Revised Statutes 498.026.
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Endangered, IN: Natural Heritage Council's
List of Rare and Endangered Species.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The Borax Lake chub is listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data
Book, Vol. 4, Pisces (1977) under the scientific name Gila
alvordensis.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None.
80/05/20:45 FR 35821/35823 - Emergency rule
80/10/16:45 FR 68886/68888 - Proposed listing
82/10/02:47 FR 43957/43962 - Final rule, Endangered w/ CH
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Herbaceous Rangeland
Lakes
Nonforested Wetland
Mixed Barren Land
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Lacustrine, littoral BB2
Lacustrine, littoral BB1
Palustrine EM1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The permanent habitat of the Borax Lake chub is a 10.2 acre
thermal lake that sits about 30 feet above the desert floor in a
"pedestal" of deposited salts. The saline lake bottom is inhospitable
to rooted plants, although some of the precipitated minerals are
finely divided and silt-like. A few higher plants (Eleocharis sp.,
grasses) grow in spots along the lake margin (02). Diatoms of the
genera Achnanthes, Denticula, Navicula and Synedra encrust the hard
bottom materials or drift as plankton (02). Chara sp. is present in
the lake. Water in Borax Lake is clear (08) and fed by hot and cool
springs that issue from a fault on the lake bottom. Irrigation
channels have been dug from the lake to supply water for hay fields
and the chub may be found in these channels. Borax Lake has
temperatures ranging to over 35 degrees C, but the Borax Lake chub
avoids water of about 34 degrees C and, in laboratory tests, lost
equilibrium in water of 34.5 degrees C. The chubs usually are found
in water of 29-32 degrees C (12). The pH of the lake is 7.4 and the
specific conductance is 2410 micro mhos/cm. Sodium is the principal
cation, and the main anions are bicarbonate, sulfate, and chloride
(07).
A ditch exists on the southwest rim of Borax Lake, which fills
Lower Borax Lake. Check dams have been installed to reduce flow.
Side channels have been created in an effort to flood marshland
southwest of Borax Lake to increase habitat (surrounding land is
leased for grazing).
The chub is found in Lower Borax Lake when this artificial pond
has water in it. This is a highly alkaline habitat with murky water
and little vegetation, having been constructed on a salt flat.
If enough overflow water is received, marshes and temporary pools
provide habitat for the chub. There is beach-like habitat along the
lake edge near which the chub may be found. The pools are colonized
by Chara sp. and Potamogeton pectinatus. Scirpus acutus is the
dominant plant in the marsh (08).
In Lower Borax Lake, the chub is known to exist in water that
is more alkaline and turbid than that of Borax Lake (08).
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Algae
General Vascular Plants-Submerged Nonwoody
General Zooplankton
General Crustaceans
General Molluscs
General Worms
General Diatoms
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
The food habits of Gila boraxobius were studied by J.E. Williams
and C.D. Williams (02). The following is extracted from their report.
The Borax Lake chub is an opportunistic omnivore. Individuals
usually exploit a single source to satiation, so that in many
instances fish in a single sample had mainly one food, different from
that eaten by others, dominating in the intestinal contents. Food
habits of larvae have not been studied, but juveniles consume
essentially the same foods eaten by adults, although in slightly
different proportions. Terrestrial insects form 18-28 percent (by
volume) of the diet of adults in spring, summer and autumn and 2.5
percent in winter. Juveniles had from 25 to 32 percent terrestrial
insects in the diet spring, summer and fall, and 1 percent in winter.
Aquatic insects made up 28 and 22 percent of adult diets in spring and
summer, but 11 and 15 percent in autumn and winter. Aquatic insects
made up 16 to 28 percent of juvenile diets spring, summer and fall and
9 percent in winter. Inorganic debris was a prominent component of
the intestinal contents of both adults and juveniles, composing 9
percent (juveniles, summer) to 44 percent. Juveniles tended to eat
more copepods and fewer gastropods than adults, and about the same
relative amounts of ostracods, which were especially important in
winter, composing 23 percent of the volume of juvenile food and 19
percent of adult food.
Although the species feed to some extent around the clock, peak
feeding occurs just after sunset. Feeding activity is lowest shortly
after sunrise.
Food included the following groups or taxa: algae - Denticula
thermalis, Achnanthes lanceolata, A. minutissima, Navicula sp. and
Synedra sp.; gastropods - Planorbella sp., Physa sp. (rare), gastropod
eggs; haplotaxid oligochaetes; crustaceans - harpacticoid copepods,
ostracods, cladocerans; spiders; higher plants and seeds; fish scales;
inorganic debris; terrestrial insects - eggs, unidentified fragments,
Collembola, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera;
aquatic insects - Chironomidae larvae and pupae, Odonata nymphs,
Elmidae larvae and adult Coleoptera.
The following table presents foods (percent by volume) of
juveniles and adults by season:
___________________________________________________________________
ADULTS JUVENILE
______________________ ______________________
FOOD SPR. SUM. AUT. WIN. SPR. SUM. AUT. WIN.
___________________________________________________________________
TERR. INSECTS 17.9 21.5 27.8 2.5 24.7 38.1 31.6 1.0
AQ. INSECTS 27.7 21.6 10.8 14.9 16.4 24.4 28.1 9.2
DEBRIS 14.9 18.7 44.2 27.3 18.1 8.9 32.1 22.2
COPEPODS 4.7 3.5 3.1 5.6 11.8 17.9 6.5 17.4
OSTRACODS 6.1 3.7 0.2 19.2 5.9 1.8 -- 22.9
ALGAE 13.5 9.3 6.9 18.9 12.5 0.1 1.3 18.6
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
GASTROPODS 9.9 12.5 6.0 5.6 5.9 2.5 -- 0.9
OTHER 4.9 6.3 0.9 5.9 4.8 6.2 0.3 7.9
___________________________________________________________________
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
The species is not noted as being territorial (12,08). It
usually is seen in loose schools of from a few to many individuals
(03).
PERIODICITY:
The species shows a diel periodicity in feeding. It is most
active after sunset and least active after sunrise (02).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
The nature of the habitat precludes migration.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Cover used by the Borax Lake chub consists mainly of small to
large boulder-like concretions of deposited minerals. Filamentous
algae and encrusting diatoms are also used. Depth is used as cover in
that the species will retreat to water greater than a meter deep when
disturbed (03). Various rooted aquatic plants including grasses and
Eleocharis sp. provide cover for juvenile chubs (12,03).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
The actual site of spawning of the Borax Lake chub is not known.
Nursery areas, where large numbers of larvae and juveniles of 5 to 15
mm congregate, are small coves with water 10 to 30 mm deep, sheltered
by sparse vegetation rooted in the borate crust bottom. Water is
clear and the temperature in the nursery areas is about 29 degrees C
in early June (10). All known spawning is restricted to Borax Lake.
Spawning has not been documented in surrounding marshes or Lower Borax
Lake.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Breeding behavior is not known. Males, and some females, mature
at age I, at 28.6 mm SL and 31.8 mm SL respectively. Reproductive age
is I to III (the oldest known from nature). The main spawning season
appears to be April, May, and June, but spawning extends throughout
the year. There is some evidence that a fraction of females spawn
more than once per year. Length of the incubation period is not
known. Potential fecundity (egg number) ranges from 75 (in a 32.7 mm
SL female) to 6,924 (in a 93 mm female). Females of 39 to 49 mm SL,
which make up most of the breeding population, have 250 to 360 eggs.
Large females of 90 mm and over are extremely scarce, but must be
important to reproduction, as one successful spawning would equal the
successful spawnings of many of the small females. Males become
tuberculate during sexual readiness, as do other species of Gila (12).
PARENTAL CARE:
No parental care is mentioned in literature pertaining to life
history of this species (12).
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Limiting factors appear to be the small size of Borax Lake and
the severity of the habitat. The water is too warm in some sections
of the lake to support the chub. It is also heavily charged with
minerals so the capacity to support aquatic vegetation is limited.
Populations of aquatic invertebrates appear sparse compared to less
mineralized ponds in the area (03). Mortality during the first year
of life is high. Most fish over 15 mm taken in midsummer are
young-of-the-year. Out of a sample of 113, 78 percent were age 0,
20.3 percent age I and 1.7 percent age II. Two specimens thought to
be age III are on hand at Oregon State University (12). One specimen
held in an aquarium lived seven years, so the capacity is present for
longevity outside the severe habitat (03). Sex ratio averaged over
the year is 1 male to 1.3 females for specimens over 30 mm SL or
larger. Because the sex ratio changes to 1:1.9 following the peak
spawning season, the spawning mortality of males is thought to be
greater than that of females. Population size was estimated in the
summer of 1986 to be slightly over 11,000 (13). Population density is
not known, but a few separate schools of several hundred individuals
each can sometimes be observed (03). Management objectives would
probably be aimed at maintaining the present status.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Interrelationships with one or a few other species of animals
should not be of great importance (03) because the species of plants
that are eaten directly by the chub and form the basis of the
invertebrate populations are the diatoms Achnanthes lanceolata, A.
minutissima, Denticula thermalis, Navicula sp. and Synedra sp.; there
are no other species of fish in Borax Lake; cover is sufficient to
deter severe impact on the chub from avian or mammalian predators
(03); and the Borax Lake chub is an opportunistic, exploitive omnivore
(02).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Geothermal Development
Existing Geothermal Development
Adverse Water Temperature Alteration
Existing Water Temperature Alteration
Adverse Groundwater drawdown
Existing Groundwater drawdown
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Shoreline modification/development
Existing Shoreline modification/development
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The Borax Lake chub exists primarily in a thermal lake that sits
about 30 feet above the floor of the surrounding basin. The lake
depends upon several subterrainean springs for its water supply.
Therefore, lowering the rim of the lake or tapping and diverting the
springs could have severe effects upon the species. The temperature
of the larger springs that feed the system are 35 - 40 degrees C but
the fish avoid water 34 degrees C and higher (11), so the few acres of
shallow water are apparently required to cool the water to an
acceptable temperature. In 1980 diversion channels for irrigation
were chipped into the eastern rim of the lake, thus lowering the water
level in the lake and causing the pools and marshes to the west of the
lake to dry (09). Borax Lake is in a known Geothermal Resouce Area,
and the Anadarko Production Company holds leases on lands surrounding
the lake. Some of the lease agreements with BLM call for monitoring
of Borax Lake and suspension of any drilling that results in change of
water quality or quantity (09). Although the habitat has not been
damaged to the detriment of the chub, both diversion and geothermal
exploration appear to constitute a threat.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Recovery Plan for the Borax
Lake Chub, Gila boraxobius. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland,
OR. 57 pp.
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
The following recommendations for recovery have been taken
from the species Recovery Plan:
I. Gain control over all surface water, and subsurface waters
through acquisition, easements, and/or agreements.
II. Prevent/Protect outflows, channels, salt crust shoreline, under
ground waters, wetlands. Specifically Lower Borax Lake, the
small pond near the south shore of Borax Lake, marshes along the
south shore of Borax Lake, and the marshes between Borax Lake and
Lower Borax Lake. Maintaining check dams and water levels is
specifically mentioned in the Recovery Plan.
III. Two 160-acre parcels need to be secured to protect surface and
subsurface flows and aquifers. Rehydrate marshes by maintaining
SW outflows. The Recovery Plan specifically identifies: Fencing
to limit human access; prevent alteration of lake shoreline;
prevent access road improvements; close Critical Habitat to ORV
use, grazing, and mineral or geothermal exploration; and, prevent
the use of herbicides and pesticides.
IV. Close vehicle access to protect fragile lands; close livestock
grazing in critical area to prevent soil, marsh vegetation and
outflow channel disturbance; close habitat area to mineral and
geothermal exploration; prevent use of toxic chemicals within
Critical Habitat; monitor water quality; monitor physical habitat
characteristics; monitor fish populations; and monitor
invertebrate community; build a fence around critical area.
V. Encourage support of recovery objectives through public
awareness and education.
VI. Utilize laws and regulations to protect Borax Lake chub and its
habitat.
The Nature Conservancy has secured a 10-year lease of adjoining
160-acres of private land; it has also secured rights to manage the
lake's waters. It has made cooperative agreements for grazing.
Outflow is being managed to rehydrate marshes while providing water
for irrigation and cattle.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Bond, C.E. 1974. Endangered plants and animals of Oregon: I.
Freshwater fishes. Special Report 205. Oregon State Univ. Agric.
Expt. Sta. 9 pp.
02 Williams, J.E. and C.D. Williams. 1980. Feeding ecology of Gila
boraxobius (Osteichthyes:Cyprinidae) endemic to a thermal lake in
southeastern Oregon. Great Basin Nat. 40(2):101-114.
03 Bond, C.E. 1985. Personal observation. Dept. Fisheries and
Wildl., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 97331.
04 Deacon, J.E., G. Kobetich, J.D. Williams, S. Contreras, et al.
1979. Fish of North America - endangered, threatened or of special
concern: 1979. Fisheries 4(2):30-44.
05 Hubbs, C.L. and R.R. Miller. 1948. The zoological evidence:
correlation between fish distribution and hydrographic history in
the desert basins of western United States. Bull. Univ. Utah
38(20):17-166.
06 Hubbs, C.L. and R.R. Miller. 1972. Diagnoses of new cyprinid
fishes of isolated waters in the Great Basin of western North
America. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 17(8):101-106.
07 Mariner, R.H., J.B. Rapp, L.M. Willey, and T.S. Presser. 1974.
The chemical composition and estimated minimum thermal reservoir
temperatures of selected hot springs in Oregon. Open-file Report.
U.S. Geol. Surv., Menlo Park, CA.
08 Williams, J.E. and K.M. Howe. 1979. Unpublished report.
Environmental assessment for the protection of the Borax Lake area,
Harney County, Oregon. Unique Wildlife Ecosystem Program. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Boise. 35 pp.
09 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants; Endangered status and Critical Habitat for
Borax Lake chub (Gila boraxobius). Fed. Reg. 47(193):43957/43964.
10 Williams, J.E. 1980. Systematics and ecology of chubs (Gila:
Cyprinidae) of the Alvord Basin, Oregon and Nevada. Ph.D. diss.,
Oregon State Univ. 175 pp.
11 Williams, J.E. and C.E. Bond. 1980. Gila boraxobius, a new
species of cyprinid fish from southeastern Oregon, with a
comparison to G. alvordensis Hubbs and Miller. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. 93(2):291-298.
12 Williams, J.E. and C.E. Bond. 1983. Status and life history notes
on the native fishes of the Alvord Basin, Oregon and Nevada. Great
Basin Nat. 43(3):409-420.
13 U.S. Fish and Wildife Service. 1986. Regional news. Endangered
Species Tech. Bull. 10(8,9):8.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Bond, C.E. 1974. Endangered plants and animals of Oregon: I.
Freshwater fishes. Special Report 205. Oregon State Univ. Agric.
Expt. Sta. 9 pp.
02 Bond, C.E. 1985. Personal observation. Dept. Fisheries and
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species CHUB, BORAX LAKE
Species Id ESIS251001
Date 14 MAR 96
Wildl., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 97331.
03 Hubbs, C.L. and R.R. Miller. 1948. The zoological evidence:
correlation between fish distribution and hydrographic history in
the desert basins of western United States. Bull. Univ. Utah
38(20):17-166.
04 Williams, J.E. and C.E. Bond. 1980. Gila boraxobius, a new
species of cyprinid fish from southeastern Oregon, with a
comparison to G. alvordensis Hubbs and Miller. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. 93(2):291-298.
05 Williams, J.E. and C.E. Bond. 1983. Status and life history notes
on the native fishes of the Alvord Basin, Oregon and Nevada. Great
Basin Nat. 43(3):409-420.
06 Williams, J.E. and K.M. Howe. 1979. Unpublished report.
Environmental assessment for the protection of the Borax Lake area,
Harney County, Oregon. Unique Wildlife Ecosystem Program. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Boise. 35 pp.
References - 2