(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
OTHER COMMON NAMES - DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS;DACE, SPECKLED, AMARGOSA; DACE, SPECKLED and NEVADA
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CYPRINIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CYPRINIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - RHINICHTHYS,
SPECIES AND SSP - OSCULUS, NEVADENSIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME - RHINICHTHYS OSCULUS NEVADENSIS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Ash Meadows Speckled Dace
Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis (Gilbert, 1893)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Cypriniformes FAMILY: Cyprinidae
Since its description in 1893, the name nevadensis has been
applied to speckled dace populations in Ash Meadows, the Amargosa
River drainage, and the Owens Valley. Recent taxonomic treatments
(e.g., 02) have held that only the Ash Meadows populations should be
afforded the name nevadensis. Other populations (e.g., Amargosa
Canyon, Owens Valley) are undescribed subspecies of Rhinichthys
osculus. This agrees with the concept of the Federally listed
"species" being restricted to Ash Meadows, Nevada.
A wide range of morphological variation exists among the many
described and undescribed subspecies of Rhinichthys osculus. In
general, speckled dace are characterized as small minnows; with a
slender, rather terete body (heaviest well forward); small eyes; and
small, usually subterminal mouth (06,09). A small barbel is often
present at each corner of the mouth (06,09). Scales are small and
often irregularly placed (076,07,09). Color is variable, but dark
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
specks are often present in forms from relatively clear water; wheras
forms from turbid waters may lack specks and instead possess a dark
lateral band. No thorough morphological analysis has been completed
for Ash Meadows subspecies. Some data is contained in the rather
brief original description (04,07).
A drawing of the type specimen of R. o. nevadensis is provided in
the original description (04). Many drawings and photographs of
closely related forms of speckled dace exist in the literature (06,07,
09). Most museum specimens of R. o. nevadensis are deposited at the
University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor.
Synonyms of the scientific name include Apacope nevadensis,
Agosia nevadensis, Rhinichthys osculus, Rhinichthys nubilus
nevadensis, and Rhinichthys nevadensis. Synonyms for the common name
include Amargosa speckled dace and Nevada speckled dace.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Non-consumptive recreational
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Ash Meadows speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis)
has been designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered
Species Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884;
16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended. The subspecies has this status
wherever found including the State of Nevada. Critical Habitat has
been designated in Nye County, NV (50 CFR 17.95(e)) in portions of
T18S, R50E, Sec. 11 and T18S, R51E, Sec. 18 and 19.
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
STATE: Nevada
DESIGNATED STATUS: Protected, Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Nevada Department of Wildlife
STATE STATUTE: Nevada Administrative Code 501.181, 501.351,
503.584, 503.585, and 503.587 - 503.509.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
As a species within the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge,
occupying a unique and fragile habitat, the speckled dace has
educational and interpretive values, and attracts significant
attention for these purposes.
82/05/10:47 FR 19995/ - Emergency rule, listed Endangered w/ CH
83/01/05:48 FR 00608/00616 - Emergency rule, listed Endangered w/ CH
83/01/05:48 FR 00617/00625 - Proposed rule, list as Endangered w/ CH
83/09/02:48 FR 40178/40186 - Final rule, listed as Endangered w/ CH
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Residential
Herbaceous Rangeland
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Mixed Rangeland
Streams and Canals
Nonforested Wetland
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, intermittent UB4
Riverine, intermittent UB3
Riverine, intermittent UB2
4UB
Riverine, intermittent SB4
Riverine, intermittent SB3
Riverine, intermittent SB2
Riverine, intermittent SB1
Riverine, intermittent RB2
Riverine, intermittent RB1
Riverine, intermittent OW0
Riverine, intermittent AB3
Riverine, intermittent AB2
Riverine, intermittent AB1
3UB
Riverine, upper perennial UB3
Riverine, upper perennial UB2
Riverine, upper perennial UB1
Riverine, upper perennial SB4
Riverine, upper perennial SB3
Riverine, upper perennial SB2
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
Riverine, upper perennial RB2
Riverine, upper perennial RB1
Riverine, upper perennial OW0
3AB
Riverine, upper perennial AB2
Riverine, upper perennial AB1
Riverine, lower perennial UB4
Riverine, lower perennial UB3
Riverine, lower perennial UB2
Riverine, lower perennial UB1
Riverine, lower perennial SB4
Riverine, lower perennial SB3
Riverine, lower perennial SB2
Riverine, lower perennial SB1
2RB
Riverine, lower perennial RB1
Riverine, lower perennial OW0
Riverine, lower perennial AB3
Riverine, lower perennial AB2
Riverine, lower perennial AB1
Palustrine OW0
Habitat Associations - 1
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Palustrine EM2
Palustrine EM1
Palustrine AB3
Palustrine AB2
Palustrine AB1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Ash Meadows speckled dace occurs in spring systems and
aquatic habitats formed by the spring waters. This dace is known to
occur in headwater spring pools, spring outflow creeks (including
areas of the creek up to 2 km or more from their spring sources), and
marshes formed by spring flows (05,11,14). The species also occurs in
irrigation ditches and canals that utilize the spring flows for
irrigation.
Data is lacking for most specific habitat parameters, including
such basic elements as water temperature, current, etc. However,
observations indicate (21) that the dace is rather general in habitat
requirements. For example, areas of rather fast stream current may be
preferred, but quiet spring pools are also utilized.
Ash Meadows is a large oasis in southwestern Nevada. Its nearly
50 seeps and springs discharge about 17,000 acre-feet of water
annually (15,19). This water formerly flowed into an extensive marsh
which was drained in the mid 1960's. Thunderstorms occasionally
caused floodwaters to discharge from Ash Meadows into the Amargosa
River which terminates in the floor of Death Valley. Ash Meadows is
home to some 30 species of endemic plants, insects, snails, other
invertebrates and fish.
Human development in the area consists primarily of small
scattered residences with which subsistence gardens, small orchards or
agricultural fields may be associated. During the early 1970's a
large farm began operating in Ash Meadows. Development of the farm
involved extensive removal of natural vegetation, land leveling,
construction of irrigation wells, ditches and fences and other
activities necessary for commercial farming (18,20). Primary crops
grown included alfalfa, cotton and sorghum. Cattle were grazed on
developed and irrigated pasture. A U.S. Supreme Court decision
limited groundwater pumping by the large farm in 1976 (16). The land
was sold to a developer who continued farming on a smaller scale while
preparing the land for subdivision development. The 12,663 acre
subdivision, after extensive efforts by conservationists, was
purchased by The Nature Conservancy in 1984 and then resold to the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The USFWS is to restoring
the area for use as a Wildlife Refuge (17). Currently there is no
agriculture occurring within Ash Meadows NWR. However, some of the
spring outflows which were altered into ditches in the past remain as
such today.
Natural vegetation on the nearly level terrain near the springs
is dominated by groves of ash trees (Fraxinus velutina var. coriacea)
and screwbean (Prosopis pubescens) in association with a large scrub
(Baccharis emoryi). Sand dunes in the area are donimated by mesquite
(Prosopis glandulosa var torreyana). Shadscale (Atriplex
confertifolia) and Haplopappus (Haplopappus acradenius) dominate areas
away from direct influence of the spring waters. Large areas of
seasonally wet, salt-encrusted soils are covered with saltgrass
(Distichlis spicata). Greasewood (Larrea sp.) dominates the better
drained soils on the surrounding slopes.
The Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis
mionectes) and the Ash Meadows speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus
nevadensis) formerly occupied a number of springs and outflow streams,
Habitat Associations - 2 and the large marsh at lowest elevations in Ash Meadows. The Warm
Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis) lives in a few
springs at slightly higher elevation. Some grazing has occurred in
the area, but BLM has removed many feral horses from the area.
Habitat Associations - 3 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Detritus
General Diatoms
General Carrion
General Algae
General Zooplankton
General Arthropods
General Crustaceans
General Molluscs
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
No food habit studies have been performed for the Ash Meadows
speckled dace. However, food habits of the Ash Meadows form probably
differ little from those of other dace from spring habitats. Speckled
dace are typically omnivores (09). They often feed on bottom
materials, including aquatic insect larvae, crustaceans, attached
diatoms, snails, and algae (09). Some mid-water foods or even an
occasional surface insect will be taken (09,13). Terrestrial insects
that fall in the water also may be consumed.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
No territorial behavior has been observed or is recorded in the
literature. No information on home range is available.
PERIODICITY:
Activity cycles are largely unknown. Like many fishes, however,
activity may increase with temperature (up to a point) (09). Most
speckled dace spawn in the spring season (09) and thus could be
expected to exhibit more activity during this season.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
The Ash Meadows speckled dace is non-migratory. No literature
indicates migratory behavior for speckled dace.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
No information is available concerning the specific habitat
requirements for the Ash Meadows speckled dace.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
No reproductive studies have been completed for the Ash Meadows
speckled dace. However, speckled dace typically spawn on the gravel
edge or riffles in stream habitats (09).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Speckled dace typically become mature in their second summer
(09). The spawning season is often during the spring season, but some
spawning may occur all year (09), especially in rather stenothermal
spring habitats. No pair bonds are formed. Rather, when a female
enters a spawning area during the breeding season, several males may
swim out to spawn with her (09). Eggs hatch in approximately six days
(at water temperatures of 18-19 degrees C) (09).
PARENTAL CARE:
No parental care is known.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
The remaining populations of Ash Meadows speckled dace are found
in Jack Rabbit, Bradford and Big Springs and their outflows (14).
However, even here, populations are so low that estimates are not
reliable (14). Primary limiting factors appear to be competition
and/or predation by the hordes of exotic fishes that occupy the same
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
habitat (14).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Because of predation and/or competition pressures, reductions in
the population of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and sailfin mollies
(Poecilia latipinna) would very likely result in increased populations
of dace (14).
The Ash Meadows speckled dace also occupied many of the same
habitats as the endangered Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish (Cyprinodon
nevadensis mionectes) and the now extinct Ash Meadows poolfish
(Empetrichthys merriami) (08).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Nonnative Vegetation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Invertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Adverse Disease
Existing Disease
Adverse Parasites
Existing Parasites
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Existing Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Adverse Strip mining
Existing Strip mining
Adverse Water Level Fluctuation
Existing Water Level Fluctuation
Adverse Groundwater drawdown
Existing Groundwater drawdown
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Existing Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The primary threats to the Ash Meadows speckled dace consist
of habitat destruction and the inimical effects of exotic fish
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
introductions. Physical alteration of habitats has consisted of
1) pumping of spring water for agricultural uses (which caused water
level fluctuations serious enough to completely drain at least one
habitat (Jack Rabbit Spring) and cause a local extirpation),
2) channelization of spring outflows,
3) clearing of riparian vegetation,
4) cementing channels, and
5) draining marshes and creeks
See references (01,05,10,11,12,14).
The introduction and establishment of a variety of exotic fishes
(some stocked into a downstream reservoir with backwaters reaching the
dace's habitat) has also threatened the speckled dace (01,02,03,05,11,
12,14). The exact mechanisms by which exotic species affect the
speckled dace are uncertain, but some species (e.g., largemouth bass,
arawana) undoubtedly prey on the dace, while others (e.g., sailfin
mollies, mosquitofish) probably compete with the dace. The
introduction of exotic parasites and/or diseases is also a problem
when exotic fishes are introduced (01).
Trampling by people, horses, and free-roaming burrows caused
gradual degradation of the spring and outlet stream banks. These
processes denuded the edge of the spring pool and destroyed the
structure of the outlet stream. Tamarisk, an introduced species not
native to the spring system, may have adversely impacted the habitat,
especially the outlet streams (22). At the time of listing, existing
State regulations were not adequate to counter the various threats to
this species (23).
Because of the recent acquisition of many spring areas by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the major threats in the future will
most likely consist of additional exotic species introductions rather
than physical habitat alteration. Because of the changes in land
ownership, a major residential and commercial development planned for
Ash Meadows will not be built and is no longer a threat (11,12).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Recovery Plan for the
Endangered and Threatened Species of Ash Meadows, Nevada, Draft. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 169 pp.
The Ash Meadows speckled dace is included in the "Recovery Plan
for the Endangered and Threatened Species of Ash Meadows, Nevada".
The primary objective of the plan is to reclassify the
endangered/threatened populations to non-listed status, and will be
accomplished by restoring and protecting habitat which can support
viable, self-sustaining populations. The size and extent of
populations needs to be determined for most species, and the habitats
of all species, except the spring-loving centaury, occur within the
Ash Meadows essential habitat. Except for the Devils Hole pupfish and
Warm Springs pupfish, reclassification may be considered when threats
have been removed and when habitats/populations have been restored for
a period of ten years and to specified levels (as determined through
research).
The general criteria for reclassifying/delisting the Ash Meadows
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
speckled dace is summarized as follows:
1. Protect the Ash Meadows aquifer to maintain the current (January
1986) spring discharge (requires maintaining or controlling the water
table).
2. Maintain each population within all of its historic habitat at a
minimum size to be determined by research.
3. Secure and withdraw habitats and incorporate them into Ash
Meadows NWR (including land and water right acquisition). Adverse
development such as road construction must be prohibited.
Restrictions on the use of off-road vehicles and some camping sites
may be necessary, along with prohibitions on swimming, fishing and
hiking in some areas.
4. Eliminate introduced species (including species of crayfish,
bullfrog, snails, fish, wild horses, and plants).
5. Reconstruct habitat, plant communities and aquatic communities,
and reestablish populations throughout its native range.
6. Enforce all State and Federal laws and regulations.
7. Implement a public information and education program.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Deacon, J.E. 1979. Endangered and threatened fishes of the West.
Great Basin Nat. Mem. 3:41-64.
02 Deacon, J.E. and J.E. Williams. 1984. Annotated list of the
fishes of Nevada. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 97:103-118.
03 Deacon, J.E., C. Hubbs, and B.J. Zahuranec. 1964. Some effects of
introduced fishes on the native fish fauna of southern Nevada.
Copeia 1964:384-388.
04 Gilbert, C.H. 1893. Report on the fishes of the Death Valley
expedition collected in southern California and Nevada in 1891,
with descriptions of new species. N. Am. Fauna 7:229-234.
05 Hardy, T. 1980. The Inter-basin area report - 1979. Proc. Desert
Fishes Council 11:5-21.
06 Hubbs, C.L., R.R. Miller, and L.C. Hubbs. 1974. Hydrographic
history and relict fishes of the north-central Great Basin. Mem.
Calif. Acad. Sci. 7:1-259.
07 La Rivers, I. 1962. Fishes and fisheries of Nevada. Nev. State
Fish and Game Comm. 782 pp.
08 Miller, R.R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley
system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada. Misc. Publ.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 68:1-155.
09 Moyle, P.B. 1976. Inland fishes of California. Univ. Calif.
Press, Berkeley. 405 pp.
10 Sanchez, P.G. 1981. Ash Meadows scenario. Cal-Neva Wild. Trans.
1981:144-147.
11 Soltz, D.L. and R.J. Naiman. 1978. The natural history of the
native fishes in the Death Valley system. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los
Angeles Co. 30:1-76.
12 Williams, C.D. 1984. The decline of Ash Meadows, a unique desert
ecosystem. Proc. Calif. Ripar. Syst. Conf. 1984:716-719.
13 Williams, C.D. and J.E. Williams. 1982. Summer food habits of
fishes from two springs in east-central Nevada. Southwest. Nat.
27:437-445.
14 Williams, J.E. and D.W. Sada. 1985. Status of two endangered
fishes, Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes and Rhinichthys osculus
nevadensis, from two springs in Ash Meadows, Nevada. Southwest.
Nat. 30(4):475-484.
15 Bateman, R.L., A.L. Mindling, and R.L. Naff. 1974. Development
and management of ground water in relation to preservation of
desert pupfish in Ash Meadows, southern Nevada. Tech. Rept. Ser.
H-W, Center for Water Resour. Res. Publ. 17, Univ. Nevada, Reno.
16 Baugh T.M. and J.E. Deacon. 1983. Maintaining the Devil's Hole
pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis Wales, in aquaria. J. Aquariculture
Aquat. Sci. 3(4):73-75.
17 Beatley, J.C. 1978. Ash Meadows: Nevada's unique oasis in the
Mojave Desert. Mentzelia 3:20--24.
18 Dudley, W.W., Jr. and J.D Larson. 1976. Effect of irrigation
pumping on desert pupfish habitats in Ash Meadows, Nye Co., Nevada.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 927:1-52.
19 Walker, G.E. and T.E. Eakin. 1963. Geology and ground water at
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species DACE, SPECKLED, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS251004
Date 14 MAR 96
Amargosa Desert, Nevada-California. Nevada Dept. Conserv. Nat.
Res., Water Res. Reconn. Ser. Rept. 14:1-45.
20 Worts, G.F., Jr. 1963. Effect of ground water development on the
pool level in Devil's Hole, Death Valley National Monument, Nye
Co., Nevada. U.S. Geol. Surv., Water Res. Div., Carson City, NV.
27 pp.
21 Deacon, J.E. 1960-1985. Personal observations. Environmental
Consultants, 4452 Live Oak Drive, Las Vegas, NV 89121.
22 Detweiler, K.G. 1980. Intensive inventory and analysis Ash
Meadows wildlife habitat area. Report N5-WHA-A1.
Stateline-Esmeralda Resource Area, Las Vegas District, Bur. Land
Mgmt., NV. April 21, 1980. 56 pp + Appendices.
23 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. September 2, 1983. Determination
of Endangered status and Critical Habitat for two fish species,
Ash Meadows, Nevada. Fed. Reg. 48(172):40178-40186.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Deacon, J.E. and J.E. Williams. 1984. Annotated list of the
fishes of Nevada. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 97:103-118.
02 Gilbert, C.H. 1893. Report on the fishes of the Death Valley
expedition collected in southern California and Nevada in 1891,
with descriptions of new species. N. Am. Fauna 7:229-234.
03 Hardy, T. 1980. The Inter-basin area report - 1979. Proc. Desert
Fishes Council 11:5-21.
04 La Rivers, I. 1962. Fishes and fisheries of Nevada. Nev. State
Fish and Game Comm. 782 pp.
05 Miller, R.R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley
system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada. Misc. Publ.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 68:1-155.
06 Soltz, D.L. and R.J. Naiman. 1978. The natural history of the
native fishes in the Death Valley system. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los
Angeles Co. 30:1-76.
07 Williams, J.E. and D.W. Sada. 1985. Status of two endangered
fishes, Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes and Rhinichthys osculus
nevadensis, from two springs in Ash Meadows, Nevada. Southwest.
Nat. 30(4):475-484.
References - 2