(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
OTHER COMMON NAMES - PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE; PUPFISH, DEVIL'S HOLE; PUPFISH and DEVIL
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - ANTHERINIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CYPRINODONTIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - CYPRINODON,
SPECIES AND SSP - DIABOLIS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - CYPRINODON DIABOLIS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Devils Hole Pupfish
Cyprinodon diabolis Wales, 1930
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Antheriniformes FAMILY: Cyprinodontidae
Cyprinodon diabolis Wales, the Devils Hole pupfish, was
originally described (01) as having a body subovate to the posterior
ends of dorsal and anal bases, rectangular caudal peduncle, top of
head flat, mouth on the level with the caudal peduncle, premaxillary
below the middle of the eye, single series of teeth on jaws, 16 teeth
in both upper and lower jaw, 16 gill rakers, ctenoid scales, lateral
median row of scales =27, 7 rows of pores along the border of the
preopercle, 17 pectoral rays, 12 dorsal rays, 28 caudal rays, absence
of pelvic fins. In addition, the length of the three cusps on the
teeth are about equal with the middle cusps slightly wider than the
lateral cusps.
The holotype and paratypes were collected by Joseph Wales from
Devils Hole on 26 March 1930. The holotype and seven paratypes are
maintained at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA,
and are designated as follows:
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
Holotype SU23928
Paratypes SU23929
Miller (13) subsequently complete a more detailed study that
established the Devils Hole pupfish as the most distinctive species in
the genus Cyprinodon. Miller reports the species to be unique for its
lack of pelvic fins, convex caudal fin, absence of preorbital scales,
and absence of vertical cross bars in mature females. The posteriorly
placed dorsal fin, short caudal peduncle, large head and eyes, wide
mouth and long anal fin are also distinctive.
Other common names used for this species include Devil's Hole
pupfish and devil pupfish.
Substantial collections of Devils Hole pupfish are maintained at
the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Non-consumptive recreational
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis) has been designated
an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as
amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
State of Nevada. No Critical Habitat has been designated.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act -
16 U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Nevada
DESIGNATED STATUS: Protected, Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Nevada Department of Wildlife
STATE STATUTE: Nevada Administrative Code 503.015 to 503.080.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
Cyprinodon diabolis is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red Data
Book, Vol. 4 (1977). It is also listed by the U.S. in the Convention
on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western
Hemisphere Annex (1970).
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
As a species within the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge
occupying a unique and fragile habitat, the Devils Hole pupfish has
educational and interpretive value.
67/03/11:32 FR 04001/ - Listed as Endangered
79/05/21:44 FR 29566/29577 - Status review
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25522/ - Five year review completion
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Herbaceous Rangeland
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Nonforested Wetland
Bare Exposed Rock
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Lacustrine, littoral UB4
Lacustrine, littoral UB3
2UB
Lacustrine, littoral UB1
Lacustrine, littoral RS2
Lacustrine, littoral RS1
Lacustrine, littoral RB2
Lacustrine, littoral RB1
Lacustrine, littoral AB1
Lacustrine, limnetic RB2
Lacustrine, limnetic RB1
Lacustrine, limnetic UB1
Lacustrine, limnetic AB1
Lacustrine, limnetic OW0
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Ash Meadows is a large oasis in southwestern Nevada. Its nearly
50 seeps and springs discharge about 17,000 acre-feet of water
annually (21,25). This water formerly flowed into an extensive marsh
which was drained in the mid 1960's. Thunderstorms occasionally
caused floodwaters to discharge from Ash Meadows into the Amargosa
River which terminates in the floor of Death Valley. Ash Meadows is
home to some 30 species of endemic plants, insects, snails, other
invertebrates and fish.
Human development in the area consists primarily of small
scattered residences with which subsistence gardens, small orchards or
agricultural fields may be associated. During the early 1970's a
large-scale farm began operating in Ash Meadows. Development of the
large farm involved extensive removal of natural vegetation, land
leveling, construction of irrigation wells, ditches and fences and
other activities necessary for commercial farming (24,26). Primary
crops grown included alfalfa, cotton and sorghum. Cattle were grazed
on developed and irrigated pasture. A U.S. Supreme Court decision
limited groundwater pumping by the large farm in 1976 (22). The land
was sold to a developer who continued farming on a smaller scale while
preparing the land for subdivision development. The 12,663 acre
subdivision, after extensive efforts by conservationists, was
purchased by The Nature Conservancy in 1984 and then resold to the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The USFWS plans to restore
the area for use as a Wildlife Refuge (23). Currently associated
agricultural uses are limited to a small orchard and fallow field.
Natural vegetation on the nearly level terrain near the springs
is dominated by groves of ash trees (Fraxinus velutina var. coriacea)
and screwbean (Prosopis pubescens) in association with a large scrub
Habitat Associations - 1 (Baccharis emoryi). Sand dunes in the area are donimated by mesquite
(Prosopis glandulosa var torreyana). Shadscale (Atriplex
confertifolia) and Haplopappus (Haplopappus acradenius) dominate areas
away from direct influence of the spring waters. Large areas of
seasonally wet, salt-encrusted soils are covered with saltgrass
(Distichlis spicata). Greasewood (Larrea sp.) dominates the better
drained soils on the surrounding slopes.
The Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis
mionectes) and the Ash Meadows speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus
nevadensis) occupied a large number of the springs and outflow streams
and remnants of the large marsh at lowest elevations in Ash Meadows.
The Warm Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis) lives in
a few springs at slightly higher elevation. Warm Springs pupfish
habitats have been altered relatively little, because they were never
included in the large commercial farm or in the area targeted for
subdivision development. A private residence, road, culverts and
fencing are obvious features that today alter the natural water
courses. Some grazing has occurred in the area, but BLM is in the
process of removing feral horses from the area.
Devils Hole is a rock-bound pool about 2.2 x 3.5 meters lying 15
meters deep in a range of low hills in Ash Meadows, Amargosa Township,
Nye Co., NV. This pool is composed of essentially two components
including a rock shelf 3.5 x 5 x 0.3 meters deep and a connected
deeper section about 3.5 x 17 meters to unknown depth.
Devils Hole pupfish occupy the uper 80 feet of the portion of the
cavern system open to daylight. About 50% of the population occurs
over the small, shallow rock shelf (07).
The temperature in Devils Hole remains a uniform 32.8 - 33.9
degrees C. Devils Hole has the highest mean temperature of all the
springs in the Ash Meadows area (03). This species is capable of
tolerating temperatures up to 42.7 degrees C depending on the prior
acclimation temperature (04). Dissolved oxygen varies between 2-8 ppm
and increases daily as sunlight strikes the water and the
photosynthesis of algae increases. Seasonal variation results from
greater or lesser periods of sunlight exposures.
Recent nutrient measurements at Devils Hole indicate the
following values for the elements and compounds measured:
NUTRIENT DATA (mg/l)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Phosphorus
DATE DEPTH TOTAL DISSOLVED NO3 NO2 NH3 TKN SOURCE
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1953 S .50 Worts, 1963
1/22/63 S .50 21
10/21/63 S .00 .3 21
12/9/66 S .00 .2 21
6/28/72 S .04 .5 21
6/28/72 50FT .04 .5 21
6/28/72 100FT .04 .2 21
1974 S .2 24
10/23/82 S .2 22
3/23/83 80FT .014 .002 .19 .024 .03 .28 USBR
4/22/83 S .024 .003 .13 .013 .03 .19 USBR
4/22/83 80FT .009 1/ .15 .009 .02 .29 USBR
3/17/84 S .011 .003 .30 1/ 2/ .06 USBR
3/17/84 S .014 1/ .30 1/ 2/ .21 USBR
3/17/84 80FT .012 .007 .31 1/ 2/ .07 USBR
8/24/84 S .012 1/ .31 1/ 2/ .13 USBR
6/3/84 S .001 .049 USGS
6/3/84 15FT .002 .031 USGS
Habitat Associations - 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
1/ Below the detection limit of 0.001 mg/l
2/ Below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/l
Under DEPTH, S=Surface
----------------------------------------------------------------------
At the Hoover Dam Desert Fishes Refugium, Devils Hole pupfish are
located in a concrete structure set partially in the ground, described
by Williams (05) as being 5.79 m long, 1.07 m deep at the shallow end
and 3.15 m deep at the deep end. This description also fits the
Amargosa Pupfish Refugium.
Temperature in both refugia is nearly always cooler than in
Devils Hole. Usually the temperatures remain near 29.5 degrees C but
occasionally when the water supply system fails temperatures fall
markedly. The larger size attained by refugium fish may be primarily
a result of living at cooler temperatures.
Oxygen concentration in the refugia varies between about 4-6 ppm
(17).
Habitat Associations - 3 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Arthropods
General Crustaceans
General Molluscs
General Worms
General Detritus
General Diatoms
General Algae
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Terrestrial Features: Caves, wet
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Minckley and Deacon (06) described the food habits of Cyprinodon
diabolis. The fish is an opportunistic feeder with inorganic
particulate matter appearing most frequently and in the greatest
volume in gut contents throughout the year. The green algae Spirogyra
and various diatoms were about equal in occurrence but varied
seasonally in a reciprocal manner with diatoms being most important in
winter and spring. The amphipod Hyalella was present more frequently
than either an unidentified ostracod (crustacean) or protozoans which
were found at about the same frequency. Other endemic organisms found
in the gut contents in small numbers were the elmid beetle Stenelmis,
a tubullarian, Dugesia, and a hydrobiid snail, Tryonia.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
The Devils Hole pupfish is restricted to the top 27 meters of
Devils Hole and to the Amargosa Pupfish Refugium, both in Nye Co., and
to the Hoover Dam Desert Fishes Refugium, Clark Co. (07,13,18).
Devils Hole has an overall surface area of about 3.5 x 22 m. Each
refugium is about 5.8 x 3 m. This species is essentially
non-territorial although, under certain conditions, it may exhibit
ephemeral territoriality in defending egg deposition areas. Baugh
(08) has found that males of this species maintain 30 discrete
behaviors in aquaria and females 18 discrete bahaviors in aquaria.
PERIODICITY:
Baugh and Deacon (07) have demonstrated daily and yearly movement
of this species within the water column of Devils Hole. More pupfish
use the surface water, on a daily and yearly basis, when the intensity
of sunlight on the water is less intense than when it is more intense.
More than 60% of the population is usually found in the upper 3 m of
water.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
In the conventional sense, the Devils Hole pupfish is
non-migratory.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
In 1976, the U.S. District Court (U.S. vs Cappaert) established
the minimum water level necessary in Devils Hole to maintain this
species at 2.7 feet below a USGS datum point on the rock wall above
maximum water level (09). Due to its legal status, this must remain
the adjudicated standard for habitat requirements. Biological
evidence continues to support the conclusion that the water level must
remain above 2.7 to insure the survival of the species in Devils Hole.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
The area in Devils Hole called the rock shelf (07) is considered
the required habitat for reproduction. This is a rock-bound area
about 3.5 x 3 meters with an average water depth of about 0.3 meters.
The base substrate is composed of limestone. The limestone is covered
with a thin layer of silt, sand, and detritus over which are scattered
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
small rocks of various sizes. The algae Spirogyra grows over the rock
shelf. C. diabolis uses this algae and the silt, sand, detritus
substrate as a spawning medium. In aquaria, this species has been
observed to spawn on rock (08).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Size at sexual maturity is about 14 mm (SL) for females (19).
James (12) indicates that males mature at about 14-16 mm (TL). Spring
and summer growth data from the natural population indicates that
mature sizes can be achieved in about 8-10 weeks in Devils Hole (12).
While some reproduction can occur throughout the year under the right
conditions, most spawning actually occurs at about 18-24 months. The
mating relationship has been defined as a consort-pair in which one or
more males follow one female (10). Baugh (08) has defined the
reproductive behaviors, sequences, and frequencies for this species.
There are eight male reproductive behaviors out of a total of 30 male
behaviors.
Minckley and Deacon (19) described some aspects of the
reproductive biology of C. diabolis. Ovaries and ova are small during
the winter, increase in relative weight until May and then decline.
Considerable variability in mean ova diameter occurs with diameters
higher in May than during other months. Considering the percentage
distribution of ova diameters, it is apparent that more larger ova are
present in May than at other times and that during August, October,
and November Class I ova (400-900 microns) are absent. In general,
reproductive capability increases in the spring.
Pairing for reproduction lasts from a few seconds to, perhaps a
minute. Eggs probably hatch in about 7 days (20).
PARENTAL CARE:
This species does not engage in parental care.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
The population size of C. diabolis varies by time of year. The
adult population in Devils Hole may drop below 200 fish from
January to April and may exceed 500 fish from August to October (11).
James (12) reports male to female sex ratios which vary from 3:1 in
January to 1:2 in July. Deacon and Baugh (11) have stated that, given
sufficient space, the fish in Devils Hole become food-limited.
Annual and seasonal variations in population size appear
attributable to variations in algae productivity (11). Predictable
seasonal variations in sunlight occur because of the position of
Devils Hole in the mountain. Annual variations in algal productivity
are considerable and appear to be attributable to unpredictable annual
variations in allochthrous nutrients supplied to Devils Hole.
Allochthonous nutrients of sufficient quantity supplied for a long
enough period of time appear to have a marked impact on algal
productivity. Owl castings and feces are a main source of these
nutrients. Some nutrients may also be supplied by water inflow during
infrequent intense rainfall (11).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
None.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
In spite of the constant temperature environment of Devils Hole,
James (12) has shown that spring and summer growth rates are faster
than growth rates achieved during winter. This may reflect food
limitation during winter.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Adverse Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Existing Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Adverse Food Supply Reduction
Existing Food Supply Reduction
Adverse Water Level Fluctuation
Existing Water Level Fluctuation
Adverse Groundwater drawdown
Existing Groundwater drawdown
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The Devils Hole pupfish was listed as Endangered in 1967 with the
first listing of endangered fishes in the U.S. At that time there
were no evident threats to the population. Its endangered status was
based solely on its very restricted distribution. In 1969 pumping of
ground water in the Ash Meadows area near Devils Hole resulted in a
trend of a declining water level in Devils Hole which reached a low
point of 1.19 m below a USGS reference point on 20 September 1972.
Unusually low water levels in Devils Hole correspond to unusually low
population sizes of Devils Hole pupfish as well as atypical seasonal
variations in population size (02,14).
Litigation in U.S. District Court, U.S. Court of Appeals and U.S.
Supreme Court in U.S. vs Cappaert established a minimum water level of
1.01 m below the reference point on June 5, 1973. On 2 July 1976,
that minimum was raised to .91 m and in 1977 to .82 m (02,14). Each
court-ordered increase in the minimum water level allowed in Devils
Hole required a corresponding reduction in ground water pumping for
irrigation in the nearby area in Ash Meadows. Irrigation in the area
was virtually stopped in 1984 when The Nature Conservancy purchased
12,663 acres in the Ash Meadows from Preferred Equities, a land
development company (15). The land was later sold to the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service for use as a wildlife refuge.
Population size of Devils Hole pupfish fluctuates annually from a
low in March and April to a high in August and September (02,11,14).
Low water levels in the past have depressed both maximum and minimum
population sizes. The higher water levels of the past five years have
not limited population sizes. Presently, variations in algal
productivity appear to exert the principal limitation to population
size, both seasonally and annually (11). Relatively poor algal
productivity in 1983 and 1984 has been followed by the lowest spring
populations since 1975 (16).
The major threat to survival of Devils Hole pupfish over the past
15 years has been habitat disruption from lowering water levels.
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
Establishment of the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge has
effectively removed that threat. At present, the greatest threat to
the Devils Hole pupfish is vandalism by the general public. There
have been incidences of people breaking into the Devil's Hole area and
causing a degradation of the immediately surrounding habitat. There
have also been threats of intentionally pouring toxicants into Devil's
Hole. The original reason for listing the species as endangered,
restricted range, still applies.
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Recovery Plan for the
Endangered and Threatened Species of Ash Meadows, Nevada, Draft. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 169 pp.
The Devils Hole pupfish is included in the "Recovery Plan for
the Endangered and Threatened Species of Ash Meadows, Nevada". The
primary objective of the plan is to reclassify the
endangered/threatened populations to non-listed status, and will be
accomplished by restoring and protecting habitat which can support
viable, self-sustaining populations. The size and extent of
populations needs to be determined for most species, and the habitats
of all species, except the spring-loving centaury, occur within the
Ash Meadows essential habitat. Except for the Devils Hole pupfish
and Warm Springs pupfish, reclassification may be considered when
threats have been removed and when habitats/populations have been
restored for a period of ten years and to specified levels (as
determined through research); recovery of the Devils Hole and Warm
Springs pupfish will be considered when their recovery tasks have
been accomplished.
The general criteria for reclassifying/delisting the Devils Hole
pupfish is summarized as follows:
1. Protect the Ash Meadows aquifer to return the level at Devil's
Hole to 1.42 feet above the copper reference point and maintain a
population of not less than 300 individuals during the winter and
700-900 during the late summer and early autumn. Rights to surface
waters in private ownership must be purchased to maintain the
viability of the Ash Meadows aquifer.
2. Secure and protect Devil's Hole. Various management
responsibilities may be implemented to designate the FWS as a
management cooperator with the NPS, which has legal responsibility for
40 acres surrounding Devil's Hole.
3. Establish and protect the captively propagated refugium
populations at Hoover Dam and Amargosa Pupfish Refugium.
4. Monitor populations.
5. Enforce State and Federal laws and regulations.
6. Establish a public information and education program.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
Management Practices - 4 (DRAFT) - References
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Wales, J.H. 1930. Biometrical studies of some races of
cyprinodont fishes from the Death Valley region, with description
of Cyprinodon diabolis, n. sp. Copeia 1930:61-70.
02 Deacon, J.E. and M.S. Deacon. 1979. Research on endangered fishes
in the National Parks with special emphasis on the Devils Hole
pupfish. Proc. 1st Conf. Scientific Res. in Natl. Parks 1:9-19.
03 Soltz, D.L. and R.J. Naiman. 1978. The natural history of the
native fishes in the Death Valley system. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los
Angeles Co. 30:1-76.
04 Brown, J.H. and C.R. Feldmeth. 1971. Evolution in constant and
fluctuating environments. Evolution 25:390-398.
05 Williams, J.E. 1977. Observations on the status of the Devil's
Hole pupfish in the Hoover Dam Refugum. USDI, Bur. Recl., REC ERC
77-11. 15 pp.
06 Minckley, C.O. and J.E. Deacon. 1975. Foods of the Devil's Hole
pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis (Cyprinodontidae). Southwest. Nat.
20(1):26-29.
07 Baugh, T.M. and J.E. Deacon. 1983. Daily and yearly movement of
the Devil's Hole pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis Wales in Devil's Hole,
Nevada. Great Basin Nat. 43(4):592-596.
08 Baugh, T.M. 1985. Patterns of behavior of the Devil's Hole
pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis Wales in aquaria. On file at Dept.
Biol. Sci., Univ. Nevada, Las Vegas.
09 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Devil's Hole pupfish
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., Portland, OR. 169 pp.
10 Kodric-Brown, A. 1981. Variable breeding systems in pupfishes
(Genus Cyprinodon): Adaptations to changing environments. Pages
205-235. IN: Fishes in North American deserts. R.J. Naiman and
D.L. Soltz, eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
11 Deacon, J.E. and T.M. Baugh. 1985. Population fluctuations of the
Devil's Hole pupfish - 1972-1984. Rept. on file with
Superintendent, Death Valley National Monument, CA.
12 James, C.J. 1969. Aspects of the ecology of the Devil's Hole
pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis Wales. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Nev., Las
Vegas. 70 pp.
13 Miller, R.R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley
system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada. Misc. Publ.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 68:1-155.
14 Deacon, J.E. 1979. Endangered and threatened fishes of the West.
IN: The endangered species: A symposium. Great Basin Nat. Mem.
3:41-64.
15 Schwartz, A. 1984. Bright future for a desert refugium. Garden
May/June:26-29.
16 Deacon, J.E. and T. Baugh. 1985. Interim report on Devils Hole,
March - April, 1985. On file with Superintendent, Death Valley
National Monument, CA. 5 pp.
17 Deacon, J.E. and T. Baugh. 1985 Summary report on the Hoover Dam
Desert Fish Refugium. On file with Bur. Recl., Boulder City, NV.
March 1, 1985. 4 pp.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species PUPFISH, DEVILS HOLE
Species Id ESIS251005
Date 14 MAR 96
18 Baugh, T.M. and J. Deacon. 1984. Management of the Devils Hole
pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis Wales, in the Hoover Dam Pupfish
Refugium. On file with Bur. Recl., Boulder City, NV. November
1984. 23 pp.
19 Minckley, C.O. and J. Deacon. 1973. Observations on the
reproductive cycle of Cyprinodon diabolis. Copeia 1973(3):610-613.
20 Castro, A. 1983. It's a girl. Page 97. IN: Proceedings of the
Desert Fishes Council. P. Pister, ed. 3-9.1-363.
21 Bateman, R.L., A.L. Mindling, and R.L. Naff. 1974. Development
and management of ground water in relation to preservation of
desert pupfish in Ash Meadows, southern Nevada. Tech. Rept. Ser.
H-W, Center for Water Resour. Res. Publ. 17, Univ. Nevada, Reno.
22 Baugh T.M. and J.E. Deacon. 1983. Maintaining the Devil's Hole
pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis Wales in aquaria. J. Aquariculture
Aquat. Sci. 3(4):73-75.
23 Beatley, J.C. 1978. Ash Meadows: Nevada's unique oasis in the
Mojave Desert. Mentzelia 3:20--24.
24 Dudley, W.W., Jr. and J.D Larson. 1976. Effect of irrigation
pumping on desert pupfish habitats in Ash Meadows, Nye Co., Nevada.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 927:1-52.
25 Walker, G.E. and T.E. Eakin. 1963. Geology and ground water at
Amargosa Desert, Nevada-California. Nevada Dept. Conserv. Nat.
Res., Water Res. Reconn. Ser. Rept. 14:1-45.
26 Worts, G.F., Jr. 1963. Effect of ground water development on the
pool level in Devil's Hole, Death Valley National Monument, Nye
Co., Nevada. U.S. Geol. Surv., Water Res. Div., Carson City, NV.
27 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Miller, R.R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley
system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada. Misc. Publ.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 68:1-155.
02 Wales, J.H. 1930. Biometrical studies of some races of
cyprinodont fishes from the Death Valley region, with description
of Cyprinodon diabolis, n. sp. Copeia 1930:61-70.
03 Williams, J.E. 1977. Observations on the status of the Devil's
Hole pupfish in the Hoover Dam Refugum. USDI, Bur. Recl., REC ERC
77-11. 15 pp.
04 Pister, E.P. 1983. Page 2. Proceedings of the Desert Fishes
Council. 3-9:1-363.
05 Pister, E.P. 1983. Page 57. Proceedings of the Desert Fishes
Council. 3-9:1-363.
06 Pister, E.P. 1983. Pages 57,109,124,209. Proceedings of the
Desert Fishes Council. 3-9:1-363.
References - 2