(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
OTHER COMMON NAMES - KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP; POOLFISH and PAHRUMP
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - ATHERINIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - GOODEIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - EMPETRICHTHYS,
SPECIES AND SSP - LATOS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - EMPETRICHTHYS LATOS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Pahrump Killifish
Empetrichthys latos Miller, 1948
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Atheriniformes FAMILY: Goodeidae
This species was originally described by Miller (19) who states
that "there are 143 paratypes, U.M.M.Z. No. 140489, 15 to 48 mm long,
taken with the holotype at Manse Ranch, and 34 paratypes, U.M.M.Z.,
10-50 mm, collected by R.R. Miller and Alex J. Calhoun on
July 16, 1938, from the outlet of the main spring pool" at Manse
Ranch. These and additional specimens are maintained at the
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. The species was originally
not recognized as distinct and was therefore included by Gilbert (12)
in his description of E. merriami.
According to Miller (19), this species is relatively slender
"with a gently sloping to convex predorsal profile, a relativeely
short and slender head, a comparatively broad mouth, a weak mandible,
and usually 31 or 32 scales in the lateral series." The sides are
marked by a narrow axial streak and there are 12-13 anal rays.
"Empetrichthys latos differs from E. merriami principally in
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
mouth structure, body shape and color pattern." In E. latos the mouth
is wider and the bones of the premaxillary and mandible are weaker and
less firmly connected. The head of E. latos is not as deep and the
body not as thick as in E. merriami. As is true of a few other
isolated desert fishes, E. latos has lost its pelvic fin. The species
is illustrated in Soltz and Naiman (23).
Three subspecies of E. latos are recognized: E. latos latos,
E. latos concavus, and E. latos pahrump. Only E. latos latos (23)
is known extant. The common name Pahrump poolfish also refers to
this species.
While specific and subspecific definitions of E. latos latos
Miller have not changed since they were described (19), placement of
the genus in higher taxonomic categories has been an unsolved problem
for years. When described, Empetrichthys were placed in the
Cyprinodontidae family. Jordan and Evermann (13) included the genus
within their expanded family Poeciliidae. Eigenmann (11) placed
Empetrichthys in the distinct family Empetrichyidae. Myers (18)
returned the genus to the Cyprinodontidae where it remained until
1981 when Parenti (21) placed the genus into the family Goodeidae.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Pahrump killifish (Empetrichthys latos) has been designated
an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as
amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
State of Nevada.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Nevada
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Nevada Department of Wildlife
STATE STATUTE: NV Rev. Stat. 501.181, 501.351, 503.584, 503.585,
503.587 and 503.589.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The Pahrump killifish is listed as endangered in the IUCN Red
Data Book, vol. 4, 1977.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None.
67/03/11:32 FR 04001 - Listed as Endangered (1966 Act).
70/08/25:35 FR 13519/13520 - Proposed List/Endangered (1969 Act).
70/10/13:35 FR 16047/16048 - Listed as Endangered.
79/05/21:44 FR 29566/29577 - Five year review.
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review.
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Herbaceous Rangeland
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Reservoirs
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Lacustrine, littoral AB2
Lacustrine, littoral AB1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Pahrump killifish no longer exists in the type of locality
at Manse Ranch, Nye Co., Nevada, having been extirpated from the site
in the mid-1970's. Two other natural habitats in Pahrump Valley,
Nevada, were destroyed in the mid-1950's.
This species is now maintained in three refugia, Corn Creek
Springs, Spring Mountain Ranch State Park, and Shoshone Ponds. All
three areas are bordered by natural desert vegetation and are
protected from excessive public disturbance. Corn Creek Springs on
the Desert National Wildlife Range is located about 40 miles north
of Las Vegas, Nevada. The aquatic system is composed of a concrete
trough about 100 meters long from the spring sources to the first and
largest of three ponds. Submergent and emergent vegetation in the
trough is restricted to some willow roots and a small growth of
Myrophyllum sp. about midway along the channel.
The first pond is roughly 80 meters long by about 25 meters wide
and terminates in a flume which drains into a stream about 150
meters long. The stream subsequently drains into a middle pond which
is roughly 8 meters in circumference. The middle pond drains directly
into a third and final pond which is roughly 25 meters in
circumference. The northwest bank of this pond is heavily colonized
by Typha. About 50% of this pond is, however, free of emergent
vegetation. Submergent vegetation occupies the area not colonized by
emergents and is composed mainly of Potamogeton.
Water temperatures at Corn creek Springs were taken on Dec. 21,
1983 (01) and were as follows:
Location: Temperature (Celsius):
Spring Outflow 25
Upper Pond Inflow 25
Upper Pond Outflow 19.4
Midstream 19.4
Middle Pond Inflow 18.9
Middle Pond Outflow 15.6
Lower Pond Inflow 13.9
The aquatic site at Spring Mountain Ranch State Park is composed
of an irrigation impoundment of about 21 acre feet. The east bank
is colonized by Typha along about one-half of its approximate 0.2 mile
length. The west bank is heavily colonized by Typha to an average
estimated distance of about 30 feet from shore. Each February or
March, the water in the impoundment is lowered and the dry Typha is
burned. Chara covers about 70% of the submerged rocky-sandy
substrate. At Spring Mountain Ranch the inflowing water, as well as
Habitat Associations - 1 the dam, must be maintained.
The aquatic site used by this species at Shoshone Ponds is
composed of three of the five ponds extant at the site. Shoshone
North Pond is the only pond which has had extensive investigation
(08). This man-made pond is about 7 x 9 meters with a depth of about
1.2 meters. Surface dissolved oxygen varies from 9.6-12.0 ppm between
June and July. Surface water temperature varies from 26.0-27.0 deg
Celsius, pH varies from 8.5-9.35, hardness varies from 52-53, and
alkalinity varies from 51-55. Mark Barber (25) of the Bureau of Land
Management reports the following chemical and physical characteristics
of the water at Shoshone North Pond:
pH 7.5
Turbidity (JTU) 3.4
Dissolved Solids 97.0
Nitrate-N mg/l 0.06
Chloride mg/l 4.2
Calcium mg/l 14.0
Magnesium 0.35
Maganese 1.5
Potassium 10.0
Sodium 7.0
Sulfate 70.0
Selby (22) determined critical thermal limits for Pahrump
killifish of less than 1.5 deg Celsius to 40 deg Celsius. Acclimation
temperatures influence these limits so that cold-acclimated fish
show a critical thermal maximum at 30 deg Celsius and a critical
thermal minimum below 1.5 deg Celsius, while comparable limits for
warm-acclimated fish are 40 deg and 6.9 deg Celsius, critical thermal
maximum and minimums respectively. Limits of temperature tolerance
are substantial and in natural waters, are unlikely to be exceeded.
Experimental results indicated that the species does not have a
preferred temperature and does not appear to behaviorally
thermoregulate. This conclusion is supported by catch data from Corn
Creek Spring.
Selby (22) also examined oxygen tolerance of Pahrump killifish
and noted that stress was not apparent until oxygen levels fell to
near 1 ppm at 22-25 deg Celsius. Distribution of the population in
Corn Creek Spring, however, suggests a slight preference for waters
containing a high concentration of dissolved oxygen.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Phytoplankton
General Zooplankton
General Arthropods
General Molluscs
General Detritus
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Human Association: Public residential parks
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G Human Association: Farm ponds
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Deacon (08) presents the following evaluation of the food habits
of adult Empetrichthys latos latos at Manse Ranch for the period
1961-1963:
(%) Frequency Mean Number Mean (%)
Food Item: of Occurrence: per Fish: Volume:
Debris 78.3 55.7
Insect parts 38.3 1.13 10.69
Sand 35.8 9.13
Insect Larvae 15.0 1.54 8.0
Eggs 11.1 0.20 3.13
Snails 14.1 1.98 3.05
Plant 5.0 2.2
Baetidae 5.0 1.67 1.60
Coleoptera 6.6 0.37 1.53
Insecta 9.1 0.09 1.13
Physa 5.0 0.55 1.25
Ephemeroptera 2.5 0.54 0.59
Hydrobioid 5.9 0.31 0.33
Cladocera 3.3 4.00 0.10
Ostracod 3.3 0.22 0.09
In summary, debris constitutes 55.7% of the diet, with the
following items appearing in lesser amounts in the diet: Insect parts
10.7%; Sand 9.1%; Insect larvae 8.0%; Other insecta 4.8%; Snails 4.6%;
Eggs 3.1%; and Plants 2.2%. Juveniles and young probably depend on
zooplankton algae and debris as their primary food sources.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
The social behavior of this species has not been investigated.
PERIODICITY:
Deacon and Minckley (10) report that the Pahrump killifish
exhibit daily activity cycles similar to those shown for other fishes.
They are active during the day with mid-day depression of activity
and more inactive at night. Selby (22) suggested that low oxygen
concentrations in dense vegetation during hours of darkness may force
the species to move into more open waters where oxygen concentrations
remain above 1 ppm. This response was especially notable at colder
temperatures when fish appeared to move about only at night when
apparently forced out of the vegetation by lower oxygen concentration.
At temperatures above 20 deg Celsius the species was primarily
diurnal.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Isolated in desert springs, this is a non-migratory species.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Selby (22) indicates that the Pahrump killifish moves away from
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
areas of extremely low (< 1.0 ppm) oxygen concentration which may
occur especially at night in areas of dense aquatic vegetation.
Deacon (05) and Baugh (02) show that fry prefer densely
vegetated shallow water at Springs Mountain Ranch State Park.
Vegetation at that location consisted primarily of cattails (Typha)
and Chara.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Pahrump killifish have been spawned successfully in aquaria
depositing eggs on "Living World Spawning Grass" at a temperature of
23 deg Celcius (16) (not a product endorsement, but given for
informational purposes). In nature, they may deposit eggs on aquatic
vegetation, but no detailed observations have been made. Fry were
observed in abundance in shallow, densely-vegetated areas at Spring
Mountain Ranch State Park on 6-7 June, 1984, at a water temperature
of 16.4 deg Celsius (05).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Spawning of Pahrump killifish in constant temperature natural
springs probably can occur throughout the year, as is common with
desert spring fishes (10). In Manse Spring, the peak of the
reproductive season probably was the spring of the year (February -
April) (16). Spawning did occur in the variable thermal
environment at Spring Mountain Ranch State Park during late May to
early June at water temperatures that were probably near 15 deg
Celsius but with diet variation (05).
In laboratory aquaria at Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas, eleven
female killifish produced an average of 14 eggs, each over a
24-hour spawning period. One attempt suggests that a single female
may not be ready to spawn again within a month of her first spawning.
It also appears that females of about 45 mm TL and above are mature
and capable of producing a full complement of eggs. Females of
smaller sizes are less frequently capable of spawning (16).
Eggs hatch in 7-9 days at 25 deg Celsius. Larvae are about
6-11 mm TL at hatching. Young grow to an average size of about
20 mm TL in 112 days, but exhibit increasing size variation with time.
Females probably grow faster than males (16).
PARENTAL CARE:
Pahrump killifish do not protect eggs or fry.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Pahrump killifish maintain their populations in desert springs
containing no other fish species. They survive and reproduce well in
these stable habitats with a diversity of plant and invertabrate
species (08,23). In the natural habitat, Manse Spring, introduction
of goldfish was soon followed by a rapid decline in the killifish
population (03,09). At Corn Creek a similar population crash followed
re-establishment of the mosquitofish population (03,15). The Manse
Spring population recovered and appeared to maintain a good population
along with goldfish. The indication was that the species may not have
recovered from the impacts of the mosquitofish without management
intervention. Interaction with introduced fishes thus appears to be a
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
serious threat to a Pahrump killifish population. Sex ratios have
varied from 1 male to 1.2 females at the middle Corn Creek pond to
1:7.9 at the lower pond at Corn Creek. Females outnumber males in
every population (04).
This species, in the undisturbed desert spring habitats into
which it has been transplanted, is maintaining excellent populations,
under appropriate and continuous management. At Corn Creek,
encroachment of emergent aquatic vegetation must be controlled (04).
At Shoshone Ponds, the water system must be maintained. At Spring
Mountain Ranch the inflowing water, as well as the dam, must be
maintained. At all locations, introduced fishes must be kept out or,
if introduced, they must be removed,
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Species interrelationships were disccussed above under Population
biology.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Regulating Water Temperature
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Nonnative Vegetation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vegetation
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Groundwater drawdown
Existing Groundwater drawdown
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Habitat destruction is regarded as the primary reason for the
Endangered status of the Pahrump killifish. Excess pumping of
groundwater for agricultural irrigation is seen as the primary cause
of habitat destruction (03,20,23). Development of groundwater for
irrigation in Pahrump Valley began in the early 1900's. Flow of the
three major springs in the valley (each containing a distinct
subspecies of Pahrump killifish) declined as groundwater pumping
increased. Two of the three springs ceased to flow in the mid-1950's
and the populations of Pahrump killifish became extinct.
The third spring, Manse Spring, ceased flow in 1975 (23). In August,
1971, 29 Pahrump killifish from Manse Spring were transplanted into
Corn Creek Spring in the Las Vegas Valley (03). With continued
management, this population has been sustained since that time (03,04,
05,06,07).
On March 9, 1972, 16 pahrump killifish (from Corn Creek or Manse
Spring, the exact collection site is not clear) were introduced into
one of the nearly completed ponds at Shoshone ponds, White Pine Co.,
Nevada, about 50 km S.E. of Ely, Nevada, in the NE 1/4, Sec. 2,
T12N, R57E. Eight of these fish were transferred to the south pond
on 26 September, 1972, but the fish were not observed in either pond
after Spring 1974 (reasons for the fish disappearance within these two
ponds are uncertain, possibilities range from too low of numbers
to adverse conditions) (17). On August 31, 1976, 50 Pahrump killifish
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
were transferred from Corn Creek Spring into Shoshone North Pond (15).
Subsequently, the species was transferred into two other ponds in the
Shoshone Ponds complex. It presently maintains reproducing
populations in 3 of the 5 Shoshone Ponds.
On June 9, 1983, 426 Pahrump killifish from the Corn Creek Spring
were introduced into the irrigation reservoir at Spring Mountain
Ranch State Park, Clark Co., Nevada (05). The population reproduced
and maintained itself through at least May, 1985 (02).
All native habitats of the Pahrump killifish have been destroyed.
Transplanted populations of the species persist at Corn Creek Spring,
Shoshone Ponds and Spring Mountain Ranch State Park. All of these
habitats are likely to require management intervention to maintain
healthy populations. Mosquitofish (an exotic) at Corn Creek were the
apparent cause of an extremely depressed populations of Pahrump
killifish on at least two occasions. The mosquitofish have been
eliminated at present, but could be reintroduced at any time.
An artesian well supplies water to the Shoshone Ponds. It must
be maintained to insure that the water supply remains reliable. At
Spring Mountain Ranch State Park reintroduction of other fishes must
be prevented. In addition, the winter cooling of water renders the
killifish inactive for extended periods and presumably could, under
extreme weather conditions, result in winter mortality.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Pahrump Killifish Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Ser., Portland, OR, 38 pp.
The primary objective of the recovery plan for the Pahrump
killifish is the establisment of three sub-populations. If the three
sub-populations are maintained with a minimum of 300 adults for three
years in habitats free of immediate and potential threats, the species
may be considered for reclassification to Threatened. If the criteria
for reclassifying can be maintained for an additional three years, the
species may be considered for delisting.
The recovery activities necessary to acheive the objective are:
1. Preserve and protect transplanted populations and habitats by;
a. eliminating exotic fishes,
b. controlling bullfrogs and turtles,
c. controlling birds,
d. controlling vegetation (native and non-native),
e. securing the acquifer,
f. rehabilitating pond habitat (through land acquisition and/or
securing water rights). Any controllable factor which reduces
water volume should receive attention, therefore removal of
undesireable emergent vegetation is necessary to prevent
excessive evapotranspiration. Other items to be attended to
are:
(1) constructing a spring in the lower pond at Shoshone Ponds,
to prevent encroachment of emergent vegetation,
(2) protecting springs, by covering spring heads and removing
excessive vegetation to aid in conserving water.
(3) constructing concrete ditches, to reduce seepage and
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
enhance exotic species control (all parts of wetland
management and modification);
g. monitoring populations,
h. controlling water (both maintaining flow and water table),
i. planting of trees along shorelines, this will provide shade,
control water temperature, and loss of water by
evapotranspiration, and
j. enforcing laws and regulations (for habitat and species
protection - i.e. poaching, prevention of exotic
introductions)
2. Establish and protect viable, self-sustaining populations in new or
restored habitas which will invlove;
a. removing exotic species, predatory species,
b. controlling native and non-native vegetation,
c. acquiring or assuring property and water rights,
d. enhance habitat features,
e. preparing habitat management plan,
f. conducting transplants and monitoring results;
3. Apply results of ecological studies to management of species and
habitats, and delineate essential habitats;
4. Implement public information and education program through
publications, audio-visual programs, news releases to media, and
informational signs.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Baugh, T.M. and J.E. Deacon. 1984. Pahrump killifish, iterim
report. Rept. to: Nev. Dept. Wildl., 17 Jan., 1984. 14 pp.
02 Baugh, T.M., J. Pedretti and J.E. Deacon. 1985. Status of the
Pahrump poolfish Empetrichthys latos latos in the irrigation
impoundment at Spring Mountain Ranch State Park. Rept. to: Nev.
Dept. of Wildl.
03 Deacon, J.E. 1979. Endangered and threatened fishes of the west.
Gt. Basin Nat. Mem. 3:41-64.
04 Deacon, J.E. 1984. Survey of Empetrichythys latos latos at Corn
Creek, 6/11-15/84. Rept. to: Nev. Dept. of Wildl. 27 June, 1984.
9 pp.
05 Deacon, J.E. 1984. Status of Empetrichthys latos latos in the
irrigation impoundment at Spring Mountain Ranch State Park.
Rept. to: Nev. Dept. of Wildl. 21 June, 1984. 7 pp.
06 Deacon, J.E. 1984. Status of Pahrump poolfish, E. latos latos in
Spring Mountain Ranch State Park. Rept. to: Nev. Dept. of Wildl.
24 Aug., 1984. 7 pp.
07 Deacon, J.E. 1984. Recovery efforts for the Pahrump killifish:
Shoshone North Pond. Rept. to: Nev. Dept. of Wildl., 24 Aug.,
1984. 26 pp.
08 Deacon, J.E., T.B. Hardy, J. Landye, J. Pollard, W. Taylor, and
P. Greger. 1980. Environmental analysis of four aquatic habitats
in east-central Nevada, June-July, 1980. Interim Summ. Rep. to
HDR Sci., Cont. No. HDR/RPA15.
09 Deacon, J.E., C. Hubbs, and B.J. Zahuranec. 1964. Some effects of
introduced fishes on the native fish fauna of southern Nevada.
Copeia 1964:384-388.
10 Deacon, J.E. and W.L. Minckley. 1974. Desert fishes.
Pp. 385-487. In: Desert Biology. G.W. Brown, Jr., ed., Vol. 2.
Academic Press, N.Y.
11 Eigenmann, C.H. 1920. On the genera Orestias and Empetrichthys.
Copeia, No. 89:103-106.
12 Gilbert, C.M. 1893. Report on the fishes of the Death Valley
expedition in southern California and Nevada in 1891, with
descriptions of new species. N. Am. Fauna, No. 7, Pt. II:229-234.
13 Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann. 1896. The fishes of North and
Middle America. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 47, Pt. I:1-1240.
14 Jordan, D.S., B.W. Evermann, and H.W. Clark. 1930. Check list of
the fishes and fishlike vertebrates of North and Middle American,
North of the Northern boundary of Venezuela and Columbia. Rept.
U.S. Comm. Fish. 1928, Pt. 2:1-670.
15 Kobetich, G. 1983. Nevada Interior Basins. Pp. 289-290. In:
E.P. Pister (ed.) Proc. Desert Fishes Council 3-9. 363 pp.
16 Fitzpatrick, P., T.M. Baugh, and Deacon. 1985. Age and growth of
the Pahrump poolfish, Empetrichtys latos latos in the laboratory.
Rept. to: Nev. Dept. of Wildl. 1985.
17 Logan, Wayne. 1983. Progress report on Shoshone Ponds. Pp. 138-
139. In: E.P. Pister (ed.) Proc. Des. Fishes Coun. 3-9. 363 pp.
18 Myers, G.S. 1931. The primary groups of oviparous cyprinodont
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species KILLIFISH, PAHRUMP
Species Id ESIS251010
Date 14 MAR 96
fishes. Stanford Univ. Publ. Univ. Ser., Biol. Sci. 6(3):1-14.
19 Miller, R.R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley
system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada. Misc. Publ.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 68:1-155.
20 Minckley, W.L. and J.E. Deacon. 1968. Southwestern fishes and
enigma of "endangered species". Science 159:1424-1432.
21 Parenti, Lynne. 1984. A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis
of Cyprinodontiform fishes (Teleostei, Antherinomorpha). Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 168(4):335-557.
22 Selby, D.A. 1977. Thermal ecology of the Pahrump killifish,
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23 Soltz, D.L. and R.J. Naimon. 1978. The natural history of native
fishes in the Death Valley system. Nat. Hist. Mus. of Los Angeles
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24 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Recovery Plan: Pahrump
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25 Barber, Mark. 1985. Pers. comm. Bureau of Land Management, Ely,
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***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
0$ Baugh, T.M., J. Pedretti, and J.E. Deacon. 1985. Status of the
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02 Deacon, J.E. 1984. Pahrump poolfish, Cont. E-1-1, Job 3, Inter.
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03 Deacon, J.E. 1984. Interim Rept., Project E-1-1, Job 3, Corn
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04 Deacon, J.E. 1984. Recovery efforts for the Pahrump killifish.
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05 Fitzpatrick, P., T.M. Baugh, and J.E. Deacon. 1985. Age and
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laboratory. Rept. to: Nev. Dept. of Wildl.
06 Miller, R.R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley
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07 Minckley, W.L. and J.E. Deacon. 1968. Southwestern fishes and
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08 Soltz, D.L. and R.J. Naimon. 1978. The natural history of native
fishes in the Death Valley system. Nat. Hist. Mus. of Los Angeles
County and Death Valley Nat. Hist. Assoc., Science Series. No. 30,
76 pp.
References - 2