(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - SUCKER, WARNER
OTHER COMMON NAMES - SUCKER, WARNER; SUCKER, TAHOE; COARSE-SCALED SUCKER OF WARNER LAKE BASIN; SUCKER, COARSE-SCALED and WARNER LAKE BASIN; RED HORSE
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CYPRINIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CATOSTOMIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - CATOSTOMUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - WARNERENSIS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - CATOSTOMUS WARNERENSIS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Warner Sucker
Catostomus warnerensis Snyder, 1908
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Cypriniformes FAMILY: Catostomidae
Snyder (19) described Catostomus warnerensis mostly from immature
specimens, so that the proprtional measurements he presents are not
representative of adults. The morphological description given below
is based on Bond and Coombs (04) who presented the characteristics of
13 adults. Characteristics are also presented in Andreasen (01), Bond
(02), and Schultz (17).
Catostomus warnerensis is a small-eyed, "large-scaled" species
with a conical snout. The dorsal fin base is short, its length equal
to, or slightly less than, the depth of the head. Two or three rows
of papillae cross the midline of the lower lip anterior to the
incomplete cleft. The width of the fronto-parietal fontanelle is
greater than one-half the diameter of the eye in adults. Dark
pigmentation does not extend into the lower 1/3 of the body; it does
not reach the pelvic or anal fins and, in adults, does not reach the
upper lip. There is an unpigmented area around the front of the
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
snout.
Average or usual proportional measurements (in decimal fractions
of standard length) follow: head length, 0.252; head depth, 0.157;
depth of caudal peduncle, 0.089; diameter of eye, 0.031; snout length,
0.119; mouth width, 0.067; snout to dorsal, 0.498; length of dorsal,
0.498; length of dorsal base, 0.147.
Counts of meristic and other enumerable characters follow (04):
(presented as range followed by mean in parentheses) Fin rays -
dorsal, 9-11 (10.23); anal, 7-8 (7.23); pectoral, 14-17 (15.61);
pelvic, 9-11 (9.69). Scales - lateral line, 74-83 (78.08); above
lateral line, 15-17 (15.83); lateral line to origin of anal 9-12
(11.08).
Pigmentation of the dorsal surface is dark with heavy mottling,
sometimes blotchy. Breeding males are almost uniformly dark on the
dorsum. Most breeding adults show reddish color on the sides. This
sometimes mixes with the dark mottling and can range from a slight
wash of pink or copper to brilliant red or red-orange. The heavily
colored males, with the black back, red sides and silvery white
lower sides and belly, are pretty indeed.
The synonymy of the species is straightforward. Cope (09)
identified the species as Catostomus tahoensis (the Tahoe sucker)
Gill and Jordan 1878, and applied that name in his 1884 article.
Snyder and Gilbert (1897) listed Cope's C. tahoensis from Warner Lake
in the synonomy of their newly described C. rimiculus although it was
preceded by a question mark (08). Snyder (19) in 1908, based on 12
specimens obtained in 1897 and 1904, recognized the species as
undescribed and named it Catostomus warnerensis. Subsequent authors
have used that name. Schultz and DeLacy included
Catostomus batrachops Cope 1884 in the synonymy with C. warnerensis,
however, it appears that the intent in Cope 1884 (09) was to apply
batrachops only to a fossil specimen from Silver Lake region.
The type specimen of Catostomus warnerensis Snyder 1908 is U.S.
National Museum No. 55597. Additional specimens are at the University
of Michigan, UMMZ 130509, 130518 and 130519, and at Oregon State
University, OS 761, 2440, 2710, 4315, 4566, 5140, 5148, 5256, 5257,
5288, 5311, 5410, 5412, 6358, 6359, 7032, 7035, 7051.
Snyder (19) included a drawing of the holotype. A photograph may
be found in Deacon, et al., 1979 (10) and there are transparencies and
photographs on file at the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife,
Oregon State University.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Warner sucker (Catostomus warnerensis) has been designated
a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the States of Nevada and Oregon. Critical Habitat has been
designated in Lake County, Oregon, to include the stream and 50 feet
on either side of the stream of aproximately 4 stream miles of
Twelvemile Creek; 18 stream miles of Twentymile Creek; 2 stream miles
of the spillway canal of Hart Lake; 3 stream miles of Snyder Creek;
and about 16 stream miles of Honey Creek (50 CFR 17.95(e)).
Special rules concerning "take" incidental too recreational
fishing or for educational, scientific, or conservation purposes in
accordance with applicable Oregon State laws or regulations for this
species can be found in 50 CFR 17.44(l).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20). Management practices
that would cause detrimental changes in water
temperature or composition, water course blockage,
or sediment deposits within 100 feet of the
edges of perennial streams, lakes or other bodies
of water are prohibited (36 CFR 219.27(e)).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Oregon
DESIGNATED STATUS: Threatened
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Oregon Deaprtment of Fish and Wildlife
STATE STATUTE: OR Administrative Rules, Chapter 635, Divison 7;
Oregon Revised Statutes 496.002 - 498.029,
506.001 - 506.518, and 610.002 - 610.060.
STATE: Nevada
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Threatened, under the state's
full co-operative agreement with the U.S.
Fish and Wildl. Service
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: NV Dept. of Wildlife
STATE STATUTE: Nev. Admin. Code 503.015 to 503.080, Dec. 21,
1981
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The Warner sucker is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List
of Threatened Animals (1986).
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None.
84/05/21:49 FR 21383/21383 - Proposed rule - Threatened w/ Crit. Hab.
85/09/27:50 FR 39117/39123 - Final rule - listed Threat. w/ Crit. Hab.
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Herbaceous Rangeland
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Mixed Rangeland
Streams and Canals
Lakes
Reservoirs
Nonforested Wetland
Sandy Areas other than Beaches
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial SB2
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
3FL
Riverine, upper perennial FL1
Riverine, lower perennial FL4
Riverine, lower perennial FL3
Lacustrine, littoral RS2
Lacustrine, limnetic UB4
Lacustrine, limnetic UB3
Lacustrine, limnetic UB2
Lacustrine, limnetic UB1
Lacustrine, limnetic UB
Lacustrine, limnetic OW0
Palustrine EM1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Large juvenile and adult Warner suckers have been collected
in the following habitats:
1. turbid alkaline lakes and reservoirs with mixed types of shoreline
(03,05,16,20,22); for instance, Hart Lake has rocky shoreline along
the base of the Warner escarpment on the east and a combination of
beaches and unconsolidated organic banks on the south and west.
Much of the north shore consists of an earth dam. See Weide (21)
for geomorphology;
2. irrigation and diversion canals with diked banks (15,16);
3. dredged canals in wetlands (15,16);
4. low gradient streams or stream sections (in uplands and lowlands)
with mixed bottom types (06,15,16);
5. upland streams with gravel to boulder bottoms (15,16,20); and
6. spring areas with open water over sand and gravel bottom, as well
as softer bottom with emergent vegetation (15,16).
Some of the lowland habitats are adjacent to alfalfa fields or
pasture, some are adjacent to alkali flat, dunes or rangeland (these
lower rangelands are mainly sage to dry grassland areas). Others
are in or adjacent to marshes and wet grasslands. The upland habitats
are in rangeland (The upper rangelands differ from the lower in that
they are denser in sage, and also contain juniper. As elevations
increased these areas change to pinyon pines, and at this point
the Warner sucker is not found in higher in elevations and cover
types).
Habitat Associations - 1 Apparently the preferred non-breeding habitat is slow or still
water with moderate to high organic production. This combination is
found in medium to large pools in creeks, in canals with slow
current, reservoirs and lakes. Breeding habitat appears to be
gravelly areas in streams or springs. Larval suckers seek still water
at the edges of streams and ditches, where they can be found in water
1-3 inches deep (08).
Most captures of Warner suckers have been from water ranging in
temperature from 44 deg. F in early May to 64 deg. F in late May
(16,24). In mid-June, suckers were taken in the slough below Hart
Lake spillway at 81.5 deg. F (08).
No details are available on requirements of the species for
dissolved oxygen, pH or alkalinity, but it appears to be tolerant of
high pH.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Detritus
General Diatoms
General Algae
General Zooplankton
General Arthropods
General Crustaceans
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
The food habits of the Warner sucker have not been throughly
studied, but are believed to be similar to others of the genus.
Moyle (14) covers the food habits of the related species Catostomus
occidentalis, C. tahoensis, and C. microps. These feed on algae
(mostly diatoms), midge larvae, other small insects, zooplankton, and
other small crustacea as well as organic debris. Suckers are mainly
nocturnal in feeding (14).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
No territoriality is known. Home range has not been studied.
PERIODICITY:
The species is nocturnally active, as indicated by trap net
catches (20). Seasonal spawning migrations appear to be at least
partly diurnal (08).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
This is a migratory species that ascends streams for spawning
from early spring to early summer. Most migrating individuals have
been captured during late April and most of May (04,08). Because of
dams that obstruct passage, and because some populations live in pools
close to suitable spawning area, the known migrations are short,
although without obstructions the species might be capable of
migrations of several miles (24).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
The species requires pools, lakes, or other still water for
feeding and growth. Cover can be turbidity, depth, or boulders, etc.
(08,16). Suckers apparently spend the fall and winter in lakes or
deep portions of canals and creeks before migrating to gravel-bottomed
areas in spring to spawn, as the water temperature reaches 8 deg. C
(04). At about 30 mm length, juveniles leave the stream edges
and move to deeper water (04). Young suckers apparently remain in
creeks for several months to two years before descending to larger,
more still waters (05,08).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Although spawning has not been observed, ripe and spent
individuals have been taken from typical spawning areas - gravelly
streams with moderate current (04,08). Captures have been mostly at
temperatures ranging from 44-64 deg. F, although ripe individuals
have been taken at 81.5 deg. F (08,20).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Breeding behavior has not been observed, but is thought to be
similar to other Catostomus (see Moyle (14)). Minimum breeding age is
three years, maximum is at least nine years (08). Breeding season
is spring with one reproductive period per year (08). Typical sucker
spawning usually involves one female attended by two or more males
(14). Chances are good that the Warner sucker has the typical
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
behavior.
PARENTAL CARE:
No parental care is known or suspected. Larvae have been
collected on June 4 and postlarvae have been collected as late as
July 23 on Snyder Creek. Post larvae ranged from 11 to 17 mm.
Metamorphosed juveniles, 21 to 28 mm, appeared about 4 weeks following
the appearance of postlarvae (June 8) on Honey Creek (04).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Population biology is little known, except that after a series of
dry years the population appears to be very low. For instance, the
District Fisheries Biologist (25) reported in 1963 that there were no
suckers in Warner Valley to his knowledge. A few had been taken in
1954 and 1955 (16) and a few were found in 1963. Flows in Honey
Creek, for instance, were low during the early 1960's, and were
average to high during the late 1970's (08), thus allowing better
access to spawning grounds and spreading water over a greater area.
The longevity of the species, nine years or more, should allow
individuals at least one successful spawning migration during a
lifetime (07,08).
Sex ratio observed in 163 individuals was 1.2 males to 1 female
(08).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
There is a possibility, not confirmed, that laregemouth bass,
crappies, and brown bullheads prey on larval and juvenile suckers
(07).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
The average lengths of the Warner sucker are as follows (04):
Age (in years): Length (mm):
1 40
2 80
3 130
4 160
5 210
6 250
7 300
8 330
*(The largest fish measured [age was not determined] was 372 mm [04]).
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Developing fishways
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The present status of the Warner sucker is attributable to both
natural and manmade causes. The desiccation of Pluvial Lake Warner
(21,12) diminished the water areas in Warner Valley. Development
of water control for agricultural purposes has reduced further the
accessible waters. Storage dams, diversion dams, diversion ditches
and irrigation canals throughout the system have stopped spawning
migrations and diverted suckers into alfalfa fields and pastures,
and have dewatered streams at peak seasons (03,06,07,08,22).
The water control systems did not develop on an extensive basis
until the late 1930's (13). Before that time, according to
interviews with local residents, the suckers were numerous in the
creeks (08).
Damming of the stream habitat prevents access to spawning areas.
Diversion of water allows larvae and adults to be led into fields with
no access to suitable habitat (03,08,22).
Predatory fishes (largemouth bass, crappie, and bullheads) have
been introduced to the valley. These could have an adverse impact on
the survival of larval and juvenile suckers since they may serve as a
prey food base for these introduced species (07).
Another possible threat is the development of geothermal
resources (08).
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
At present, there is no formal recovery plan for the Warner
sucker.
Recommended recovery actions include:
1. Land acquisition to protect the limited distribution of this
species (the drainages that this species inhabits include private
lands, that should be acquired to insure protection of this
species).
2. Protection of spawning sites (some located on private land
holdings).
3. Control irrigation use. Irrigation ditches prevent movement of
spawning adults upstream. Fry going downstream are diverted into
the irrigated fields causing high losses. Fish passage devices
will need to be installed for the spawning adults, and to prevent
any further losses of fry, the addition of screens to off-take
areas for irrigation will prevent fry from entering the irrigation
lines.
4. A program needs to be undertaken for exotic predator control
(i.e. removal of exotic crappie and sunfish).
5. Also to protect the habitat area, the following items will need
to be undertaken: (a) addition of fenceing will limit human access,
(b) habitat management to protect this riparian habitat (i.e.,
wetland management and modifications, maintainence of water flow,
and stream bank modifacation and habitat revegetation (ex.
replanting of willow along stream banks), and (c) the removal of
cattle on these lands to prevent further vegetative damage, and
soil erosion and sedimentation.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Anderson, J.K. 1976. Systematics and status of the family
Catostomidae in southern Oregon. Ph.D. Thesis. OR State Univ.
Corvallis. 76 pp.
02 Bond, C.E. 1973. Keys to Oregon freshwater fishes. OR Agric.
Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 58. 42 pp.
03 Bond, C.E. 1974. Endangered plants and animals of Oregon: I.
Fishes, Oregon Agric. Exp. Sta. Spec. Rept. 205. Pp. 1-9.
04 Bond, C.E., and C.Combs. 1985. Characteristics and life history
of Catostomus warnerensis. Proc. Desert Fish. Counc. XIII:40-45.
05 Coombs, C.I. 1980. Observations on population status and
reproduction of the Warner sucker (Catostomus warnerensis). Proc.
Desert Fish. Counc. XI:87.
06 Coombs, C., and C.E. Bond. 1980. Report of investigations on
Catostomus warnerensis. Fall 1979 and Spring 1980. Unpubl. rept.
Dept. Fish. and Wildl., OR State Univ., Corallis. 29 pp.
07 Coombs, C.I., and C.E. Bond. 1981. Status of the Warner sucker
(Catostomus warnerensis). Proc. Desert Fish. Counc. XII:76.
08 Coombs, C., C.E. Bond, and S.F. Drohan. 1979. Spawning and early
life history of the Warner sucker (Catostomus warnerensis). Rept.
to: U.S. Fish. and Wildl. Serv., Sacramento, CA. 52 pp.
09 Cope, E.D. 1884. On the fishes of the recent and pliocene lakes
of the western part of the Great Basin, and Idaho Pliocene Lake.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 35; 1883:134-166.
10 Deacon, J.E., G. Kobetich, J.D. Williams, S. Contreras, et al.
1979. Fishes of North America endangered, threatened, or of
special concern: 1979. Fisheries 4(2):30-44.
11 Hayes, J. 1980. Fish of Warner Valley, Pp. 120-139. In: Dept.
of Fish. and Wildl., Oregon State Univ., C. Gilman (ed.).
Analysis of the aquatic habitats of Warner VAlley with relation to
land use patterns. Final Rept. (Grant No. SPI-78-03490) to
National Science Foundation.
12 Hubbs, C.L., and R.R. Miller. 1948. The zoological evidence/
correlation between fish distribution and hydrographic history in
the desert basins of western United States. Bull. Univ. Utah 30(2)
Pp. 17-166.
13 Hunt, J.H. 1964. The Warner Valley Stock Company - a geographic
study. M.S. Thesis. OR State Univ., Corvallis. 116 pp.
14 Moyle, P.B. 1976. Inland fishes of California., Univ. of Calif.
Press. 405 pp.
15 Oregon Natural Heritage Program. 1985. Fish data. Portland, OR.
16 Oregon State University. 1986. Oregon Fish Data Base: Warner
sucker file. Dept. of Fish. and Wildl. OR State Univ.,
Corvallis.
17 Schultz, L.P. 1936. Keys to the fishes of Washington, Oregon,
and closely adjoining regions. Univ. of Wash. Publ. in Bio.
2(4):103-228.
18 Schultz, L.P., and A.C. DeLay. 1935-1936. Fishes of the American
Northwest. Jour. Pan Pac. Res. Inst. X(4) Mid Pacific Mag.
19 Snyder, J.O. 1908. Relationships of the fish fauna of the lakes
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
of southwestern Oregon. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., vol. XXVII, 1907.
Pp. 69-102.
20 Swenson, S.C. 1978. Report on investigation on Catostomus
warnerensis during spring 1978. Report to U.S. Fish and Wildl.
Serv., Sacramento, CA. 27 pp.
22 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Endangered and Threatened
wildlife and plants; determination that Warner sucker is a
threatened species and designation of its critical habitat. Fed.
Reg. 50(188):39117-39123.
23 Bond, C.E. 1978. [Letter to Dr. James Williams, Office of
Endangered Species, USFWS, Washington, D.C.]
24 Bond, C.E. [n.d.]. Pers. obs. and pers. know. OR State Univ.,
Corvallis.
25 District Fisheries Biologist. 1963. Pers. comm. OR Dept. of
Fish. and Wildl., Lakeview.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Bond, C.E. 1974. Endangered plants and animals of Oregon: I.
Fishes, Oregon Agric. Exp. Sta. Spec. Rept. 205. Pp. 1-9.
02 Coombs, C., and C.E. Bond. 1980. Report of investigations on
Catostomus warnerensis. Fall 1979 and Spring 1980. Unpubl. rept.
Dept. Fish. and Wildl., OR State Univ., Corvallis. 29 pp.
03 Coombs, C., C.E. Bond, and S.F. Drohan. 1979. Spawning and early
life history of the Warner sucker (Catostomus warnerensis). Rept.
to: U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Sacramento, CA. 52 pp.
04 Coombs, C., S. Drohan, and C.E. Bond. 1979. Spawning and early
life history of the Warner sucker. Quarterly Prog. Rept. to:
USFWS, Sacramento, CA. 7 pp.
05 Cope, E.D. 1884. On the fishes of the recent and pliocene lakes
of the western part of the Great Basin, and Idaho Pliocene Lake.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 35; 1883:134-166.
06 Hayes, J. 1980. Fish of Warner Valley, Pp. 120-139. In: Dept.
of Fish. and Wildl., Oregon State Univ., C. Gilman (ed.).
Analysis of the aquatic habitats of Warner VAlley with relation to
land use patterns. Final Rept. (Grant No. SPI-78-03490) to
National Science Foundation.
07 Oregon State University. 1986. Oregon Fish Data Base: Warner
sucker file. Dept. of Fish. and Wildl., OR State Univ.,
Corvallis.
08 Schultz, L.P., and A.C. DeLay. 1935-1936. Fishes of the American
Northwest. Jour. Pan Pac. Res. Inst. X(4) Mid Pacific Mag.
09 Snyder, J.O. 1908. Relationships of the fish fauna of the lakes
of southwestern Oregon. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., vol. XXVII, 1907.
Pp. 69-102.
10 Swenson, S.C. 1978. Report on investigation on Catostomus
warnerensis during spring 1978. Report to U.S. Fish and Wildl.
Serv., Sacramento, CA. 27 pp.
11 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Endangered and Threatened
wildlife and plants; determination that Warner sucker is a
threatened species and designation of its critical habitat. Fed.
Reg. 50(188):39117-39123.
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species SUCKER, WARNER
Species Id ESIS251016
Date 14 MAR 96
12 Williams, J.E. Pers. observ. 1987. Sacramento, CA 95825.
References - 3