(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - PUPFISH, OWENS
OTHER COMMON NAMES - PUPFISH, OWENS; PUPFISH, OWENS RIVER; PUPFISH and DESERT
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CYPRINODONTIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CYPRINODONTIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - CYPRINODON,
SPECIES AND SSP - RADIOSUS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - CYPRINODON RADIOSUS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Owens Pupfish
Cyprinodon radiosus Miller, 1948
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Cyprinodontiformes FAMILY: Cyprinodontidae
The Owens pupfish (Cyprinodon radiosus) is a member of the
killifish family, Cyprinodontidae, native to the Owens Valley of
eastern California. Originally identified as C. macularius (Kennedy
1916), it was not until 1948 that R.R. Miller published the first
account clearly identifying C. radiosus as a separate species. The
name Cyprinodon means "carp with teeth", while radiosus "refers to
high number of rays in the dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins" (06).
Owens pupfish resemble desert pupfish (C. macularius) but they
lack the spinelike projections on the circuli of the scales and have
reticulated spaces between the circuli. The scales are large,
26 to 27 in the lateral series. The middle cusps of the teeth are
more truncate than spatulate. Dorsal rays are 10 to 12 (usually 11);
anal rays, 9 to 12 (usually 10); pectoral rays, 13 to 17 (usually
14 to 15); pelvic rays, 6 to 8 (usually 7); and caudal rays, 16 to 19.
The dorsal fin has a thickened first ray and is equidistant between
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
the base of the caudal fin and the tip of the snout. Gill rakers are
15 to 20 (usually 16 to 19). The head is more slender and the caudal
peduncle is longer than in other Death Valley pupfishes. Males are
larger and deeper bodied than females but the differences are not at
striking as in other California Cyprinodon. Breeding males are bright
blue, with purplish lateral bars. Unlike those of other pupfishes,
these bars do not narrow ventrally. Preserved fish lack the black
border on the tail which is present in life in many breeding males.
Females are similar to other pupfish females (01). Miller and Pister
(1971) presented an excellent description of breeding coloration
patterns of C. radiosus (04).
A Cyprinodon closely resembling the lower Colorado River species
C. macularius but with the structural scale pattern of C. nevadensis,
C. diabolis, and C. salinus (the other species of the Death Valley
System), from which it differs in having a very anterior dorsal fin, a
thickened first dorsal ray, a higher average number of dorsal, anal,
and pelvic fin rays, no terminal black band on the caudal fin, a much
slenderer head, a longer caudal peduncle, and in certain other details
of body proportions, coloration, and squamation (06).
The very anterior position of the dorsal fin is further expressed
by using a pair of fine dividers and projecting forward the distance
between the caudal base and the origin of the dorsal fin, noting the
point reached by the tip of the dividers. In 63 males (22 to 41 mm
long) from different localities, this point falls between the tip of
the rostrum to well beyond the lower jaw, usually between the tip of
the snout and the tip of the lower jaw. In 70 females (25 to 45 mm
long) from the same localities, the point varies from the anterior
border of the eye to beyond the tip of the lower jaw, usually falling
rather close to the tip of the snout (06).
Miller (1948) originally described both the holotype (UMMZ No.
146653) and paratypes of young to adult Cyprinodon radiosus (UMMZ No.
133007) taken with the holotype. Additional collections of young to
adult paratypes (UMMZ No. 124843, 131155, and 138317) from the same
locality have also been recorded and preserved (06).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Owens pupfish (Cyprinodon radiosus) has been designated an
Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as
amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
State of California.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
STATE: California
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Calif. Dept of Game and Fish
STATE STATUTE: Calif. Endangered Species Act; Fiah and Game Code
Chapt. 1.5, Art. 1, Sect. 2050.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The Owens pupfish is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Animals (1986) and in the 1973 and 1977 IUCN Red Book as
Endangered. It is also listed in the Annex to the Convention on
Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere.
This fish is unofficially listed by the American Fisheries Society as
Endangered.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None.
67/03/11:32 FR 4001/ - Pre-Act 1, Listed as Endangered
70/08/25:35 FR 13519/13520 - Pre-Act 6, Listed as Endangered
70/10/13:35 FR 16047/16048 - Pre-Act 7, Listed as Endangered
79/05/21:44 FR 29566/29577 - Notice of status review
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Notice of 5-year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25522/25525 - Notice of 5-year review completion
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Herbaceous Rangeland
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Streams and Canals
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Owens pupfish, Cyprinodon radiosus Miller (1948), a
member of the killifish family Cyprinodontidae, is confined to the
Owens River drainage in Owens Valley, California. It is one of the
several species of this genus that inhabit springs and creeks of the
desert region in easter California and southwestern Nevada.
Cyprinodon radiosus (Owens pupfish) prefers clear, warm,
somewhat shallow (2 inches to 3 feet) and still or slow moving water.
They especially thrive in areas with chara ssp. present. They are
highly aggressive fish, especially during mating season. Pupfish
appear to aggregate at spring sources when available. The fish also
prefer to have some deeper water with shallow water on the periphery
to which they move at water temperatures above 65-70 degrees F.
Young fish inhabit shallow warm water, while adult fish inhabit both
deep and shallow areas (03).
Pleistocene C. radiosus inhabited shallow interconnected lakes,
marshes, and slow moving streams which fluctuate daily and/or
seasonally. Owens pupfish are eurythermal and euthalinen able to
withstand wide range of environmental variation (02,03). They are a
highly versatile species and can withstand temperatures from 0 degrees
Celsius in the winter to 44 degrees Celsius in the summer. They
survive in dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 1.0 ppm and
salinity three times as great as sea water (03).
Miller (1948) described the existing type-locality of C. radiosus
within Fish Slough: "At the source and immediate vicinity, the spring
area is 8 to 30 feet wide. The water is very clear, up to 3 feet
deep, and bubbling springs are dispersed at intervals over a bottom of
caked quicksand. No vegetation other than overhanging willows and
grass was noted, shore is extensive meadowland. Slight current.
Water temperature rather constant throughout the year (varying
between) 19.5 to 20.8 degrees Celsius. Very creek-like habitat at
4,225 feet elevation."
Agricultural practices are present. Alfalfa is grown and
irrigated by groundwater pumping in Hammil and Chalfant Valleys. Any
agricultural practice and/or riparian alteration that would deplete a
spring/seep, marsh, or pond source of water, would adversely effect
pupfish habitat. There is a negative association between water use
and Owens pupfish. Unique habitat sites for the Owen pupfish include:
enderheic basins, springs/seeps, pools, arid riparian, and beaver
dams. The surrounding land around the Owens Valley area which
includes the pupfish habitat is composed of desert grasslands, sage
brush and desert shrub.
Owens pupfish occur in sandy to fine silt bottom head-springs
issueing from volcanic rhyolytes (Bishop Tuff) or basal units
(limestones-limey sandstones) of the Poleta Formation at the base of
Black Mountain, Inyo County (Warm Springs). This species also
inhabits shallow alkaline ponds of basic pH 7.5-9.0 filled with
chara ssp.
Many desert fishes live in hypersaline waters in which
Habitat Associations - 1 physiological demands on their bodies are quite different as compared
to fishes in fresh water. Freshwater fishes gain water through their
body without drinking because the concentration of ions in their body
far exceeds that of the surrounding water. In contrast, fishes in
salt water are faced with the problem of dehydration because the
concentration of ions in the environment far exceeds that in their
bodies causing water to be drained out. Fishes in this situation
must drink the salty water, regulate the excess ions internally and
excrete them via the kidneys or gills.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Crustaceans
General Molluscs
General Detritus
General Diatoms
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Inland Wetland: vegetated stream banks
G
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G Terrestrial Features: Depressions
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Cyprinodon radiosus are "ecological generalists," or omnivorous
opportunistic feeders that primarily feed on the substrate. They have
a selective preference for high protein (animal) food depending on
seasonal availability, i.e., aquatic insects, crustaceans, snails,
algae, plankton, and insect larvae. In the spring when mosquito
larvae is abundant, pupfish will utilize this food source. The
amount of algae in diet varies seasonally, being highest in spring and
summer when algae production is high. Another source of food is
detritus but a major proportion of colonies is probably derived from
the microbial coating on detritus particles (03).
Pupfish exhibit a behavior known as "plowing" where the fish
stirs up food from the bottom with its body and then will selectively
sift out food particles (03) and during this process will ingest
diatoms.
Non-reproducing adults and juveniles feed in loose aggregations,
while fry feed in shallow areas to avoid cannibalism by adults (03).
Reproductive male pupfish, on establishing territories, feed
predominantly in their territories (03). Their small size permits
the pupfish to forage in habitats too shallow for most other fish
species. These pools usually are the nursery areas for insects and
provide an excellent food supply unavailable to other adult sympatric
fish species (07). Kennedy (1916) analyzed the stomach contents of
14 pupfish. The primary food item (90 percent) was chironomid fly
larvae (07).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Cyprinodon radiosus is territorial in most situations. The
social system is based on male spawning and feeding territories.
During breeding seasons, (temps. exceeding 18 degrees C) males defend
territories comprising suitable substrates for spawning. Substrate is
generally a loose mixture of mud, sand, and detritus. Territories are
stable and defense is primarily aggressive display rather than combat.
Feeding territories are defended by pupfish in habitats with minimal
current. Non-reproducing adults of both sexes temporarily defend
feeding territories. Size of territory depends on availability of
habitat. Small populations occurring in springs are limited in space,
resulting in highly developed and structured social systems where the
degree of competition is maximized. In unpredictable environments,
(i.e., marshes), competition is minimal and much of the energy is
utilized in reproduction (03).
PERIODICITY:
Cyprinodon radiosus becomes active in response to temperature
changes. Pupfish spend the night in cool shallow water and move into
warmer water beginning at dawn to feed. Between mid-morning and late
afternoon, the shallow water has been heated to a preferred
temperature. If the water becomes too warm, the fish will retreat
into deeper, cooler water. As darkness approaches, fish become less
active, resting on the bottom as the water cools, where they will
spend the night (03).
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
Owens pupfish is seasonally active in most locations due to
temperature fluctuations. When temperatures decline in fall, the fish
become dormant and bury themselves into the substrate, until the
following spring. In locations where water temperature remains
constant, pupfish can be observed throughout the year at Warm Springs
Refuge in Bishop, California (03).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Cyprinodon radiosus is a non-migratory species of pupfish (03).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Owens pupfish prefers water depths from two inches to three feet,
with a species of brittle algae (chara), on the bottom. The fish
prefer areas with a degree of "privacy" especially during mating
season. This privacy is presumably visual isolation from other
aggressive territorial males. Rocks and algae and tule growth provide
this cover (03).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Owens pupfish requires certain types of substrate for spawning.
It shoud consist of clean, still water with the actual spawning area
consisting of mud, sand, and detritus. They reproduce in water depths
of three inches to three feet. The primary requirement for mating
depends on water temperature. For pupfish to become reproductively
active, the water temperature must be between 18-35 degrees Celsius.
At this temperature, the male assumes a blue coloration and begins his
aggressive mating behavior (03,04).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Owens pupfish of several generations can breed throughout the
summer with optimum environmental conditions. Male pupfish defend a
definite territory depending on the size of the population. A
receptive female will swim into a spawning area, where the male will
pursue her. She swims and nips at the substrate. The two fish move
together for a short distance on the bottome during which 1-2 eggs are
released (03,04). The female can spawn 50 to 200 eggs, but rarely
spawns more than one or two eggs in succession (07).
Female fish leaves the territory immediately after a single
spawning act. Lasting pairs are never formed and both sexes spawn
frequently with different individuals (03).
PARENTAL CARE:
There is no parental care with pupfish. The young fish inhabit
warm, shallow water (nurseries) to avoid cannibalism by adult fish
(03). Pupfish larvae are large enough to feed from the day of
hatching on small food items the size of brine shrimp maupulii (07).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Owens pupfish are generalists that can adapt to a variety of
environmental/habitat changes. Limiting factors to the species
include, water availability, water depth and temperature (previously
discussed), introduction of exotic species which either prey on
pupfish (largemouth bass, crayfish, frogs) or compete for food and
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
space (mosquito fish), and natural disasters. Earthquakes cause new
springs to emerge and can change water temperature. Drought causes
decline in available water. Growth rates depend on environment.
Crowding tends to increase activity, thus reduces food intake and
reduces growth rate (03).
It normally takes 2-4 months for pupfish to reach maturity. Fish
in variable temperatures/conditions do not grow year round. In cold
months, they bury themselves into substrate. Survivorship depends on
environment. Life span is usually 2-12 months, but this also depends
on water temperature, water availability, predation and competition.
Sex ratios are approximately equal (02,03,04).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Owens pupfish respond adversely to introduced exotic species of
fish and large invertebrates. Large introduced fish such as large
mouth bass will prey on pupfish, while small species of fish such as
mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) will compete for food and space as
well as prey on pupfish eggs and fry. Mosquito fish will harass
pupfish in their mating territories. Thus reproduction rates decline.
Small molluscs and crustaceans do not seem to cause a problem, but
larger crustaceans (i.e., crayfish) will feed on pupfish and their
eggs (03).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Invertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Adverse Hybridization
Existing Hybridization
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Groundwater drawdown
Existing Groundwater drawdown
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The native habitat of the Owens pupfish has undergone
extensive modification. Water use projects and introductions of
exotic species have kept the species on the edge of extinction (07).
A reduction in water flow from the feeder springs of Fish Slough in
the summer of 1969 posed an immediate threat to continued survival of
the pupfish (07). In 1979, in Warm Springs, it was discovered that
the Owens pupfish had disappeared and the springs had become overrun
by the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Furthermore the existing
perimeter fence does not protect the impoundment or water source from
vandalism. People have obviously used the pond area for swimming
(07).
Historically, agricultural development and water export have
reduced pupfish habitat. Coupled with the establishment of exotic
fishes mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis), largemouth bass (Micropterus
salmoides), and carp (Cyprinus carpio) (07), some of these introduced
species are predacious, while others compete for food and mating
resources. Hybridization with other Cyprinidae has been known to
occur (03,07). Dewatering of habitat by the city of Los Angeles also
added to the pupfish habitat destruction. Alteration of habitat by
humans which inlcudes bank disturbance (swimming) and rock removal
have occurred. Uncontrolled growth of riparian vegetation, i.e.,
Tamarisk water demand is extremely high. In natural situations this
would not be a problem but with Los Angeles Department of Water and
Power pumping, it depletes shallow ground water resources.
A lack of education regarding the importance of all fish life,
although economic value is not evident, has been a problem.
Future threats inlcude: increased groundwater pumping
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
(dewatering by Los Angeles Department of Water and Power) as the
demands for water in Los Angeles grows and any further introduction of
nonnative and exotic species could threaten the pupfishes survival.
Sabotage and vandalism by humans could sufficiently destroy suitable
habitat and reduce the numbers of fish which could decrease the gene
pool (03,04).
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery plan for the Owens
Pupfish, Cyprinodon radiosus. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Portland,
OR. 47 pp.
The primary objective for recovery of the Owens pupfish is to
improve the species status and its habitat condition to permit
downlisting and delisting. These objectives would be obtained when
five refugia (presently two exist) are established with minimum
populations of 500 which are free from threats (down listing) and
remain free from threats for five years (criterium for delisting).
The populations and habitats of the Owens pupfish will be
managed at the Owens VAlley Native Fish Sanctuary by eliminating
exotic fishes, controlling bullfrogs and crayfish, preventing
reintroduction of exotic species, preparing a management plan,
controlling submergent and emergent vegetation, and maintaining dams.
Similarly, the populations and habitats at the Warm Springs Refugium
will be managed by controlling crayfish, exotic fishes, and
submergent/emergent vegetation, maintaining dams, modifying pond
outflows to prevent clogs, and installing a new fence entrance.
Viable, self-sustaining populations will be protected and
established in suitable new or restored habitats. A River Spring Lake
population will be established by eliminating exotic fishes,
controlling exotic species, managing emergent and submergent
vegetation, preparing/implementing a management plan, assuring
protection of water/property rights, and introducing the Owens
pupfish. For other suitable sites water quality, physical habitat,
potential biological effects, longevity of water aquifer will be
evaluated. Property and water rights will be assured. A management
plan will be prepared and implemented. Extant populations,
transplants, and habitat conditions will be monitored by determining
population size and reproduction and assessing habitat conditions.
Ecological studies which have direct applicability to management
and recovery will be conducted by determining habitat requirements,
interactions with mosquitofish, and suitablity of employing the
Owens pupfish for mosquito control.
Protection of the Owens pupfish and its habitat will be acheived
through enforcement of laws and regulations of State and Federal
governments and ordinances of local governments. Existing laws,
regulations, and ordinances will be reviewed to determine and
recommend modifications.
Public support should be gained by providing information on
status and recovery objectives. Information should be provided to
press, TV, and radio; brochures should be distributed; and articles
for popular and scientific consumption should be published.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
Informational signs should be installed at essential habitat areas.
Recovery activities that are currently being undertaken consist
of (1) controlling exotic fish and crayfish and fencing/posting
activities in Fish Slough area, and (2) expansion of ponds and
maintainance of dams at the Warm Springs Refugium.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species PUPFISH, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251017
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Moyle, P.B. 1976. Inland fishes of California. Univ. CA Press,
Berkeley. pp. 257-259.
02 Soltz, N. 1981. Fishes in North American Deserts. John Wiley
and Sons, NY. pp. 7-71.
03 Soltz, N. 1978. The natural history of native fishes in the
Death Valley system. Nat. Hist. Mus. of Los Angeles County.
pp. 1-76.
04 Miller, R.R. and E.P. Pister. 1971. Management of the Owens
pupfish, Cyprinodon radiosus, in Mono County, California. Trans.
Amer. Fish. Soc. 100(3):502-509.
05 Pister, E.P. 1974. Desert fishes and their habitats. Trans.
Amer. Fish. Soc. 103:531-540.
06 Miller, R.R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley
system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada. Mus. Zool.
Univ. of Mich. 68:1-55.
07 Courtois, L.A., and W. Tippets. 1979. Status of the Owens pupfish
Cyprinodon radiosus (Miller), in California. Dept. of Fish and
Game, Inland Fisheries, Sacramento, CA. 31 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Miller, R.R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley
system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada. Mus. Zool.
Univ. of Mich. 68:1-55.
02 Miller, R.R., and E.P. Pister. 1971. Management of the Owens
pupfish, Cyprinodon radiosus, in Mono County, California. Trans.
Amer. Fish. Soc. 100(3):502-509.
03 Pister, E.P. 1974. Desert fishes and their habitats. Trans.
Amer. Fish. Soc. 103:531-540.
04 Pister, E.P., and J.H. Kerbavaz. 1984. Fish Slough; a case study
in management of a desert riparian area. IN: R.E. Warner and
K.M. Hendrix, ed. Calif. Riparian Systems. A Conf. on their Ecol.,
Conservation and productive management, Univ. of Calif. Press,
Berkeley.
05 Pister, E.P. 1985. Desert pupfishes: Reflections on reality,
desirability and conscience. Fisheries 10(6):10-15.
06 Pister, E.P. 1976. Letter to Jim Williams. Desert Fishes
Council. Bishop, CA. 3 pp.
07 Courtois, L.A., and W. Tippets. 1979. Status of the Owens pupfish
Cyprinodon radiosus (Miller), in California. Dept. of Fish and
Game, Inland Fisheries, Sacramento, CA. 31 pp.
References - 1