(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - CHUB, TUI, OWENS
OTHER COMMON NAMES - CHUB, TUI, OWENS; CHUB and TUI
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CYPRINIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CYPRINIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - GILA,
SPECIES AND SSP - BICOLOR, SNYDERI
SCIENTIFIC NAME - GILA BICOLOR SNYDERI
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Owens Tui Chub
Gila bicolor snyderi Miller, 1973
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Cypriniformes FAMILY: Cyprinidae
General Description: a representative of subgenus Siphateles.
Differs from other subspecies by having:
1) pharyngeal arches with a strong shield at the posterior end of
the anterior limb, and
2) scales with a weak or no basal shield and with lateral and
apical radii, the total number of radii varying from 13 to 29,
3) the dentary deep below the subvertical ascending process with
gnathic ramus strong and evenly curved and the thin, elevated
ridge of the dentary flared away from the median,
4) usually from 10 to 14 gill rakers, 7 anal rays, and from 52 to
58 lateral line scales.
In life the color is dusky olive above and whitish below, with
blue and gold reflections along the side. There is considerable gold
on the side of the head, often strongest along the margin of the
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
preopercle (03).
This fish was incorrectly regarded as Rutilus symmetricus by
Gilbert in 1893 (02). It was regarded as Siphateles obesus by Snyder
in 1917 (04), but Siphateles was merged into the genus Gila in 1964 by
Bailey and Uyeno (01). Siphateles is now regarded as a subgenus of
Gila by Miller (03). The subspecies snyderi was officially recognized
in 1973 by Miller (03).
Type specimens are located at the Museum of Zoology, Univ. of
Michigan, Ann Arbor (03).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Owens tui chub (Gila bicolor snyderi) has been designated as
Endangered pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (50 CFR
17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended.
The subspecies has this status wherever found including the state of
CA. Critical Habitat has been designated for this species in portions
of Hot Creek (T35, R28E, SW 1/4, Sec. 35) and Owens River (T4S, R3OE,
Sec. 19 - 25 and 36) in Mono County, CA. Known constituent elements
include high quality, cool water with adequate cover of rocks,
undercut banks or aquatic vegetation and a sufficient insect food base
(50 CFR 17.95(e)).
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process (36
CFR 219.19 and 219.20). Management practices that
would cause detrimental changes in water temperature
or composition, water course blockage, or sediment
deposits within 100 feet of the edges of perennial
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
streams, lakes or other bodies of water are prohibited
(36 CFR 219.27(e)). USFS's management of surrounding
areas directly impacts the critical habitat of this
species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: California
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: California Dept. of Fish and Game
STATE STATUTE: California Endangered Species Act, Fish and
Game Code, Chapter 1.5, Article 1, Section 2050.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The Owens tui chub is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red Data
Book, Vol. 4, 1977.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None.
82/12/30:47 FR 58454/58460 - Status review
83/06/14:48 FR 27273/27274 - Notice of findings
83/10/25:48 FR 49244/ - Reasons for no environment assessment
84/03/23:49 FR 10959/10962 - Proposed rule
85/08/05:50 FR 31592/31597 - Final rule, Endangered w/ Crit. Hab.
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Streams and Canals
Reservoirs
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, lower perennial AB2
Riverine, lower perennial UB3
Riverine, lower perennial
Riverine, upper perennial AB2
Lacustrine, limnetic UB
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Owens tui chub is associated with streams that have slow
current, mud bottoms, and abundant submerged vegetation. Known
constitutent elements include high quality, cool water with adequate
cover in the form of rocks, undercut banks, or aquatic vegetation, and
a sufficient insect food base (05). It is likely, when one considers
the past extensive distribution of Gila bicolor snyderi, that this
species may have been found in association with a number of different
habitat types. Due to predation by introduced exotics, this broad
distribution has been restricted to the slower and more protective
waters of the Owens River. This includes the submerged vegetation
which is used by the tui chub for protection from predator species
(20). Kimsey (14) reports that tui chubs in Eagle Lake, California
spawn in about three feet of water in temperatures of about 55 to 60
degrees Farenheit in aquatic plant beds of Mirophyllum, Ceratophyllum,
and Potamogeton. In laboratory experiments he found that eggs
attached to the leaves or stems of these plants hatched while those
that fell to the substrate failed to hatch.
Currently surrounding habitat is sage brush. One location for
the species is below the Long Valley Dam (Long Valley Reservoir also
known as Crowley Lake) in Mono County, CA.
The Owens Basin consists of three valleys: Long Valley and Adobe
Valley in the north, which drain into Owens Valley to the south.
During pluvial times, 10,000 to 20,000 years ago, these valleys were
dominated by large lakes and were, in general, well-watered (Hubbs and
Miller, 1948). In the more arid present climate, the Owens Basin
still contains a variety of springs, lakes and flowing water habitats.
Many of these habitats, with the exception of thermal springs and high
elevation lakes, were at one time inhabited by the Owens tui chub.
Much of the natural habitat has been modified for irrigation purposes,
impounded to create reservoirs, or dewatered to provide for the needs
of Los Angeles.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Detritus
General Bacteria
General Phytoplankton
General Diatoms
General Algae
General Zooplankton
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
OOD HABITS:
Little is known about the food habits of Gila bicolor snyderi
except by comparison with closely related subspecies such as Gila
bicolor obesus and other fish of this genus. La Rivers (06) reports
that adult lacustrine Gila bicolor in Pyramid Lake, Nevada, are
omnivorous feeding on algae covered rocks hosting crustaceans and that
stomach contents of these fish contain diatoms, micro-crustacea,
hydrocarina, and lendipedid larvae. Larval Pyramid Lake fish are
reported to also be opportunistic feeders (07) consuming the
cladocerans, Moina hutchinsoni, Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum, and
Alona costata, the copepods - Cyclops vernalis, and Diaptomus sicilis,
and other zooplankters including Eucypris sp., Branchionus sp.,
Daphina schodleri, as well as copepod nauplii. Cooper (19) found that
tui chub from Walker Lake, Nevada, consumed mostly zooplankton
(97.4% by occurrence and 94.4% by composition) if feeding in pelagic
water but significantly more benthic material when feeding in littoral
regions.
Galat and Vucinich (07) found food partitioning between the two
sympatric species of Gila in Pyramid Lake in that chironomid
consumption for young of the year Gila bicolor obesa was 41% of the
stomach contents for fish from 26-50 mm long and up to 62% for fish
51-75 mm long while 26-50 mm long G. b. pectinifer consumed 93 pct.
zooplankton and fish 51-75 mm long consumed 100% zooplankton. Kimsey
(14) reports that larval Gila in Eagle Lake, California, feed on
rotifers, diatoms, desmids, and "other microscopic material" and that
83.3 % of the adult stomach contents contained animal plankton and
46.6 % of the stomachs contained higher plant remains, principally
Potamogeton.
The food habits of fluvial species of this genus have been
investigated. Cross (08) found that filamentous algae comprised 90
pct. of the vol. of the gut contents of Gila robusta seminuda in the
Virgin River with invertebrates occupying the other 10%. The adult of
Gila robusta in the Colorado River drainage are generally omnivorous
(08,09) while the young are primarily insectivorous shifting more to
plant material as they mature (09). This same pattern is exhibited by
Gila robusta seminuda in the Virgin River (10) and Gila robusta ssp.
in the Moapa River (13). Stomach contents of adult Gila cypha
primarily contained Chironomids and Simuliids (11) and Gila elegans is
also generally considered to be an insectivore (12).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
No information is available concerning territoriality of this
species. In addition, no significant information exists concerning
territoriality for any other species of endangered western chub.
PERIODICITY:
Some periodicity for Gila bicolor obesus in Pyramid Lake has been
noted by Snyder (04). Large numbers of this species will invade newly
flooded shallows in the evenings and return to deeper water in the
morning (04). Seasonal periodicity is also indicated (06) with
spawning fishes moving into the more shallow areas of the lake in the
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
spring and summer and returning to deeper water in the fall and
winter.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Fish of this genus are considered non-migratory, however, Snyder
(04) states the following concerning Gila bicolor ssp. in Pyramid Lake
"Far out and up and down the shores the water fairly boiled. Spring
had come, and with it, in the dim light of the early morning, myrids
of fishes from the depths of the lake. Daylight revealed them
everywhere, along the shore, among the bolders, and in the algae,
hovering in enormous schools over the bars and moving about in the
clear water of the sheltered bay. Snyder (04) continues "Residents
report that during the summer large numbers of minnows frequent
inshore waters, but that in September they disappear and are seen no
more until the following spring." La Rivers (06), working in Pyramid
Lake 50 years after Snyder (04) states that chubs are quite apparent
in the shallows and near the surface of deeper water in the summer and
seek the deeper water in the winter.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Snyder (04) reports that apparent spawning aggregations of
lacustrine Gila bicolor obesus gather about manmade structures, fallen
trees, and other sheltered areas in Pyramid Lake and La Rivers (06)
reports that schools of Gila bicolor ssp. in Pyramid Lake will seek
deeper water when disturbed.
Several studies have touched on the cover/shelter requirements of
fluvial species of this genus. For example, Miller (17) has noted
that Gila nigrescens is most abundant in habitats which include pools
to about one meter deep, with riparian and submerged cover, shade,
undercut banks, and submerged shrubs. Juveniles of this species are
more often found in shallow water without cover. This species is also
usually found in streams over a substrate of sand, gravel, and cobble,
with some occasional fine mud or silt (17). Adult Gila robusta
jordani prefer deep pools with a slow current (13) while Gila cypha is
found in canyon habitats associated with deep (15m), fast water over
boulder substrates. Cross (08) found Gila robusta seminuda in the
Virgin River to be most commonly associated with bottoms of sand and
silt (70%) and, less commonly (30%), associated with gravel and
rubble. Cross (08) also found G. r. seminuda more often in runs and
less commonly (35%) in pools and riffles. In terms of riparian
cover, most of the G. r. seminuda captured by Cross (08) were taken
from areas of cover including boulders, deadfalls, overhanging trees
and/or undercut banks. It is likely, when one considers the past
extensive distribution of Gila bicolor snyderi, that this species may
have been found in association with a number of different habitat
types.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Kimsey (14) reports that tui chubs in Eagle Lake, California,
spawn in about three feet of water in temperatures of about 55 to 60 F
in aquatic plant beds of Mirophyllum, Ceratophyllum, and Potamogeton.
In laboratory experiments he found that eggs attached to the leaves or
stems of these plants hatched while those that fell to the substrate
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
failed to hatch.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Kimsey (14) reports that spawning of Gila bicolor takes place in
Eagle Lake, California, during the third spring of life when fish
average about six inches SL. Kucera (15) reports peak spawning
activity in Pyramid Lake in July.
Snyder (04) indicates that pinkish scales and yellow belly tints
are prominent during the breeding season. Kucera (14) reports that
most male and female tui chub in Pyramid Lake are sexually mature at
two years and all by three years. Three-year-old females average 232
mm in fork length and produced an average of 15,135 ova.
Four-year-old females averaged 277 mm in fork length and produced an
average of 31,622 ova. Ova production across age classes III-VII
averaged 23,292 with a range of from 6,110 to 68,933.
Newly extruded eggs are from 1.5 to 1.9 mm in diameter. They are
pale orange when extruded changing to a light straw-yellow. An 11
inch female produced 11,200 eggs and dissection indicated that eggs do
not mature all at the same time. The yolk sac has been absorbed and
the larvae are well developed upon hatching.
Sex ratios (male:female) of Gila bicolor in Pyramid Lake are
reported by Kucera (15) as follows:
April May June July August
1:2 1:1.06 1.6:1 1:1.14 1.27:1
The female gonadal somatic index (GSI-percent gonad weight/total
body weight) occurred from February through May while the greatest
increase in somatic growth (fork length) took place in fall and
winter (15).
PARENTAL CARE:
No information exists on parental care by this species. Such
care is unlikely and is not exhibited by other species of Gila.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Very little information exists about the population biology of
Gila bicolor snyderi. Limiting factors include the loss and
degradation of habitat and predation or competition from introduced
exotic fishes.
In the lacustrine Pyramid Lake populations of Gila bicolor ssp.
larval abundance was greatest in mid-July (07). The transition from
meta-larva to juveniles occurred at about 15 mm TL (07). Young fish
showed almost continous growth in length and weight for the first two
years (16). Following that time peak growth occurred in fall and
winter with low growth occurring in spring and early summer (16).
Growth rates peak when periphyton and macro-invertebrates peak.
Cooper (19) found that major growth occurs during the first year in
Walker Lake. Fish 2-3 months old ranged in length from 72-115 mm and
averaged 91 mm.
The opportunities to study Gila bicolor snyderi under natural
conditions have, essentially, been eliminated because of loss of
natural habitat. Past collections demonstrate that this fish once
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
occupied a wide variety of habitats ranging from small springs to the
Owens River. A few still remain in shallow stream-side areas of the
Owens River (18). The other two remaining viable populations consist
of a few hundred individuals in two headwater springs of Hot Creek.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Illegal introductions of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
into the Owens Valley Native Fish Sanctuary and the presence of brown
trout (Salmo trutta) in the Owens River below Crowley Lake have had
major negative impacts on Gila bicolor snyderi (05,15). This fish
sanctuary is managed by the California Dept. of Fish and Game (20).
La Rivers (06) reports that Lahontan cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki
henshawi) prey on Gila bicolor ssp. in Pyramid Lake and Kennedy (16)
states that Gila bicolor ssp. is the major food source of this trout.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTOR:
No additional information is available for this species.
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Adverse Hybridization
Existing Hybridization
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Flooding
Existing Flooding
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Ichthyological surveys during the 1930's and 1940's revealed
that Owens Tui chubs were common in various aquatic habitats in the
Owens basin.
However, over the past 3-4 decades these habitats have been
modified, streams have been diverted, and rivers have been dammed.
Modifications include a system of diversion structures and aqueducts
used to conduct the water to the Los Angeles basin. In general these
habitat alterations are the result of high water demand, particularly
by the city of Los Angeles (05).
Introduction of exotic fishes has also been a major factor in the
decline of the Owens tui chub. Predation by trout, particularly brown
trout, Salmo trutta, has probably reduced Owens tui chub numbers.
Hybridization with the Lahontan tui chub, G.b. obesa, has occurred
extensively throughout the Owens basin. The Lahontan tui chubs were
probably introduced as bait fish by anglers (05).
Trout are present in the remaining two locations where Owens tui
chubs are still present, but the impact of their predation on the tui
chubs is presently unknown.
Future threats include:
1) any significant alterations of the habitats where the chubs still
occur,
2) introduction of closely related tui chubs (e.g. Lahontan tui chubs)
which would hybridize with the Owens tui chubs, and possibly
3) geothermal development.
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
At present, no recovery plan for the Owens tui chub exists. The
technical draft is due to be completed in fiscal year 1988.
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
The management actions that are recommended by the field
biologist at the Sacramento field office of the U.S. Fish and Wildl.
Serv. for the recovery of the Owens tui chub deal with the
translocation of individuals from present populations to similar
habitats and/or the maintenance of the water table, flow, and stream
banks. At this time, no suitable translocation site has been
selected to expand populations and occurrence. Sustaining the present
populations involves keeping the existing habitats as suitable as
possible.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Bailey, R.M. and T. Uyeno. 1964. Nomenclature of the blue chub
and the tui chub, Chprinid Fishes from the Western United States.
Copeia (1964):238-239.
02 Gilbert, C.H. 1893. Report on the fishes of the Death Valley Exp.
collected in southern California and Nevada in 1891, with
descriptions of new species. N. Amer. Fauna 7:229-234.
03 Miller, R.R. 1973. Two new fishes, Gila bicolor snyderi and
Catostomus fumeiventris, from the Owens River Basin, California.
Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich 667:1-19.
04 Snyder, J.O. 1917. An account of some fishes from Owens River,
California. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 54:201-205.
05 Williams, J.E. 1985. Endangered and threatened wildlife & plants;
Endangered status and critical habitat designation for the Owens
Tui Chub. Fed. Reg. 50(150):31592-31597.
06 La Rivers, I. 1962. Fishes and fisheries of Nevada. State
Printing. Off., Carson City. 782 pp.
07 Galat, D.L. and N. Vucinich. 1983. Food partitioning between
young of the year of two sympatric tui chub morphologies. Trans.
Am. Fish. Soc. 112:486-497.
08 Cross, J.N. 1978. Status and ecology of the Virgin River
roundtail chub, Gila robusta seminuda (Osteichthy:Cyprinidae).
Southwest Nat. 23(3):519-527.
09 Vanicek, C.D. and R.H. Kramer. 1969. Life History of the Colorado
squawfish, Ptychochelius lucius, and the Colorado chub, Gila
robusta, in the Green River in Dinosaur National Monument,
1964-1966. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 98:193-208.
10 Greger, P. 1982. Feeding relationships of the fishes of the
Virgin River. Unpubl. M.S. thesis, Univ. Nev., Las Vegas. 38 pp.
11 Keading, L.R. and M.A. Zimmerman. 1983. Life history and ecology
of the humpback chub in the Little Colorado River of the Grand
Canyon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112:577-594.
12 Valdez, R.A. and G.H. Clemmer. 1982. Life history and prospects
for recovery of the humpback and bonytail chub. pp 109-119. In:
Miller et al. (eds), Fishes of the Upper Colorado River System,
present and future. West. Div. Am. Fish. Soc., Bethesda, MD.
13 Hardy, T.B. 1982. Ecological interactions of the introduced and
native fishes in the outflow of Ash Spring, Lincoln Co., Nevada.
Unpubl. M.S. thesis, Univ. Nev., Las Vegas. 79 pp.
14 Kimsey, J.B. 1954. The life history of the tui chub, Siphateles
bicolor (Girard), from Eagle Lake, California. Calif. Fish & Game
40:395-410.
15 Kucera, P.A. 1978. Reproductive biology of the tui chub, Gila
bicolor, in Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Great Basin Nat. 38(2):203-207.
16 Kennedy, J.L. 1983. Seasonal growth of the tui chub, Gila
bicolor, in Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Great Basin Nat. 43(4):713-716.
17 Miller, R.R. and B. Chernoff. 1979. Status of populations of the
endangered Chihuahua chub, Gila nigrescens, in New Mexico and
Mexico. In: Proc. Desert Fish. Council XI:74-84.
18 Sada, D. 1986. Pers. comm. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Reno, NV.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species CHUB, TUI, OWENS
Species Id ESIS251018
Date 14 MAR 96
19 Cooper, J.J. 1985. Age, growth, and food habits of tui chub, Gila
bicolor, in Walker Lake, Nevada. Great Basin Nat. 45(4):784-788.
20 Lorentzen, E. 1987. Pers. comm. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Sacramento, CA.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Brown, S.D. 1981. Owens Tui Chub progress report (4/27/81).
Unpub. report, CA Dept. Fish & Game, Bishop, CA.
02 Brown, S.D. 1982. Owens Tui Chub progress report (8/30/82).
Unpub. report, CA Dept. Fish & Game, Bishop, CA.
03 McEwan, D.R. 1985. Scale analysis of tui chubs from the Hot Creek
Headsprings. Unpubl. memo. CA Dept. Fish & Game, Bishop, CA.
04 McEwan, D.R. 1985. Observations of Owens tui chubs, Hot Creek
Headsprings. Unpubl. memo. CA Dept. Fish & Game, Bishop, CA.
05 Miller, R.R. 1973. Two new fishes, Gila bicolor snyderi and
Catostomus fumeiventris, from the Owens River Basin, CA. Occ.
Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. 667:1-19.
06 Williams, J.E. 1985. Endangered and threatened wildlife and
plants; Endangered status and critical habitat designation for the
Owens tui chub. Fed. Reg. 50(150):31592-31597.
07 Wong, D.A. 1985. Owens chub electroshocking surveys, July 1985.
Unpubl. memo. CA Dept. Fish & Game, Bishop, CA.
08 Lorentzen, E. 1987. Pers. comm. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Sacramento, CA.
References - 2