(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
OTHER COMMON NAMES - SPRINGFISH and RAILROAD VALLEY
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - ATHERINIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - GOODEIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - CRENICHTHYS,
SPECIES AND SSP - NEVADAE,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - CRENICHTHYS NEVADAE
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Railroad Valley Springfish
Crenichthys nevadae Hubbs, 1932
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Atherinifomes FAMILY: Goodeidae
Crenichthys nevadae was described by C.L. Hubbs in 1932 from two
specimens collected by C.T. Brues during field investigations of hot
springs at Duckwater, Nye County, Nevada (07). Individuals of this
species are small, typically cyprinodont-appearing fishes, with
protractile premaxillaries. Williams (15) recorded total lengths of
individuals from Duckwater to vary from 13 to 72 mm, with an average
of 34.5 mm. The dorsal and anal fins are located far back, and
pelvic fins are absent. Jaw teeth are bicuspid and uniserial, and
the pharyngeal teeth are conical. The head is large and heavy,
flattened above the eye, and is contained about 3.1 times standard
length (07). Hubbs (07) recognized Crenichthys as a close relative of
Empetrichthys. No written description of coloration or markings was
given by Hubbs except to mention that, in comparison with
Empetrichthys, "coloration differences are also striking; C. nevadae
is much less mottled, but has the lateral blotches much bolder".
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
Hubbs (07) placed C. nevadae in the Family Cyprinodontidae,
Order Cyprinodontes (=Cyprinodontiformes), along with Empetrichthys
and other cyprinodont fishes (08,09). Nelson (11) placed the
Cyprinodontidae in the Order Atheriniformes. However, Parenti (12)
and Deacon and Williams (04) recently placed Crenichthys and
Empetrichthys in the family Goodeidae, previously considered to
occur only in west-central Mexico.
The holotype specimen is a maturing female 44 mm long to caudal,
and was collected by Dr. and Mrs. C.T. Brues in an isolated warm
spring at Duckwater, Nye County, Nevada, on July 21, 1930; field
number 58 (the specimen is housed in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
of Harvard University, catalog number 32,948). The paratype is
deposited (as Catalog Number 95,024) in the Museum of Zoology of the
University of Michigan (07). An illustration of this species is
located in Hubbs (07), and on file with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (Office of Endangered Species - Washington, D.C.) biological
files is a photo of Railroad Valley Springfish.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Railroad Valley springfish (Crenichthys nevadae) has been
designated a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the State of Nevada. Critical Habitat has been designated
in Big Warm Spring and its outflow pools, streams, and marshes and a
50 foot riparian zone around the above areas in T13N, R56E, NE1/4
Sec. 31, SE1/4 Sec. 31, NW1/4 Sec. 32; and in Little Warm Spring and
its outflow pools, streams, and marshes, and a 50 foot riparian zone
around these areas in T12N, R56E, Sec. 5, of Nye County, Nevada
(50 CFR 17.95(e)).
Special rules concerning "take" for this species can be found in
50 CFR 17.44(n).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BIA -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Bureau of Indian Affairs
lands.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Nevada
DESIGNATED STATUS: Protected
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Nevada Department of Wildlife
STATE STATUTE: Nevada Admin. Code 503.015 to 503.080, Dec. 21,
1981; NV Admin. Code 503.584 to 503.589.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The Railroad Valley springfish is listed as a "Vulnerable"
species in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Wildlife (1986).
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The species has no presently recognized economic value.
82/12/30:47 FR 58454/58460 - Notice of Review
83/06/14:48 FR 27273/27274 - Notice of Petitioning
84/04/17:49 FR 15109/15113 - Proposed Rule - Threatened w/ Crit. Hab.
84/07/31:49 FR 30554 - Notice of public hearing/comment period
86/03/31:51 FR 10857/10865 - Final Rule - Threatened w/ Crit. Habitat
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Mixed Rangeland
Nonforested Wetland
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Palustrine EM5
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Railroad Valley springfish occurs only in thermal springs
and associated outflows and marshy areas in Railroad and Hot Creek
Valleys, Nye County, Nevada, and in a small area of thermal springs
and channels near Sodaville, Mineral County, Nevada (05). Several
of these outflows have been modified and cleared for agricultural
use (i.e. irrigation for pasture and hay fields). The surrounding
habitat is a mixed range land.
Big Warm Spring, located on the Duckwater Indian Reservation,
has a discharge which varies between about 5,800 gallons per minute
(gpm) and 7,300 gpm (10). The other six springs which contain native
C. nevadae populations within Railroad Valley are much smaller,
discharging from 200 to 600 gpm (10,14). Chimney Spring and a spring
in Hot Creek Canyon, both of which contain transplanted populations
of springfish, discharge about 100 and 360 gpm, respectively (10,15).
Spring pool depth of Big Warm Spring is not precisely known, but
is approximately 5 meters, and depth of Little Warm Spring is
approximately 2 meters. All five springs at Lockes Ranch are from 0.5
to 1.5 meters deep. The spring pool at Big Warm Spring is circular
and 24 meters in diameter, and that of Big Spring is 10 meters in
diameter. Other spring pools are quite small, usually less than
1 meter in diameter. Outflows tend to be shallow and less than
1 meter wide, except for that of Big Warm Spring which is several
meters wide (15).
Substrate of the spring headpools is typically sand, gravel, or
pebble (15), and some decaying organic matter. Portions of some
outflows contain dense algal mats of Rivularia, a nitrogen-fixing
blue-green algae (03). The spring pools and outflows typically have
a narrow, but dense, riparian border consisting of Juncus and/or
Typha. Distichlis (salt grass) is common in marshy areas adjacent to
springs and outflows. Springs and outflows at Lockes Ranch contain
varying amounts of duckweed (Lemna), pondweed (Potomgeton), Chara,
Ceratophyllum, and Utrichularia (13).
The following water temperatures have been recorded at the
headsprings (in deg. C): Big Warm Spring (33.5), Little Warm Spring
(31.0), North Spring (35.0), Hay Corral Spring (32.0 to 34.0),
Reynolds Springs 1 & 2 (35.0), Big Spring (37.0), Chimney Spring (32.0
to 34.0), Sodaville Spring (38.3) (06,15,18,19). Springfish have been
reported to occur down the spring outflows at Big Spring to a
temperature of 18.3 deg. C (13). Studies by Willimas (15) showed the
critical thermal maximum for C. nevadae to be 38.2 deg. C.
Specific conductance in mmhos/cm ranges from approximately 760
at Chimney Spring; 660-690 at the Lockes Spring complex (06,15,19)
to 535-587 at Duckwater (15,18). Conductivity (in mmhos/cm) at the
Habitat Associations - 1 Sodaville Springs is much higher, approximately 1,600 - 1,900 (06).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Detritus
General Algae
General Arthropods
General Crustaceans
General Molluscs
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Food habits of Crenichthys nevadae have been investigated only
for the population in Big Spring at the Lockes Ranch site complex
during the period March to September (03,15,17). The ratio of
degestive tract length to standard length of C. nevadae is 1.3:1.
This, along with a black peritoneum color, is an indication of
omnivorous feeding habits (03,15). However, Williams (15) found
C. nevadae to be primarily herbivorous during March to May. At that
time, plant foods, mainly filamentous algae, comprised 51.4% and
32.7%, respectively. Ostracods were the most important animal food,
comprising 13.2% of total intestinal volume. Filamentous algae
(primarily blue-greens) occurred in 72.7% of the intestines examined
(N=11).
During summer months (June - August), C. nevadae in Big Spring
switches to a primarily carnivorous diet. Deacon et al. (03) found
that animal foods comprised 64, 88, 68, and 65 percent of total
intestinal volume in June, July, August, and September, respectively.
Gastropods (54%) and plant material (26%) were the most important
foods in June, but ostracods became the most important food in July,
August, and September, comprising 83% of intestinal volume in July.
According to Williams and Williams (17), ostracods were the primary
food of the Railroad Valley springfish during their study period
June - September), occurring in 82% of the digestive tracts examined,
and accounting for 41.2% of the mean digestive tract volume.
Williams (15) found that animal foods comprised 74.3% of the
intestinal volume during summer months, and that 46.4% of total
intestinal volume was due to ostracods. These crustaceans were a
preferred food and were highly selected for during summer months, as
indicated by high electivity indices (15,16).
Other foods consumed by C. nevadae in Big Spring included
ephemeropteran nymphs, copepods, amphipods, odonate nymphs, Acarina
(water mites), chironomid larvae, and detritis (15). Detritus
occurred in 57.1% of the digestive tracts examined by Williams (15),
and accounted for 13.9% of total intestinal volume. Negative
electivity indices were computed by William (15) and Williams &
Williams (17) for chironomids, amphipods, gastropods, damselfly
nymphs, and copepods during summer months. Presence of fish scales
in 14.3% (15) and 16% (17) of intestines examined was considered by
both investigators to be due to incidental ingestion while feeding on
benthic foods.
Deacon et al. (03) reported that C. nevadae "would often dive
into and pull vigorously on strands of algae, as if specifically in
pursuit of selected prey items". Other observations indicated that
springfish also fed on drift, although identity of such food items
was not discerned. No other observations of feeding behavior in
C. nevadae have been reorted.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
No information has been presented to indicate that this species
exhibits any territorial behavior in its natural habitat. Williams
(15) reported aggressive behavior by springfish held in aquaria, and
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
observed an instance where a "loosely bounded territory" was
defended by a dominant male.
PERIODICITY:
No information is known concerning this aspect of the species'
life history.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
No information is known except for the suggestion by
Deacon et al. (03) that individulas may move into warmer headwater
areas in the winter.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Actual cover/shelter requirements are unstudied. The springs and
marshes where the species occurs contain Juncus, Scirpus, and Typha
stands and dense algal mats (03,15).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
In Big Spring, Deacon et al. (03) found C. nevadae eggs primarily
adhered to Utricularia (bladderwart) plants along the margins of
Scirpus beds during all months of the year. Highest densities of eggs
were found at the two most downstream transects in the study area
along the margins of the channel where extensive Utricularia mats were
developed in shallow areas. High water temperatures in the upstream
areas of the Big Spring system preclude sprinfish reproduction (05).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Female C. nevadae from Big Warm Spring had greatest ovary
development during summer, somwhat less during spring and fall, but
was poorly developed in winter. Average number of ova per female
during spring, summmer, and fall was 264.5, 224.8, and 210.5,
respectively, but dropped to 53.8 per female during winter. Most
females contained several classes of ova simultaneously, indicating
that they spawned two or more times annually. Juveniles were
abundant from June - October. Females from the Big Spring outflow
(some distance below the headspring) had the greatest number of ova
per individual in spring (185 ova). Ova per female were also
well-developed during the fall (134 ova) and winter (139 ova), but
were lowest in summer (99 ova). Larvae were present March to November
(15).
Females from the Big Spring outflow (water temperature 35 - 38
deg. C, near the headspring, exhibited extremely low ovary
development during all seasons, attributable to high water
temperatures, and no larval fish were present. Laboratory
observations indicated reproductive activity was severely depressed
at 35 deg. C and higher temperatures (15).
PARENTAL CARE:
No information is known concerning this aspect of the species'
life history.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
No quantitative population monitoring through time has been done
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
for this species. All natural populations have been subjected to
habitat alteration and/or loss and are presumed to have declined.
The Big Warm Spring population no longer occurs in the headspring
pool or in much of the outflow where previously collected and observed
(05,15). Population biology parameters are for the most part
unstudied. Williams (15) found male/female sex ratios of C. nevadae
from Big Warm Spring to vary seasonally from near 1 male:1 female in
spring/summer to 1 male:1.65 females in fall. At Big Spring, seasonal
sex ratios varied from near 1 male:1 female in spring to
1 male:1.82 females (summer) and 1 male:1.92 females (fall).
Primary factors limiting populations of C. nevadae are habitat
modification and the introduction of predatory and competing species
(05,15,16).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Predation by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and
competition with guppies (Poecilia reticulata) have been cited as
causes for C. nevadae population decline in Big Warm Spring (05,
15,16).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Water Temperature Alteration
Existing Water Temperature Alteration
Adverse Water Level Fluctuation
Existing Water Level Fluctuation
Adverse Groundwater drawdown
Existing Groundwater drawdown
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The primary threat to the Railroad Valley springfish is the
alteration of its thermal spring habitat (03,05,15,16). The outflow
of Big Warm Spring, on the Duckwater Shoshoe Indian Reservation,
contains a cement structure which splits flow into two channels for
agriculture; one of these channels provides flow to a commercial
catfish-rearing facility (05). The Little Warm Spring system,
also on the Duckwater Reservation, was recently (1984) channelized
for several hundred meters (15). Outflows of all springs at Lockes
Ranch have been altered by channelization and diversion (05,15,17).
These activities resulted in an increased temperature in the Big
Spring ouflow, thereby impacting spawning areas (05).
Introduction of exotic species, particulary fishes, also
threatens the Railroad Valley springfish. Guppies (Poecilia
reticulata) have been introduced into Big Warm Spring (05,15,16), and
have apparently competitively excluded C. nevadae from the headpool
and portions of one outflow due to changed habitat conditions
(decreased water depth and velocity) which are now condusive to
P. reticulata (15). Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) have escaped from
the rearing facility into the outflow channel and headpool. Predation
by I. punctatus on desert fishes has been well documented (05).
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
Groundwater pumping and/or potential for interference with
underground aquifers in Railroad Valley is increasing due to oil and
gas development, and Desert Land Entry and Carey Act applications
to the Bureau of Land Management (05,15). Although ground water
resources are regulated by the Nevada State Engineer, the possibility
of local "cones of depression" in ground water levels, consequently
affecting spring discharge, is recognized by the State Engineer (05).
The discharge of Big Spring at Lockes Ranch decreased significantly
after a well was drilled nearby (10). Similarly, decreased flow at
Chimney Spring in 1981 caused the demise of the introduced
C. nevadae population there.
All spring habitats at Lockes Ranch are also impacted by
livestock grazing (05,15,19). Although not proven to eliminate
springfish populations, over-grazing is known to degrade the
quality of aquatic habitats (01,14).
Prior to Federal listing as Threatened with Critical Habitat,
regulatory mechanisms for protection of C. nevadae were limited to its
listing by the State of Nevada as a protected species. While this
classification prohibited taking without a scientific collecting
permit issued by the State, it included no habitat protection or
provisions for development of management or recovery plans (05).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
The technical draft recovery plan for the Railroad Valley springfish
(Crenichthys nevadae) is scheduled for completion by March 1987.
Agency draft is scheduled for completion by January 1988, and the
final plan is scheduled for completion by December 1988.
No approved recovery plan exists. At present, Fish and Wildlife
Service biologists consider the species will be recovered when native
habitats in Railroad Valley have been secured through, but not limited
to, the following: (1) acquistion activities at the Locke's Ranch
spring complex; (2) controlling/restricting agricultural activities at
both Locke's Ranch and the Duckwater Indian Reservation (i.e prevent
further damage by cattle grazing - the past damage and any future
will require habitat rehabilitation and revegetation) (cattle grazing
has not been proven to eliminate springfish populations, but the
overgrazing is known to degrade the quality of the aquatic habitat
(01,14)); (3) modifying operation of the commercial catfish facility
at Big Warm Springs to prohibit escape of channel catfish into the
spring outflow; (4) protection of the underground aquifer supplying
springs where C. nevada occurs (i.e prevent water draw-down to
maintain water flow in springs); (5) possible establishment of
additional populations of C. nevadae within the historical watershed
or possible elsewhere if suitable native habitat is non-existenct or
marginal.
The recovery activities undertaken as of 1987 for C. nevadae have
consisted of Nevada Department of Wildlife/Bureau of Land Management
actions to establish a population in Chimney Hot Springs, on Bureau of
Land Management administered land south of Locke's Ranch. The
population at Sodaville, in Mineral County, was introduced by a Nevada
Department of Wildlife employee in 1947. The population in Hot Creek
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
Canyon was an unauthorized introduction by an unknown individual(s).
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Bureau of Land Management. 1975. Effects of livestock grazing on
wildlife, watershed, recreation, and other resource values in
Nevada. U.S. Dept. of Interior.
02 Deacon, J.E. 1984. Population status and distribution of Gila
complex in Hot Creek Valley, Hot Creek canyon, and Little Fish
Lake valley. Rept. to: NV Dept. of Wildl., Reno, Proj. E-1-1,
Job 1.
03 Deacon, J.E., T.B. Hardy, J. Pollard, W. Taylor, J. Landye,
J. Willimas, C. Williams, P. Gregor, and M. Conrad. 1980.
Environmental analysis of four aquatic habitats in east-central
Nevada, June-September, 1980. Final Rept. to: HDR Sciences.
123 pp.
04 Deacon, J.E. and J.E. Williams. 1984. Annotated list of the
fishes of Nevada. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 97(1):103-118.
05 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants; determination of threatened status and
critical habitat for the Railroad Valley Springfish: Final Rule.
March 31, 1986. Fed. Reg. 51:10857-10865.
06 Garside, L.J. and J.H. Schilling. 1979. Thermal waters of Nevada.
NV Bur. of Mines and Geology Bull. 91, Univ. of NV, Reno. 163 pp.
07 Hubbs, C.L. 1932. Studies of the fishes of the Order
Cyprinodontes. XII. A new genus related to Empetrichthys. Occ.
Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. No. 252:1-5.
08 Lagler, K.F., J.E. Bardach, and R.R. Miller. 1962. Ichthyology.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 545 pp.
09 La Rivers, I. 1962. Fishes and fisheries of Nevada. NV. Fish and
Game Comm., Carson City. pp. 517-520.
10 Mifflin, M.D. 1968. Delineation of ground water flow systems in
Nevada. Desert Res. Inst. Tech. Rept. Ser. H-W. Publ. 4:1-110.
11 Nelso, J.S. 1976. Fishes of the world. John & Wiley Sons, New
York. pp. 170-178.
12 Parenti, L.R. 1981. A phylogentic and biogeographic analysis of
Cyprinodontiformes fishes (Teleostei, Atherinomorpha). Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist. 168:341-557.
13 Pedretti, J.W., T.M. Baugh, and J.E. Deacon. 1985. Status of
Crenichthys nevadae in portions of Railroad Valley, NV. Rept. to:
NV Dept. of Wildl., Reno. 11 pp.
14 Platts, W.S. 1982. Livestock and riparian-fishery interactions:
what are the facts. Trans. 47th N. Amer. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf.,
1982. pp. 507-515.
15 Williams, C.D. 1986. Life history of the Railroad Valley
springfish, Crenichthys nevadae Hubbs (Cyprinodontidae), of
east-central Nevada. MS thesis. Dept. of Biol., CA State Univ.,
Sacramento. 124 pp.
16 Williams, C.D. and J.E. Williams. 1981. Distribution and status
of native fishes of the Railroad Valley system, Nevada. Cal-Neva
Wildl. Trans. pp. 48-51.
17 Williams, C.D. and J.E. Williams. 1982. Summer food habits of
fishes from two springs in east-central Nevada. Southwestern
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species SPRINGFISH, RAILROAD VALLEY
Species Id ESIS251026
Date 14 MAR 96
Naturalist 27(4):437-445.
18 Withers, D. 1986. Status of Crenichthys nevadae at Big and Little
Warm Springs. Field trip rept. NV Dept. of Wildl., Las Vegas.
8 pp.
19 Withers, D. 1986. Status of springfish at Lockes Ranch, Railroad
Valley. Field trip rept. NV Dept. of Wildl., Las Vegas. 5 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants; determination of threatened status and
critical habitat for the Railroad Valley Springfish: Final Rule.
March 31, 1986. Fed. Reg. 51:10857-10865.
02 Hubbs, C.L. and R.R. Miller. 1948. The zoological evidence;
correlation between fish distribution and hydrographical history
in the desert basins of western United States. pp. 17-144. In:
The Great Basin, with emphasis on glacial abd postglacial times.
Bull. Univ. Utah 38(20).
03 Hubbs, C.L., R.R. Miller and L.C. Hubbs. 1974. The hydrographic
history and relect fishes of the north-central Great Basin.
Memoirs Calif. Acad. Sci. 7:1-259.
04 Mifflin, M.D. and M.M. Wheat. 1979. Pluvial lakes and estimated
pluvial climates of Nevada. Nev. Bur. Mines Geol. Bull. 94
57 pp.
05 Miller, R.R. 1958. Origin and affinities of the freswater fish
fauna of western North America. pp. 187-222. In: Zoogeography,
C.L. Hubbs (ed.) Am. Assoc. for the Advancement of Sci., Baltimore.
Publ. No. 51.
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