(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
OTHER COMMON NAMES - PUPFISH and LEON SPRINGS
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - ATHERINIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CYPRINODONTIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - CYPRINODON,
SPECIES AND SSP - BOVINUS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - CYPRINODON BOVINUS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Leon Springs Pupfish
Cyprinodon bovinus Baird and Girard, 1853
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Atheriniformes FAMILY: Cyprinodontidae
Cyprinodon bovinus is a relatively small pupfish [adults reach up
to approximately 50 mm standard length (SL)] that differs from most
other species of Cyprinodon in having a wider head and body (02). The
species appears most similar to C. tularosa, found in an isolated
basin west of Alamogordo, New Mexico. However, C. bovinus differs
considerably from C. tularosa in a number of scale counts and body
proportional measurements (02).
Three other Cyprinodon occupy portions of the Pecos River Basin
in addition to C. bovinus, and these may be distinguished from the
Leon Springs pupfish as follows: Cyprinodon variegatus (the sheepshead
minnow, introduced from coastal waters) has pronounced vertical bars
on its sides and trunk which are lacking in C. bovinus; C. elegans
(the Comanche Springs pupfish) has a peculiar speckled color pattern,
unique among Cyprinodon; and C. pecosensis (the Pecos pupfish) does
not possess the fully scaled abdomen and the bright yellow pigment on
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
the dorsal and caudal fins in breeding males that are present in C.
bovinus (02,03,04). In addition, electrophoretic analysis by Williams
(05) indicate that C. bovinus is distinct from each of the above
species, as well as other Cyprinodon.
Much of the type material appears to be lost from the U.S.
National Museum (02), however 5 syntypes from the original collection
of C. bovinus are extant and recorded in Echelle and Miller's
redescription of this species (02). In this redescription, diagnostic
characters are noted and a photograph of a male and female are
included. Specimens for comparison are stored at various museums
including: the University of Michigan's Museum of Zoology (UMMZ), the
University of Texas at Austin's Texas Natural History Collection
(TNHC), the University of Oklahoma's Museum of Zoology, Harvard
University (3 syntypes, MCZ 1297), U.S. National Museum (1 syntype,
USNM 154785) and the Paris Museum (1 syntype, cat. no. 682) (02).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Leon Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon bovinus) has been
designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the State of Texas. Critical Habitat has been designated
at Diamond Y Spring and its outflow, Leon Creek downstream to 1 mile
NE of the Texas Highway 18 crossing in Pecos County, TX (50 CFR
17.95(e)).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Texas
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
STATE STATUTE: 31 Texas Administrative Code Sec. 57.133
(127.30.003) July 1977
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The Leon Springs pupfish is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red
Data Book, Vol. 4, 1977.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species has value to naturalists and as a component of
Texas' natural heritage of biotic diversity.
78/08/15:43 FR 36117/36120 - Proposed Endangered w/ Critical Habitat
79/03/06:44 FR 12382/12384 - Wthdrawal of Critical Habitat proposal
80/05/16:45 FR 32350/32353 - Reproposal of Critical Habitat
80/08/15:45 FR 54678/54681 - Listing as Endangered w/ Critical Habitat
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Cropland and Pasture
Herbaceous Rangeland
Streams and Canals
Nonforested Wetland
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, intermittent SB
Riverine, upper perennial SB3
Riverine, upper perennial AB1
Palustrine AB
Palustrine EM
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Leon Springs pupfish inhabits the quiet, shallow waters along
the edges of Leon Creek, Diamond-Y Springs, the associated marsh
habitats resulting from the spring outflows, and natural spring
seeps and pools along the watercourse (06,07,09,10). A downstream
watercourse is (except during storms) separated from an upstream
watercourse by about 1.5 km of dry creekbed. The watercourse
terminates in a small playa pond that is often dry (06).
The habitats that C. bovinus presently occupies include
relatively stenothermal (17 to 20 degrees C) springs and seeps which
are relatively saline (ca 15 ppt total dissolved solids, primarily
MgSO4) with recorded conductivities as high as 18,000 microhms/cm
(08).
Leon Springs pupfish are found in a variety of shallow water
habitats and temperatures have been found to vary from 3 to 35
degrees C (07). Due to the high salinities, few trees grow along the
water course (09), however, seasonally abundant filamentous algae,
Scirpus and Chara are found in or along the creekbank (07,10).
Substrates are mostly hard clay and soft to flocculent muds (07,09,
10). After periodic heavy rains, the creek bottom is scoured and
bedrock exposed (09).
Following hatching, the young move into shallow water
environments near the creek edge and into the outskirts of the marsh
margin (07).
An oil and natural gas field is located adjacent to Diamond-Y
Springs and Leon Creek (02,07,08,09,10) and a protective dike has
been constructed between the oil/gas field and Diamond-Y Springs to
prevent accidental contamination. Rangeland in the area is
characteristic of southwestern shrubsteppe, associated wetlands are
nonforested, and agricultural uses include croplands (sorghum and
cotton) and pasture. Texas Highway 18 and other roads cross over the
habitat area.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Detritus
General Poaceae
General Zooplankton
General Arthropods
General Crustaceans
General Molluscs
General Diatoms
General Algae
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Cyprinodon bovinus is quite generalized in its food habits, as
are most members of the genus (07). Foods that were taken in a sample
of 40 Leon Springs pupfish collected during June to October included
diatoms, algae, marl, amphipods, gastropods, ostracods, coleopterans
and seeds in decreasing order of occurrence in the gut samples (07).
Almost all individuals contained diatoms, algae, and marl, with lesser
numbers containing the other food types (07).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Male Cyprinodon bovinus often maintain breeding and/or feeding
territories and aggressively defend these from intruders (07).
Territories (actually "pits" that are dug into the substrate) range
from 4 to 10 cm wide and 2 to 6 cm deep and are generally round with
steep walls and relatively rounded bottoms (07). It has been
suggested that these territories are associated with the locating of
buried food items (11).
During winter cold periods, there is some evidence that C.
bovinus may either migrate upstream to stenothermal spring seeps which
could provide moderating temperatures, or may bury into the relatively
flocculent muds (07,10).
PERIODICITY:
Leon Springs pupfish activity levels are dependent upon water
temperatures (06,07,09,10). The average critical thermal minimum
ranges from -0.2 to 2.4 degrees C depending upon the time of day
(lower in the morning) as well as season (higher in the summer) (07).
Similar patterns were found for critical thermal maximums which
ranged from an average of 36.8 to 41.5 degrees C (07). In addition,
spawning appears to be greatest during summer months and during this
period, two spawning peaks (mid-morning and mid-afternoon) per day
have been suggested (07).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Extensive migrations are not known for the Leon Springs pupfish,
however short migrations toward warmer spring seeps or into thermally
moderating muds during winter has been suggested (06,07,09,10). In
general, these migrations would be a minimal distance (1 to 5 m) (07,
10).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
The Leon Springs pupfish is seldom found near cover or shelters
with the exception of the loose substrate muds of the creek which are
used for territories by breeding males and as a refugium during winter
(06,07).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Leon Springs pupfish males dig pits (07,11) and aggressively
defend these feeding territories from intruders. It is hypothesized
that these "pits" may also function as display areas for breeding
(07). Eggs are presumably laid on the bottom substrate inside these
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
shallow territories or in and amongst the Scirpus or filamentous algae
beds which remain defended by the males (06,07).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Cyprinodon bovinus mature at approximately 29 mm SL (07). Mean
egg diameters reach a maximum (3.8 mm) during July, however,
reproduction has been observed throuthout the year (07,09). Fecundity
information for the Leon Springs pupfish, including the number of
eggs produced and the frequency of egg production are unknown (06).
There appears to be little discrimination among males of
different species of Cyprinodon by Leon Springs pupfish females based
on laboratory mate-choice experiments (12).
PARENTAL CARE:
The Leon Springs pupfish males guard spawned eggs in their
territorial "pits" (06,07). Development of the eggs is dependent upon
water temperatures and an egg may take up to 2 to 3 weeks or more to
hatch (based upon the time that peak spawning is observed and young
of the year were first captured) (07). Following hatching, the young
move into shallow water environments near the creek edge and into the
outskirts of the marsh margin (07).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Several limiting factors are known or suspected for Cyprinodon
bovinus. These include competition for territorial sites with the
plains killifish (Fundulus zebrinus) (07); competition for food with
both native and introduced species since almost all fishes inhabiting
the Leon Creek drainage have exceedingly similar food habits (10); and
severe limitations on available habitat due to declining ground water
levels and spring flows (02,06,07,09,13).
Little information is known concerning survival rates, longevity
or population numbers (06), however, winter populations are suspected
to be much higher than the minimum 0.11 individuals per square meter
reported by Kennedy (07,10).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
A number of other fishes occur in Leon Creek. These include:
Cyprinus carpio (carp, introduced species), Notropis lutrensis (red
shinner), Fundulus zebrinus (plains killifish), Lucania parva
(rainwater killifish), Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish), G. nobilis
(Pecos gambusia, an Endangered species), G. affinis x G. nobilis
hybrids, G. geiseri (largespring gambusia, introduced species),
Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass), and Lepomis cyanellus (green
sunfish) (02,06,07,08,09,10).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Creating Artificial Habitat/Nesting Structure
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Adverse Hybridization
Existing Hybridization
Adverse Gas/Oil Development
Existing Gas/Oil Development
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Flooding
Existing Flooding
Adverse Groundwater drawdown
Existing Groundwater drawdown
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
One of the major factors for the present status of the Leon
Springs pupfish is the loss of habitat in the area of the type
locality, Leon Springs (06). In addition to the loss of the
population at the type locality, four major threats may be associated
with this species:
1) Habitat loss resulting from surface water reduction (as a
consequence of development, especially agricultural).
2) Genetic contamination caused by hybridization with
introduced Cyprinodon variegatus.
3) Loss of resources due to interference competition from
introduced species.
4) The potential pollution and habitat alteration hazards
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
associated with a habitat within an active oil/natural gas
field (06).
It is presumed that the distribution of Cyprinodon bovinus
extended from the Leon Springs downstream to the presently inhabited
localities since Leon Springs once provided a flow of approximately
600 cubic liters of water per second (20 cf/s). Extensive irrigation
caused an overdraft of the groundwater which caused the springs to
essentially cease flowing by 1958 (08,09). Leon Springs were
inundated by Lake Leon in 1918 (to be used for irrigation and fishing)
and the Leon Springs pupfish was exterminated from the type locality
by 1938 (05). The species was thought to be extinct until the
downstream populations were discovered in 1965 by Minckley and Barber
(01,05).
Several limiting factors are known or suspected for Cyprinodon
bovinus. These include competition for territorial sites with the
plains killifish (Fundulus zebrinus) (07); competition for food with
both native and introduced species since almost all fishes inhabiting
the Leon Creek drainage have exceedingly similar food habits (10); and
severe limitations on available habitat due to declining ground water
levels and spring flows (02,06,07,09,13).
The survival of C. bovinus depends on persistence of spring/
seep flows. It has been demonstrated that the mere existence of
surface waters will not ensure survival of the species because it was
extirpated from Leon Springs at a time when the Leon Springs/Lake Leon
waters were at a maximum. Although the species is capable of
achieving large population sizes in thermally unstable pools, these
habitats would not persist if the springs were to fail. Furthermore,
the springs may represent a last refugium should other fishes be
introduced into the area. Cyprinodon bovinus might be better adapted
to life in the spring environments of Leon Creek than would other
species. However, some species, e.g., C. pecosensis and C.
variegatus, probably are more competitive in thermally unstable
situations. With respect to genetic contamination by introduced
pupfishes, such springs might provide the appropriate environmental
selection gradients to reduce introgression of the C. bovinus genome.
Springs and seeps feeding the area presently occupied by C.
bovinus apparently derive their flow from a saline aquifer that has
been less affected by pumping of groundwater than have other springs
in the vicinity of Leon Creek. A number of freshwater springs (less
than or equal to 1 ppt.), some very large, have gone dry due to
overdraft of groundwater, primarily for irrigation purposes (13,14).
Presumably, Diamond Y Spring and associated springs have survived
because the water is not desirable for most human uses. Brune (13)
suggested that the flow in Diamond Y Spring is dependent on
underground flow from Lake Leon, however, the exact source is unknown
and needs investigation.
Like other Cyprinodon, C. bovinus seems to exhibit little
premating reproductive isolation when exposed to other pupfishes.
In 1976, 2 years after C. variegatus was discovered in Leon Creek at
the Highway 18 bridge, hybrids between C. bovinus and C. variegatus
were very abundant in the lower watercourse. Although two specimens
with C. variegatus characteristics were taken near the headpool of
Diamond Y Spring, C. variegatus never became established in the
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
upstream watercourse. Preliminary experiments by P.V. Loiselle (pers.
comm., in: 06) indicated that initial interbreeding in Leon Creek may
have been facilitated by the "rare male" effect: In mate preference
tests, females of C. bovinus actually choose males of a species from
west of the Continental Divide, C. macularius, over conspecific males.
However, similar tests by Garrett (1979) suggested that female C.
bovinus are relatively indiscriminate between males of C. variegatus
and C. bovinus. Therefore, C. bovinus clearly has weak premating
isolation when exposed to C. variegatus. Presence of the hybrid swarm
prompted an intensive effort to remove the introduced C. variegatus
genome from the downstream watercourse, an action that apparently was
successful (09). The lesson from the release of C. variegatus into
Leon Creek is clear---introduced Cyprinodon pose a very serious threat
to the survival and integrity of the C. bovinus genome.
Because C. bovinus apparently has broad ecological needs, almost
any co-occurring species of fish, either indigenous or introduced,
represents a potential competitive threat. Most desert fishes live in
waters with few associated natives. However, competition with
introduced congeners poses an especially serious problem. Most
species of Cyprinodon occur in isolation from other members of the
genus. For example, the three native Cyprinodon in the Pecos River
are physically isolated from each other and never have been taken
together, although in wetter periods (e.g., Pleistocene) there would
have been opportunities for contact through the Pecos River. This
suggests that two-species assemblages of Cyprinodon are unstable and
that when species occur together one is excluded by the other.
Like C. bovinus, the Pecos pupfish, C. pecosensis occurs in
saline waters. Therefore, C. pecosensis probably is a more serious
threat to C. bovinus than C. elegans, a species of the Pecos drainage
known only from freshwaters. C. variegatus is another species which
does well in saline waters, but pure specimens of this introduced
species never became abundant in Leon Creek. It appears that
hybridization/genetic contamination by C. variegatus was a more
serious threat than competition.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Leon Springs Pupfish Recovery
Plan. Prepared by the Rio Grande Fishes Recovery Team. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 26 pp.
The prime objective of the Recovery Plan is to improve the status
of the Leon Spring pupfish to the point that survival is secured
and viable populations of all morphotypes are maintained in the wild.
To properly maintain natural populations, more information on the
ecological needs of the Leon Spring Pupfish is needed, including
information on:
1) Competition with coexisting species.
2) Reproductive variables.
3) Predation by other species.
4) Survivorship.
5) Diseases and parasites.
6) Impacts of exotics.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
7) Effects of seasonal changes in stream flows.
8) Distribution and abundance of the pupfish within the two
remaining occupied habitats on the Leon Creek in relation to
other fishes.
9) Chemical and physical characteristics of the habitat and other
extraneous factors.
Management of the pupfish habitat should include the following:
1) Continued cooperation with the local landowners, Texas Parks
and Wildlife, and local oil and gas companies in order to
protect pupfish habitat (i.e., either water right or land
acquisition or both).
2) Protection of important springs against inadvertent spillage
of oil field effluents using earthen dikes.
3) Erecting signs at access points to occupied and potential
(Lake Leon) habitat warning against introductions of exotic
fish (i.e., bait fish) into the system. Limiting human access
may be another alternative.
4) Production of a management plan to include emergency actions
in case of spring failure. For example: using wells to
supplement or simulate spring flow; construction of off site
refugium canals or pools; monitoring procedures and
alternative natural sites for reintroduction.
5) Monitoring of existing populations twice yearly.
The captive population of the Leon Spring Pupfish at Dexter NFH
should be maintained for scientific research and as a reserve gene
pool in the event that the wild population experiences a severe
decline. The pupfish should be reintroduced into Lake Leon after a
study of environmental conditions is conducted there. The Leon Spring
Pupfish should be provided the full protection mandated by Federal
and Texas laws. Finally, public awareness of the uniqueness of the
pupfish should be increased through the preparation of information
pamphlets, interpretive programs, and a motion picture on its
uniqueness and the Endangered status of the entire aquatic ecosystem.
Although not mentioned in the Recovery Plan it may be desirable
to reduce competition and the risk of hybridization by removing
introduced exotic fish. Considering the surrounding agriculture and
the use of irrigation it may also be helpful to control herbicides and
pesticides that are known to be harmful to the food chain on which the
pupfish depends. Land use zoning and the controlling of pollutants
from the oil development in the area may in fact help maintain the
water table and aid in the management of local wetlands and water
flows. Oil and gas drilling (development) may also be an activity in
need of some monitoring in relation to pollutants and disturbance of
the water table.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel at Dexter National Fish
Hatchery, Dexter, NM, are successfully maintaining a large, captive
population of C. bovinus.
Northern Natural Gas Company, Exxon Company, and other oil/gas
concerns operate in the vicinity of Leon Creek and are cautious to
avoid adverse impacts on the area. The Trans-Pecos Soil and Water
Conservation District, in cooperation with the Soil Conservation
Service, constructed a protective dike around the headpool of Diamond
Y Spring to ensure that an oil spill will not reach this habitat.
Management Practices - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
This and other conservation efforts have been greatly facilitated by
the concern and hospitality of the landowners.
Between February 1976 and August 1978, intensive rotenone and
seining operations were conducted for the purpose of eradicating the
introduced C. variegatus genome from Leon Creek downstream from
Diamond Y Spring.
Management Practices - 5 (DRAFT) - References
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Baird and Girard. 1853. Descriptions of new species of fishes
collected by Mr. John H. Clark, on the U.S. and Mexican Boundry
Survey, under Lt. Col. Jas. D. Graham. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. (1852-1853) 6:387-390.
02 Echelle, A.A. and R.R. Miller. 1974. Rediscovery and
redescription of the Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus,
from Pecos County, Texas. Southwest. Nat. 19:179-190.
03 Echelle, A.A. and C. Hubbs. 1978. Haven for Endangered pupfish.
Texas Parks and Wildlife Mag. 36:9-12.
04 Echelle, A.A. and A.F. Echelle. 1978. The Pecos River pupfish,
Cyprinodon pecosensis n, sp. (Cyprinodontidae), with comments on
its evolutionary origin. Copeia 1978:569-582.
05 Williams, J.G. 1981. Electrophoretic variation among nine species
of the genus Cyprinodon (Cyprinodontidae). Unpubl. Ph.D. Diss.,
The Univ. of Texas, Austin.
06 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Leon Springs Pupfish
Recovery Plan. Prepared by the Rio Grande Fishes Recovery Team.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 26 pp.
07 Kennedy, S.E. 1977. Life history of the Leon Springs pupfish,
Cyprinodon bovinus. Copeia 1977:93-103.
08 Echelle, A.A. and A.F. Echelle. 1980. Status of the Pecos
gambusia (Gambusia nobilis). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Albuquerque, NM. Endangered Species Rept. No. 10. 73 pp.
09 Hubbs, C. 1980. The solution to the Cyprinodon bovinus problem:
eradication of a pupfish genome. Proc. Desert Fishes Council
10:9-18.
10 Hubbs, C., T. Lucier, E. Marsh, G.P. Garrett, R.J. Edwards and E.
Milstead. 1978. Results of an eradication program on the
ecological relationship of fishes in Leon Creek, Texas. Southwest.
Nat. 23:487-496.
11 Minckley, W.L. and E.T. Arnold. 1969. "Pit digging", a behavioral
adaptation in pupfishes (genus Cyprinodon). J. Ariz. Acad. Sci.
5:254-257.
12 Garrett, G.P. 1980. Species specificity in the mating systems of
Cyprinodon variegatus and Cyprinodon bovinus. Proc. Desert Fishes
Council 11:54-59.
13 Brune, G. 1981. Springs of Texas. Vol. 1. Branch-Smith, Inc.,
Fort Worth, Texas.
14 Scudday, J.F. 1978. Some recent changes in the herpetofauna of
the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Pp. 513-522. In: Transactions of
the Symposium on the Biological Resources of the Chihuahuan Desert
Region, United States and Mexico. Wauer and Riskind, eds. NPS
Trans. and Proceed. Ser. No. 3.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Echelle, A.A. and R.R. Miller. 1974. Rediscovery and
redescription of the Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus,
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species PUPFISH, LEON SPRINGS
Species Id ESIS252009
Date 14 MAR 96
from Pecos County, Texas. Southwest. Nat. 19:179-190.
02 Kennedy, S.E. 1977. Life history of the Leon Springs pupfish,
Cyprinodon bovinus. Copeia 1977:93-103.
03 Hubbs, C., T. Lucier, E. Marsh, G.P. Garrett, R.J. Edwards and E.
Milstead. 1978. Results of an eradication program on the
ecological relationship of fishes in Leon Creek, Texas. Southwest.
Nat. 23:487-496.
04 Echelle, A.A. and A.F. Echelle. 1980. Status of the Pecos
gambusia (Gambusia nobilis). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Albuquerque, NM. Endangered Species Rept. No. 10. 73 pp.
05 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Leon Springs Pupfish
Recovery Plan. Prepared by the Rio Grande Fishes Recovery Team.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 26 pp.
06 Baird and Girard. 1853. Descriptions of new species of fishes
collected by Mr. John H. Clark, on the U.S. and Mexican Boundry
Survey, under Lt. Col. Jas. D. Graham. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. (1852-1853) 6:387-390.
07 Girard, C. 1859. Ichthyology of the boundary. In: United States
and Mexican Boundary Survey, under the order of Lt. Col. W.H.
Emory. Vol. 2. 88 pp. + 41pl.
08 Scudday, J.F. 1978. Some recent changes in the herpetofauna of
the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Pp. 513-522. In: Transactions of
the Symposium on the Biological Resources of the Chihuahuan Desert
Region, United States and Mexico. Wauer and Riskind, eds. NPS
Trans. and Proceed. Ser. No. 3.
09 Brune, G. 1981. Springs of Texas. Vol. 1. Branch-Smith, Inc.,
Fort Worth, Texas.
References - 2