(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - TROUT, GILA
OTHER COMMON NAMES - TROUT and GILA
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - SALMONIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - SALMONIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - SALMO,
SPECIES AND SSP - GILAE,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - SALMO GILAE
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Gila Trout
Salmo gilae Miller, 1950
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Salmoniformes FAMILY: Salmonidae
Salmo gilae has iridescent gold sides blending to copper
opercles with small, profuse spots above the lateral line, sometimes
approaching a density of 30 per square cm. Spots extend onto the head
and appear on the dorsal, adipose, and caudal fins. Dorsal pelvic
and anal fins have a white to yellowish tip which may extend along
the leading edge of the pelvics in some specimens. Most mature
specimens carry a yellow "cutthroat" mark. Parr marks also exist on
mature fish. Basibranchial teeth occur in specimens from Spruce
Creek, and Oak Creek (an extinct population) (01, 02, 03). Hatch
(04) reports that this species "has a diploid chromosome compliment
of 2n=56 consisting of 49 metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes,
7 acrocentric or telocentric chromosomes, and 105 arms." (04). Hatch
et al. (04) presents a table drawn from a number of sources on the
taxonomic characteristics of five populations of Gila trout.
This species was first described by Miller (01) from specimens
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
collected in Main Diamond Creek in the Gila National forest, New
Mexico. Populations of this species in other locations
demonstrate distinctive morphological characteristics, most likely
due to physical isolation (01). David (05) has noted that Salmo
gilae from South Diamond Creek may be distinguished from other
populations of this species by the presence of a greater number of
body spots.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Commercial/consumption
Game (Consumptive Recreational)
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Gila trout (Salmo gilae) has been designated an Endangered
species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11;
P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended. The
species has this status wherever found including the States of New
Mexico and Arizona.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).
Management practices that would cause detrimental
changes in water temperature or composition, water
course blockage, or sediment deposits within 100 feet
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
of the edges of perennial streams, lakes or other
bodies of water are prohibited (36 CFR 219.27(e)).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Arizona
DESIGNATED STATUS: Group 2
Species is in jeopardy because of population
declines. Extirpation is probable without
recovery efforts.
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Arizona Game and Fish Department
STATE STATUTE: ARS 7306. Sect. 17-102, 17-234, 17-306; Rule
12-4-319.
STATE: New Mexico
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered, Group 1
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: New Mexico Department of Game and Fish
STATE STATUTE: Regulation 624, Section 17-2-41 NMSA (1978)
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
Listed in the IUCN Red Book (1977 edition) as Endangered and
by the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in
the Western Hemisphere (1970).
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
All trout are prized as game fish. This fish has cultural value
as a component of New Mexico's natural heritage of biotic diversity.
67/03/11:32 FR 04001/ - Pre-act 1, Listed as Endangered.
70/10/13:35 FR 16047/16048 - Pre-act 7, Listed as Endangered.
79/05/21:44 FR 29566/28577 - Five year review.
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review.
87/10/06:52 FR 37424/37427 - Proposed reclassification to Threatened.
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTRY TYPES
SAF TYPE STAGE CLOSURE
Aspen-paper birch mature tree
Aspen-paper birch Old Growth
Douglas-fir-western hemlock mature tree
Douglas-fir-western hemlock Old Growth
Interior Ponderosa Pine mature tree
Interior Ponderosa Pine Old Growth
LAND USE -
Mixed Rangeland
Evergreen Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land
Streams and Canals
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Hatch et al. (04) caution that much of what we know about the
biology and ecological relationships of Salmo gilae originates with
studies of populations in small headwater streams and "do not span
the range of currently occupied habitats, much less the wide range of
environments occupied prior to the decline of Gila trout."
With this in mind, however, Regan (09) reports that Main Diamond
Creek is located at an elevation of from 5900 to 8500 feet and flows
through steeply dissected mountainous country, forested with
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Engleman spruce (Pica
engelmannii), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) at higher
elevations with understory vegetation including Gamble oak (Quercus
gambelii), silverleaf oak (Quercus hypoleucoides), snowberry
(Symphoricarpos sp.), and locust (Robinia neomexicana) and, at lower
elevations, pinyon pine (Pinus edulis), juniper (Juniperus sp.), and
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) with an understory including gray
oak (Quercus grisea), wavy-leaf oak (Quercus undulata), mountain
mahogany (Cercocarpus sp.), silktassel (Garrya wrightii), skunkbush
(Rhus trilobata), walnut (Juglans major), and manzanita
(Arctostaphylos sp.). These vegetational associations are typical of
similar habitats throughout this area of the Southwest.
Mean annual temperature at Fort Bayard, New Mexico
(range = minus 6 to 105 deg F) over a 95-year period was 55 deg. F
with a mean annual temperature at Winston, New Mexico of 50 deg. F
(range = -5 to 102 deg. F). Water temperatures at Main Diamond Creek
ranged from 60 deg. F (16 deg. C) in June to 43 deg. F (6 deg. C) in
October and Hatch et al. (04) report Salmo gilae in waters with a
temperature of 27 deg. C in McKnight Creek. Lee and Rinne (16)
determined that the critical thermal maxima (CTM) for Gila trout
acclimated at 10 deg. C was 28.25 deg. C, and trout acclimated at
20 deg. C was 29.57 deg. C. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 6.6 to
8.8 ppm. Alkalinity values are given by Regan (09) as 26 to 31 ppm
and total hardness at 34 ppm.
Habitat Associations - 1 Hatch et al. (04) report that pools with sufficient depth and
cover to provide resting and hiding places during flood and drought
are important habitat requirements in small headwater streams (items
like downed logs, log jams, and beaver dams, aid in creation of
pool areas suitable for Salmo gilae. Juvenile and adult Salmo gilae
are most often found in deeper waters or in shallow waters with dense
cover. Riffle habitats are used by adults for spawning and by fry
for nursery areas. Stream flows are generally less than one cubic
foot per second in streams inhabited by Salmo gilae (06, 09).
Rinne (10) has investigated the spawning habitat requirements of
Salmo gilae in Main Diamond Creek and South Diamond Creek and
McKnight Creek in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico. Rinne (10)
found that spawning began at temperatures about 8 degree C over redds
about 6-15 mm deep on a predominantly gravel and small pebble
(0.2-3.8 cm) substrate.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Fish
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Inland wetlands: swamp
G Inland Wetland: vegetated stream banks
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Terrestrial Features: Downed logs
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Regan (09) reports that stomach content analysis of Salmo
gilae from Main Diamond Creek included invertebrates from the orders
Trichoptera and Entemeroptera from August through November, while
adult trichopterans and dipterans were most represented in June.
According to Hatch et al. (04) Salmo gilae are opportunistic feeders
using both larval and adult insects and small fishes in their diet.
Adult Salmo gilae are predaceous on larval and fry Salmo gilae, and
will consume longfin dace (Agosia chrysogaster) of less than 50 mm
length in the laboratory (10).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
According to Rinne (10) dominant males and digging females defend
the redds. No other form of territoriality has been reported for this
species.
PERIODICITY:
Spawning is a periodic activity which takes place in April at the
lowest elevations and continues to June at the highest elevations.
Spawning is also periodic in that it generally occurs between 1300 and
1600 hours during their spawning period (10).
No other form of periodicity has been noted for this species.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
In a study of 427 tagged Gila trout in three streams, after 8
months only 11 fish were more than 300m from the initial release
site, more than one-half were within 50m of tagging sites and 75 pct.
were within 100m (13). Mean movement distance was less than 0.1 km.
Downstream movement was greater than upstream movement.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Hatch (04) has reported that pools with sufficient depth and
cover to provide resting and hiding places during flood and drought
periods are an important habitat requirements in small headwater
streams. Adult Salmo gilae are most often found in deeper areas of
their stream or in shallower areas with cover. Riffle habitat are
used by fry as nursery areas. Rinne (15) states that the Gila trout
is basically a poolfish and that cover, volume, and depth of pools
are positively correlated to both number, size, and biomass of this
species.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Rinne (10) reports that prior to spawning water discharge was
about 50 cubic meters per minute dropping to about one cubic meter per
minute from early to late March. Substrate composition included small
pebbles and gravel material as follows:
Size of Material Percentage of
Occurrence
Cobble 21.0
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
Large pebble 12.3
Small pebble 15.4
Coarse gravel 24.0
Fine gravel 31.4
Coarse sand 16.8
Water velocities over redds ranged from 0 to 145 cm per second. Redds
were usually one fourth of the total stream width from one bank or the
other and from 6.0 to 15.0 cm deep water with an average structural
depth of 3-4 cm, and cover a surface area from 1 to 2 square meters.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Rinne (10) has reported on the spawning behavior of Salmo gilae.
Over 50% of all spawning occurred between 1300 and 1600 hours. The
spawning season in New Mexico began in early April at the lowest
elevations and continued through June at the highest elevation. In
65% of the observations a single fish or a pair of fish occupied the
redd but up to six fish were seen on a redd. Rinne (10) assumes that
the fish occupying the redds were females and that the fish to their
sides and downstream from the redds were males, typical of most
salmonid spawning behavior. Dominant males and spawning, digging
females defended the redds. Small males would attempt to spawn with
a female if the dominant male left the redd to chase another, smaller
male. Males nudged females over the redds. Digging female Salmo
gilae apparently attract males. Rinne (10) excavated one redd in
McKnight Creek and found 129 eggs about 4 mm in diameter. The
fecundity of 13 fish (185-270 mm) obtained from a hatchery averaged
150 ova per female and Hanson (06) stripped an average of 75.6 ova
from five female Salmo gilae from Main diamond Creek. Fry emerge in
from 8-10 weeks from riffle areas and, at emergence, are about
15-20 mm long. About 33% of the eggs in the redds at McKnight Creek
were non-viable (10).
PARENTAL CARE:
There is no record of post-hatching parental care for this
species.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Very little is known about the population biology of Salmo
gilae. Hanson (06) found mean total lengths of this species in Main
diamond Creek to be 45 mm (end of first year) and 163 mm end of fifth
year. Salmo gilae up to 337 mm were collected from McKnight Creek and
South Diamond Creek in 1975-76 by Mello and Turner (08). Incremental
growth of tagged fish from McKnight Creek from October 1978 to June
1979 averaged 42, 24, and 15 mm for age I, age II, and age III fish
(04).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Throughout part of its present range, this species faces
direct predation and possible competition from Salmo trutta, Salmo
gairdneri, and Salmo gilae x Salmo gairdneri hybrids. In addition,
Salmo gilae has been shown to hybridize with Salmo gairdneri (12).
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Suppressing wildfire
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Creating Artificial Habitat/Nesting Structure
Beneficial Restricting Timber Harvest
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Hybridization
Existing Hybridization
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Flooding
Existing Flooding
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Forest Alteration
Existing Forest Alteration
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The reasons for the decline of this species include modification
of the stream habitat by early forest management practices (i.e.,
timber practices that have resulted in vegetative composition
changes, and erosion that caused siltation within the stream habitat),
habitat modification due to over grazing (09), flooding, and
hybridization with other salmonids (04,12), with hybridization being
the most important cause of decline.
Heavy fishing pressure on the limited stream habitats of New
Mexico led to early attempts to enhance this resource through the
stocking of a number of species of salmonids including the cutthroat
trout Salmo clarki and the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. The
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
introduction of the exotic salmonids has led to verified
hybridization with Salmo gilae (04,12). Salmo gilae x Salmo
gairdneri hybrids have been confirmed from Black Canyon on the East
Fork of the Gila River and from Main Diamond Creek. Hybrids with some
characteristics of Salmo clarki have been found in the San Francisco
drainage of New Mexico (05,12). In addition, several streams in the
Gila drainage of New Mexico contain hybrids of Salmo gilae x
Salmo gairdneri (02,05). A more recent introduction of the brown
trout (Salmo trutta) has led to the replacement of Salmo gilae and
Salmo gilae x Salmo gairdneri populations through competition (04)
and or predation. Hatch et al. (04) sums up the situation facing
Salmo gilae as follows: "In conclusion, pure populations of S. gilae
apparently do not persist in the presence of either S. gairdneri or
S. trutta. The limited distribution of S. gilae cannot be expanded
into suitable streams in the Gila National Forest until populations
of exotic trouts and their hybrids are eliminated and permanently
excluded."
Conservation efforts began with this species as early as 1923
when the Jenks Cabin Hatchery was built for the propagation of Salmo
gilae. The hatchery was closed in 1939. Fingerling S. gilae were
produced in 1974 at the Sterling Springs, New Mexico hatchery but
these fish died before they could be stocked (04). Miller (01)
reports that the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish stopped
stocking exotic salmonids prior to 1950 and closed Main Diamond Creek
to fishing in 1958 (06).
Stream improvements have included the construction or repair of
108 log stream structures in Main Diamond Creek, chemical treatment
of McKnight Creek in 1970 to control exotic species, the construction
of log-pool structures in 1971, 1976, 1977 and restocking with Salmo
gilae from Main Diamond Creek in 1970 (07). Salmo gilae was
transplanted from Main Diamond Creek to Gap Creek on the Prescott
National Forest, Arizona in 1974. In order to stop the upstream
migration of Salmo trutta, a fish barrier was constructed in Iron
Creek, New Mexico in 1981; however, management actions up to 1983
failed to secure a reproducing population of Salmo gilae in Iron Creek
(04). A fish barrier was also constructed in 1982 on Little Creek
near the Hart Bar trail crossing (04).
APPROVED PLAN
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Gila Trout Recovery Plan.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM. v + 52 pp.
The prime objective of the recovery plan is to improve the status
of the Gila trout to the point that survival is secured and viable
populations of all five morphotypes are maintained in the wild.
Maintenance and enhancement of existing Gila trout populations and
their habitats should include annual monitoring of:
1. Gila trout populations (numbers condition, and age structure of
fish), and
2. the conditions of their habitat, which should also include
evaluation of proposed activities, such as mining, logging, grazing,
new roads, fire management (the effects of severe forest fires
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
could be potentially devastating to the trout populations),
and the use of chemical agents (i.e. pesticides, herbicides).
It is also important to:
1. ban introduction of non-native fishes,
2. preclude immigration of non-native fishes (barriers) into Gila
trout habitat,
3. evaluate and enhance deficient Gila trout habitat (i.e. enhancement
projects would include: maintaining and controling water flows
[this could mean stream/channel modifications], habitat
revegetation, land rehabilitation, and the creation of artificial
habitat such as spawning and pool areas [current practices are to
create minor log structures to create pool areas within the stream
channel], and
4. determine systematic relationships between Gila trout populations.
Efforts are being made to reestablish Gila trout within portions
of its former range. Reintroductions follow this order:
1. establishment of biological, chemical, and physical minima for
Gila trout habitat;
2. conduct thorough surveys of potential reintroduction sites,
including,
(a) documentation of factors listed in above (i.e. numbers,
condition, etc.)
(b) the ability to exclude non-native fish, and
(c) consideration of current access and present anglar use;
3. rank and select potential streams for restoration;
4. carry-out remedial improvement of habitats as needed;
5. introduction of pure stocks of Gila trout, replicating each
naturally-occurring morphotypes;
6. monitor reintroduced populations, and
7. reintroduction of sympatric native fish after Gila trout is
reestablished.
Should any wild population be seriously threatened by
deterioration of habitat or potential competition of hybridization
with exotics, every possible effort should be made to transplant
some of these populations immediately into a restoration stream. If
this is not feasible, individuals from that population should be
maintained, with all precautions necessary to prevent disease or
hybridization, in a hatchery until a restoration stream is available.
As Gila trout is reestablished in more of its range, it should be
evaluated as a sport species. The two major factors to consider are:
(1) public acceptance of Gila trout as a sport fish, and (2) the
ability of Gila trout to withstand fishing pressure. Finally,
public awareness of the uniqueness of the Gila trout should be
increased through the preparation of information pamplets,
interpretive programs, and use of the broadcast and print media.
Ongoing (recent) recovery efforts are: (1) habitat resoration
work in the early 80's in Iron and McKenna Creeks, (2) new populations
were established in Little Creek in 1983 and Big Dry Creek in 1985,
and (3) East Mogollon Creek is being evaluated for transplant in 1986,
(4) stream improvements that have included the construction or repair
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
of 108 log stream structures in Main Diamond Creek, chemical treatment
of McKnight Creek in 1970 to control exotic species, the construction
of log-pool structures in 1971, 1976, 1977 and restocking with Salmo
gilae from Main Diamond Creek in 1970 (07) and (5) eradication of
a hybrid population from Trail Canyon Creek. Salmo gilae was
transplanted from Main Diamond Creek to Gap Creek on the Prescott
National Forest, Arizona in 1974. In order to stop the upstream
migration of Salmo trutta, a fish barrier was constructed in Iron
Creek, New Mexico in 1981; however, management actions up to 1983
failed to secure a reproducing population of Salmo gilae in Iron Creek
(04). A fish barrier was also constructed in 1982 on Little Creek
near the Hart Bar trail crossing (04). Also, another aspect that is
currently ongoing and will need to be maintained is law enforcement
actions against any poaching activities.
Management Practices - 4 (DRAFT) - References
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Miller, R.R. 1950. Notes and the cutthroat and rainbow trouts
with the description of a new species from the Gila River, New
Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. Press, Ann Arbor.
02 Behnke, R.J. 1973. Gila trout, Salmo gila. Unpubl. rept. on file
with the U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM. 5 pp.
03 Beamish, R.J. and R.R. Miller. 1977. Cytotaxonomic study of
Gila trout, Salmo gilae. J. Fish Res. Board Can. 34:1041-1045.
04 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Gila trout recovery plan.
U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM. 52 pp.
05 David, R.E. 1976. Taxonomic analysis of Gila and Gila x rainbow
trout in southwestern New Mexico. M.S. thesis, NM. State Univ.,
Las Cruces. 44 pp.
06 Hanson, J.N. 1971. Investigations of Gila trout, Salmo gilae
Miller, in southwestern Mexico. M.S. thesis. NM. State Univ.,
Las Cruces. 44 pp.
07 Bickle, T.S. 1972. Gila trout management plan. Rept. on file
with the U.S. Forest Serv., Gila Nat. For., Silver City, NM.
22 pp.
08 Mello, K. and P.R. Turner. 1980. Population status and
distribution of Gila trout in New Mexico. Endangered Species
Report No. 6. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM. 53 pp.
09 Regan, D.M. 1966. Ecology of the Gila trout in Main Diamond
Creek in New Mexico. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Wash., D.C. 24 pp.
10 Rinne, J.N. Spawning habitat and behavior of Gila trout, a rare
salmonid of the southwestern United States. Trans Am. Fish Soc.
109:83-91.
11 New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 1985. Handbook of
species endangered in New Mexico, REPT/VI/CR/WI:1-2. Santa Fe, NM
87503.
12 Loudenslager, E.J., J.N. Rinne, G.A.E. Gall, and Robert E. David.
1986. Biochemical genetic studies of native Arizona and New
Mexico trout. Southwest. Nat. 31(2):221-234.
13 Rinne, J.N. 1982. Movement, home range, and growth of a rare
Southwestern trout in improved and unimproved habitats. N. Am. J.
Fish Mgt. 2:150-157.
14 Rinne, J.N. 1978. Development of methods of population
estimation and habitat evaluation for management of the Arizona
and Gila trouts. p. 113-125. In: Proceedings of the Wild
Trout-Catchable trout Symposium, J.R. Moring [ed.], Eugene,
OR, Feb. 15-17, 1978. OR Dept. of Fish and Wildl., Corvalis.
15 Rinne, J. N. 1981. Stream habitat improvement and native
southwestern trouts. USDA For. Serv., Res. Note RM-409. Rocky
Mtn. For. Range Exp. Stn., Ft. Carson, CO. 4 pp.
16 Lee, R.M. and J. N. Rinne. 1980. Critical thermal maxima of five
trout species in the Southwestern United States. Trans. Am. Fish.
Soc. 109:632-635.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species TROUT, GILA
Species Id ESIS252016
Date 14 MAR 96
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Gila trout recovery plan.
U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, New Mexico. 52 pp.
02 Miller, R.R. 1972. Classification of the native trouts of
Arizona with the description of a new species, Salmo apache.
Copeia 1972:401-422.
03 Behnke, R.J. and M. Zarn. 1976. Biology and management of
threatened and endangered western trouts. Gen Tech. Rep.
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