(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - CHUB, SONORA
OTHER COMMON NAMES - CHUB and SONORA
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CYPRINIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CYPRINIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - GILA,
SPECIES AND SSP - DITAENIA,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - GILA DITAENIA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Sonora Chub
Gila ditaenia Miller, 1945
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Cypriniformes FAMILY: Cyprinidae
The Sonora chub (Gila ditaenia) is a fine-scaled medium-sized
cyprinid in the subgenus Temeculina, genus Gila (09,11). Adults are
typically less than 125 mm total length and are generally chubby and
dark colored with two prominent dark lateral bands and a dark caudal
spot (09,11). Pharyngeal teeth are usually 2,5-4,2 (11). The small
scales are oval to rectangular and have numerous radii in all fields
(09).
This chub exhibits sexual dimorphism in the breeding season as
noted in the species description by Miller:
The axis of the pectoral and pelvic fins and the base of the anal
fin were brilliant Chinese red, extending out onto these fins about
two-thirds of their lengths, leaving a milky border on the outer
margins. In some, there was faint evidence of red coloration at the
base of rays 3 to 6 of the dorsal fin. The same red color was seen as
a bright spot at the corner of the shoulder and also at the corners of
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
the mouth, extending straight back to the posterior edge of the
preopercle. The brightest fish were orange on the sides of the belly
between the bases of the paired fins, and there was a diffusion of the
same color over the ventral part of the caudal rays. In noting these
colors, the sexes were not separated, but the brightest fish were
obviously males (09).
The first known specimens were collected in 1893 by E.A. Mearns
in Sycamore Canyon, Arizona (09). It was described from fish
collected by R.G. Miller (1945) from the Rio Magdalena near the town
of La Casita in Sonora, Mexico (16). They were identified as
Richardsonius gibbosus (=Gila intermedia) by Snyder (15) and
subsequently removed from synonomy (09) and placed in their current
taxonomic category.
The holotype, (USNM=United States National Museum) was collected
in the Rio Magdalena, 460 m west of La Casita (about 40 km South of
Nogales), Sonora, Mexico on 9 March, 1940 (09). Photographic
illustrations appear in the original description (09) and the Fishes
of Arizona (11) and a pen-and-ink drawing accompanies the species
account in the Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes (07).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Sonora chub (Gila ditaenia) has been designated as Threatened
pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L.
93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended. The species
has this status wherever found including the State of Arizona and
Sonora, Mexico. Critical Habitat has been designated in portions of
Sycamore Creek, Yank's Spring, Penasco Creek and an unnamed tributary
of Sycamore Creek within the Coronado National Forest, in Santa Cruz
County, Arizona (50 CFR 17.95(e)).
Special rules concerning "take" for this species can be found in
50 CFR 17.44(o).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20). Management practices that
would cause detrimental changes in water temperature
or composition, water course blockage, or sediment
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
deposits within 100 feet of the edges of perennial
streams, lakes or other bodies of water are prohibited
(36 CFR 219.27(e)).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Arizona
DESIGNATED STATUS: Group 3, Threatened Native Wildl. in Arizona
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Arizona Fish and Game Department
STATE STATUTE: Ariz. Rev. Stat., Sec. 17-231(B)7.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
This fish is listed as vulnerable in the 1986 Red List of
Threatened Animals. It was also previosly listed under the scientific
name Gila intermedia in the 1977 IUCN Red Data Book.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species has a value as a component of Arizona's natural
heritage of biotic diversity.
82/12/30:47 FR 58454/58460 - Notice of review
84/06/06:49 FR 23402/23408 - Proposed rule - Threatened w/ Crit. Hab.
86/04/30:51 FR 16042/16047 - Final rule - Threatened w/ Crit. Hab.
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Mixed Rangeland
Evergreen Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land
Streams and Canals
Bare Exposed Rock
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial
Riverine, lower perennial RB2
Riverine, lower perennial RB1
Riverine, lower perennial RB
Riverine, lower perennial
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
In the United States, the Sonora chub is known from Sycamore
Creek below Yanks Spring (11,12) and in two of its tributarys located
on Coronado National Forest northwest of Nogales, Santa Cruz County,
Arizona (16). The Yank's spring is a lower perennial spring which has
been impounded in a concrete tank and lacks a riparian zone (16). In
Sycamore Canyon, the Sonora chub is abundant to common in deep pools
some of which are closely adjacent to protective cover such as
undercut banks, boulders or tree roots (10,11,16). Sycamore Creek
forms a series of pools and small riffles over a bedrock and rubble
substrate (10,11,16). The preferred habitat of this species appears
to be in a relatively unaltered state (16). The surrounding riparian
vegetative cover along the Sycamore Creek includes both pinyon/juniper
and chaparral rangeland with a oak woodland forest type (18). The
predominant trees include sycamores, willows, cottonwoods, and the
Arizona walnut (18). All age group stands are present as a result of
controlled grazing and erosion (18).
Known primary constituent elements include clean permanent water
with pools and intermediate riffle areas and/or intermittent pools
maintained by bedrock or by subsurface flow in areas shaded by canyon
walls (16).
Annual discharge in Sycamore Creek can vary considerably. During
high flow new habitat is created in ephemeral reaches but for some
unknown reason the chub does not occupy the newly formed pools (11).
The lack of specimens in "seemingly" good habitat has resulted, on
occasion, in the erroneous conclusion that the species is extirpated
from the site (14). During low or intermittent flows, pools are
maintained by underground flows (02,08,11).
The Sonora chub is also able to survive under severe conditions
as in 1964, when a few dwarfed individuals were discovered 2 km north
of Yanks Spring in a seep containing only a few liters of water (11).
The seep, almost overgrown with plants except where cattle had
trampled, had a foul, black reducing substrate (11).
The type locality in Sonora, Mexico was a clear stream 1.22-1.5 m
and approximately 30 cm deep with a swift current over a sand/gravel
substrate (09). The dominant vegetation at this site was watercress
Habitat Associations - 1 (09).
Water quality taken at Yanks Spring in 1982 yielded the following
physical parameters (02):
Temperature 25 C
Turbitity (NTU) 7
pH 6.3
Specific conductivity 245
Hardness (CaCO3) 130
Cations (mg/l)
Magnesium 8.3
Sodium 32.3
Potassium 4.4
Anions (mg/l)
Alkalinity (CaCO3) 120.9
Chloride 7.6
Nitrate 0.04
Phosphate trace
Ammonia 0.05
Sulfate 10.7
Trace metals (mg/l)
Copper 50
Iron 100
Magnese 50
Silver 50
Zinc 10
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Algae
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Dietary information on the Sonora chub is based on gut analysis
of a few Arizona specimens collected during the early summer (11).
Aquatic and terrestrial insects and algae (in decreasing order of
volume) were found in the gut (11).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
This species is thought to behave like other southwestern chubs
in the genus Gila and have highly secretive habits (10). No other
information is available.
PERIODICITY:
No studies have been conducted which investigated the periodicity
or seasonal activity of the Sonora chub.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
There is nothing known about the daily or seasonal migratory
patterns of the Sonora chub.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
No additional data, besides that included in the "HABITAT
ASSOCIATION" section are available on the Sonora chubs requirements
for cover or shelter during any of its life history phases. Sonora
chub is abundant to common in deep pools some of which are closely
adjacent to protective cover such as undercut banks, boulders, or tree
roots (Sycamore, cottonwoods, willows) (10,11,16,18). Known primary
constituent elements include clean permanent water with pools and
intermediate riffle areas and/or intermittent pools maintained by
bedrock or by subsurface flow in areas shaded by canyon walls (16).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Little data is available on the reproductive biology of the
Sonora chub. They probably spawn in the early spring (February-April)
(11). This information is based on the presence of young individuals
in preserved collections (11). Recent evidence indicates that the
chub spawns in September-October (05).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
No information is available on the reproductive characteristics
of this species.
PARENTAL CARE:
There is no information on parental care of the eggs or larvae of
Sonora chub.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Nothing is known about the population biology of this form.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
The only other native fish taken in the United States in
association with the Sonora chub is the longfin dace (Agosia
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
chrysogaster) and it is rare in collections (11). The introduced
green sunfish and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) have been collected
within the range of the Sonora chub but at present, only the green
sunfish still persists (10,16). It is assumed that the sunfish
escaped from stock-tanks in the drainage (01,05).
In 1986 in Mexico, the Rio Concepcion (=Rio Asuncion) basin was
surveyed and three native species of fishes were collected: longfin
dace, Sonoran topminnow (Poeciliopsis o. occidentalis) and an
undescribed species of topminnow (Poeciliopsis) along with three
introduced species (green sunfish, largemouth bass (Micropterus
salmoides) and black bullhead (Ictalurus melas)) (03). The Yaqui
chub, native to the Rios Yaqui, Matape and Sonora and also recently
introduced into the Rio Magdalena, was not taken in the 1986 survey
(04). The collections indicated that hybridization between these two
species may be occurring in at least one location (04). The spread
of the Yaqui chub throughout the drainage could result in the loss of
the Sonora chub through hybridization (04).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Hybridization
Existing Hybridization
Adverse Disease
Existing Disease
Adverse Parasites
Existing Parasites
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Underground Mines
Existing Underground Mines
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Water Level Fluctuation
Existing Water Level Fluctuation
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The Sonora chub lives in a small section of southern Arizona
and northern Sonora, Mexico (09,12). Sycamore Creek, the United
States range of the chub, is a small, short stream less than 7.5 km
long and subject to intermittent droughts and flash floods (02,08).
The chubs limited distribution and apparently narrow ecological niche
make it very susceptible to any habitat disturbances (i.e., mining,
recreation) especially during periods of low flow depletion of stream
flow, the introduction of manmade pollutants and subsequent increased
siltation and runoff (10). Currently, these disturbances have not had
an effect on the Sonora chubs habitat. A reduced gene pool compounds
these problems even more.
Anthropogenic activities in Sycamore Canyon are limited to
non-developed and dispersed uses (16). In 1981, uranium was found in
the upper slope of the Sycamore drainage (16). These mining claims,
approximately 4-5 square miles, are still being maintained but there
are no plans to reopen the mines (16). The region is presently closed
to grazing and mineral exploration but in California Gulch, just on
watershed to the west, there were recent mining activities (16).
Another important threat to the continued existence of the
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
Sonora chub is the introduction of predatory exotics and the parasites
and diseases for which they may be hosts (10). In the United States,
the green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) is the only known introduced
form which still exists in Sycamore Creek (01,10,16). Mosquitofish
was reported from the Canyon (16) but apparently died out. In Mexico,
there are at least four other species present within the Sonora chub's
range (04,16). The adverse impacts of parasites and disease
associated with exotic fish has been well documented and would
probably also occur with Sonora chub (06,13,17).
In Mexico, there is a report of the Yaqui chub (Gila purpurea),
an introduced form, hybridizing with the Sonora chub in at least one
location (04,10,16). The spread of this species throughout the Rio
Magdalena could result in the loss of the Sonora chub through
hybridization (04,10,16).
Timber harvesting is not considered a threat due to the lack of
desirable tree types in and around the Sycamore Creek area (18).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Sonora chub Recovery Plan.
Tech. Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM. 29 pp.
The Sonoran chub is relatively secure in the small area occupied
in the United States due to Federal ownership and special-use
designation already provided its habitats and the surroundings.
However, because of the limited amount of available habitat, it is
doubtful that any significant increase in populations can be
accomplished in this country. The recovery of the species is
dependent upon efforts to protect and set aside a portion of Sonora
chub range in Mexico.
The plan calls for monitoring of existing Sonora chub populations
by annual pre- (February) or post-breeding (August) surveys of
occupied habitat and documentation of habitat conditions using
standardized methods. Studies of population requirements to
determine:
1) reproductive variables,
2) effects of predation and competition,
3) survivorship by age group,
4) diseases and parasites, and
5) other factors (behavioral, physiological) relevant to
perpetuation of the species are needed.
Current activities in Sycamore Canyon are generally restricted to
bird-watching, hiking, and other forms of recreation. Human access is
limited to hiking and horseback trails. The canyons that contain
Critical Habitat, however, do receive heavy visitor use. Yank's
Spring is the site of a trailhead parking lot for visitors, but the
spring has been impounded in a concrete tank for many years and is
resistant to habitat damage.
The Critical Habitat area is included in a livestock grazing
allotment, but the steep and rocky topography generally precludes
grazing along the stream banks within the riparian zone portion of
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
Critical Habitat. Therefore, livestock grazing is not expected to
affect the Sonora chubs Critical Habitat designation. The U.S. Forest
Service controls and restricts any possible grazing attempts made by
domestic animals. The remaining portion of Sycamore Creek Critical
Habitat flows through the Gooding Research Natural Area (GRNA). The
GRNA was established on July 8, 1970, to protect unique species.
Consequently, the Goodding Research Natural Area is withdrawn from
mineral entry and is closed to grazing.
Another important threat to the continued existence of the
Sonora chub is the introduction of predatory exotics and the parasites
and diseases for which they may be hosts. In the United States, the
green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) is the only known introduced form
which still exists in Sycamore Creek. The threat is only possible and
is currently not being controlled.
The U.S. Forest Service restricts all off-road vehicle use in and
around any part of the surrounding habitat which is contained in the
Coronado National Forest. There has been no attempt to control or
maintain water flow or the water table due to the lack of demand on
water resources. Timber harvesting is not a problem due to lack of
desirable tree types.
Currently, no mining is occurring in the Sycamore Creek drainage
within or in the vicinity of the Critical Habitat. There are,
however, mining claims within the drainage in the vicinity. The
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is the issuing agency and the Forest
Service is the surface resources management agency for these claims
held by Uranerz USA Incorp., and Tennessee Valley Authorities.
Mining these or other claims might adversely affect the designated
Critical Habitat if mining activities resulted in increased sediment
transport and pollution. Submission of a detailed Plan of Operation
to the Forest Service and the BLM for approval is required prior to
mining.
Sonora chub habitat should be maintained and enhanced by:
1) determining and protecting water-rights/potential water-use
patterns,
2) determining precipitation-runoff relationships, and
3) evaluating relationships of runoff-instream flow needs.
Surveys of present and potential aquatic habitat should include
an evaluation of:
1) physical,
2) chemical, and
3) biological features.
Information on diel, seasonal, and annual distribution of Sonora
chub life-history stages is also needed.
It is important to maintain a reserve population of Sonora chub,
since it presently is known to occur in only one drainage in the U.S.
To establish the reserve population, it is important to determine the
population size required to duplicate genetic diversity in the wild
and the requirements for maintaining heterozygosity in genetic
reserves. A refugium population of the U.S. population should be
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
maintained at Dexter National Fish Hatchery or other suitable
facility and a reserve of Mexican stock chubs should also continue to
be maintained (presently at the Sonoran Desert Museum and at Gobierno
del Estado de Sonora in Hermosilla, Sonora, Mexico). The plan also
calls for:
1) enforcement of all Federal and Arizona laws protecting the
species, and
2) development of public support through an information and
education program that should include:
a) preparation of an information pamphlet,
b) new releases to the media, and
c) development of an interpretive program at the U.S.
Forest Service's Godding Research Natural Area, which
includes all of the occupied habitat in the United
States.
Management Practices - 4 (DRAFT) - References
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Bell, G. 1984. Sonora chub, Sycamore Canyon. U.S. For. Serv.,
Nogales Ranger Dist., Coronado Nat. For., inter-office memo.,
Nogales, AZ. 13 pp.
02 Brooks, J.E. 1982. Sycamore Creek survey- Gila ditaenia. Ariz.
Game and Fish Dept., inter-office memo., Phoenix, AZ. 2 pp.
03 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Sonora chub Recovery Plan.
Tech. Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM. 25 pp.
04 Hendrickson, D.A. 1984. Distributional records of native and
exotic fishes in Pacific drainages of northern Mexico. J. of the
Ariz./Nevada Acad. of Sci. 18:33-38.
05 Hendrickson, D.A., and L. Juarez Romero. In prep. Fishes of the
Rio Concepcion basin, Sonora, Mexico.
06 James, A.E. 1968. Learnea (copepod) infection of three native
fishes from the Salt River basin, Arizona. Unpubl. Ms. of Sci. Th.
Ariz. State Univ., Tempe.
07 Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister
and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. (eds). 1980. Atlas of North American
Freshwater Fishes. N. Carol. State Mus. of Nat. Hist., Raleigh.
08 Miller, L. 1949. Field notes on the minnow, Gila ditaenia, in
southern Arizona. Copeia 1949:148-150.
09 Miller, R.R. 1945. A new cyprinid fish from southern Arizona and
Sonora Mexico, with a description of a new subgenus of Gila and a
review of related species. Copeia 1945:104-110.
10 Minckley, C.O. 1983. Status report on Gila ditaenia. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM. 14 pp.
11 Minckley, W.L. 1973. Fishes of Arizona. Ariz. Game and Fish
Dept., Phoenix, AZ.
12 Minckley, W.L. 1985. Native fishes and natural aquatic habitats
in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Region II, west of the Continental
Divide. Rept. to the U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM.
158 pp.
13 Minckley, C.O., S.W. Carothers, J.W. Jordan, and H.D. Usher. 1981.
Observations on the humpback chub, Gila cypha, within the Colorado
and Little Colorado Rivers, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona.
November 1979, Nat. Park Serv. Transactions and Proceedings Series.
14 Minckley, W.L., and J.E. Deacon. 1968. Southwestern fishes and
the enigma of endangered species. Science 159:1424-1432.
15 Snyder, J.O. 1915. Notes on a collection of fishes made by Dr.
Edgar A. Mearns from rivers tributary to the Gulf of California.
Proceedings of the U.S. Nat. Mus. 49:573-586.
16 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants; final rule to determine the Sonora chub to be
a threatened species and determine its critical habitat.
Fed. Reg. 51:16042-16047.
17 Wilson, B.L., J.E. Deacon, and W.G. Bradley. 1966. Parasitiswm in
the fishes of the Moapa River, Clark County, Nevada. Desert Res.
Instit., Univ.. of Nevada, Las Vegas.
18 Burton, J. 1987. Pers. knowledge. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Albuquerque, NM.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species CHUB, SONORA
Species Id ESIS252018
Date 14 MAR 96
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Bell, G. 1984. Sonora chub, Sycamore Canyon. U.S. Forest Serv.,
Nogales Ranger District, Coronado Nat. For., Nogales, AZ. 13 pp.
02 Hendrickson, D.A. 1984. Distribution records of native and exotic
fishes in Pacific drainages of northern Mexico. J. of the Ariz.-
Nevada Acad. of Sci. 18:33-38.
03 Miller, L. 1949. Field notes on the minnow, Gila ditaenia, in
southern Arizona. Copeia 1949:148-150.
04 Miller, R.R. 1945. A new cyprinid fish from southern Arizona and
Sonora, Mexico, with a description of a new subgenus of Gila and a
review of related species. Copeia 1945:104-110.
05 Minckley, W.L. 1973. Fishes of Arizona. Ariz. Game and Fish
Dept., Phoenix, AZ.
06 Minckley, W.L. 1980. Gila ditaenia Miller. Sonora chub. IN:
Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, et al. Atlas of North American Freshwater
Fishes. N. Carolina State Mus. of Nat. Hist., Raleigh, NC.
07 Minckley, W.L. 1985. Native fishes and natural aquatic habitats
in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Region II, west of the continental
divide. Rept. to the U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM.
Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Ariz., Tempe, AZ. 158 pp.
08 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Sonora chub Recovery Plan.
Review Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM. 25 pp.
References - 2