(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
OTHER COMMON NAMES - SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS; SHINER, BLUNTNOSE; SHINER and PECOS
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CYPRINIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CYPRINIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - NOTROPIS,
SPECIES AND SSP - SIMUS, PECOSENSIS
SCIENTIFIC NAME - NOTROPIS SIMUS PECOSENSIS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Pecos Bluntnose Shiner
Notropis simus pecosensis Gilbert and Chernoff, 1982
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Cypriniformes FAMILY: Cyprinidae
The Pecos bluntnose shiner is a moderate-sized cyprinid with
adults generally less than 60 mm standard length (SL) (01). It has a
deep silvery body, fully scaled breast, relatively deep caudal
peduncle and slightly subterminal mouth which is overhung by the blunt
and rounded snout (01). There is a dusky lateral stripe on or above
the lateral line (01). Pharyngeal teeth are 2,4-4,2 or (rarely)
1,4-4,2 (01). Anal fin rays vary from 7 to 10 but were typically
8 or 9 (01).
The Pecos form (Notropis simus pecosensis) of the bluntnose
shiner (Notropis simus) was described in 1982 (01). Prior to that
time, it was known to be closely related to the bluntnose shiner of
the Rio Grande but its exact affinities were still in question. It
had been referred to by other scientific and common names including
Pecos shiner (08), Notropis shumardi (04), and Notropis cf. shumardi
(05).
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
The holotype, UMMZ 207686, (UMMZ = Univ. of Mich. Mus. of Zool.)
was collected in the Pecos River about 7 km NE of Roswell, Chaves
County, New Mexico (01). A black and white half-tone photograph of
the holotype, which represents the only published picture of this
subspecies, was published along with its formal scientific description
(01). Additional collections of this form are housed at the following
institutions: CAS (Calif. Acad. of Sci.), ENMU (Eastern New Mex.
Univ.), INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey), KU (Univ. of Kansas
Mus. of Zool.), TXA&M (Texas A & M Univ.), USNM (U.S. Nat. Mus.)
UF-FSM (Univ. of Florida-Florida State Mus.), UMMZ (Univ. of Mich.
Mus. of Zool.) and UNM (Univ. of New Mexico) (01,09).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
Commercial
Game (Consumptive Recreational)
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Pecos bluntnose shiner (Notropis simus pecosensis) has been
designated as Threatened pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of
1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The subspecies has this status wherever found including
the State of New Mexico. Critical Habitat has been designated in
approximately 111 miles (179 km) of the Pecos River in Chavez,
De Baca, and Eddy Counties, New Mexico (50 CFR 17.95(e)).
Special rules concerning "take" for this subspecies can be found
in 50 CFR 17.44(r).
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: New Mexico
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered (Group II)
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: New Mexico Dept. of Game and Fish
STATE STATUTE: NM Stat. Annot., Sec. 17-2-41, Regulation 624.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The species, Notropis simus, is listed as endangered in the 1977
IUCN Red Data Book and vulnerable in the 1986 IUCN Red List of
Threatened Animals.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species (Notropis simus) has been used as a bait fish. The
subspecies, Notropis simus pecosensis, has a value as a component of
New Mexicos' natural heritage of biotic diversity.
82/12/30:47 FR 58454/58460 - Notice of review
83/06/14:48 FR 27273/27274 - Findings on petitions
84/05/11:49 FR 20031/20036 - Proposed rule - Threatened w/ Crit. Hab.
87/02/20:52 FR 05295/05303 - Final rule - Threatened w/ Crit. Hab.
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Streams and Canals
Reservoirs
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, lower perennial UB3
Riverine, lower perennial UB2
Lacustrine, limnetic
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The Pecos bluntnose shiner inhabits the middle segment of the
Pecos River from below Lake Sumner to Lake McMillan, is an area of low
relief where the Pecos River meanders through a broad valley. A
slight stream gradient exists producing a shallow, low velocity
stream with a sand/silt substrate (07). Information on habitat
association is lacking with the exception of cursory remarks based on
a 1981-1982 study (06,07). Young-of-year Pecos bluntnose shiners were
found in backwater type habitat which included main channel, pools,
riffles and backwaters (06,07). Other age classes were also found in
every major habitat type which included main channel, pools, riffles
and backwaters (06,07). All age groups were most often taken over
sandy substrates in the main channel where the water depth was
17-41 cm, velocity was low, and flow was laminar (06,07). Individuals
can also be found at the outflow or falls of diversions or dams
(02,03,12) but these habitats can not be considered typical.
Agricultural operations including field cultivation (fallow, hay,
and pasture) and livestock grazing occur along the Pecos River (15).
Lands along the Pecos River are primarily privately owned (15).
Natural springs, such as those in the Santa Rosa and Lake McMillian
areas, also serve as habitat for Notropis simus pecosensis, and are
sources of continuous water flow (15).
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Nothing is known of the food habits of this form but based on
gut shape and size and the silvery peritoneum (01), it is assumed that
the Pecos bluntnose shiner feeds on small aquatic macroinvertebrates
such as insects (13).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
There is no information available on the home range or
territoriality of the Pecos bluntnose shiner.
PERIODICITY:
No studies have been conducted which investigated the periodicity
or seasonal activity of the Pecos bluntnose shiner but limited field
work indicates that it is a diurnal form (11).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
There is nothing known about the daily or seasonal migratory
patterns of the Pecos bluntnose shiner.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
No data are available on the Pecos bluntnose shiners requirements
for cover or shelter during any of its life history phases.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Reproduction appears to be confined to perennial seepage reaches
such as those between Hagerman and Artesia and that stretch south of
Fort Sumner, New Mexico (07).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Two fish collected in September 1981 (72 mm TL and 65.5 mm TL)
contained 1049 and 85 mature or maturing ova, respectively (06,07).
Other females taken in this same collection were either immature,
contained only a few mature eggs or were in post-reproductive
condition (06,07). All specimens examined from the October-November
sample (same season) were in post-reproductive condition (06,07).
Pecos bluntnose shiner spawning probably begins in the spring and
continues into early autumn (12,13).
PARENTAL CARE:
There is no information on parental care of the eggs or larvae of
Pecos bluntnose shiners.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Very little is known about the population biology of this form.
They were apparently much more common in the past (1930s and early
1940s) as W.J. Koster collected 1,482 and 808 individuals two
different locations (09,14). The largest single collection since
Koster's is 288 taken below Lake Arthur Falls in 1986 (02). Seventy-
six specimens were collected at a single site in 1981 and a total of
324 during the course of the 1981-1982 study (06,07). Recent (1986)
collections yielded 131 specimens at 5 sites (12) while 1987
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
collections accounted for 138 individuals at 6 sites (03).
Three age classes of the Pecos bluntnose shiner are known (Age 0,
Age I, and II). Of the 324 collected in the 1981-1982 study, 251
(77.5 percent) were Age 0, 60 (18.5 percent) were Age I, and 13 (4.0
percent) were Age II (06,07). Age 0 fish were taken at all but two
of the 10 sites from Fort Sumner to Artesia where the Pecos bluntnose
shiner was captured (06,07). Age I fish had a disjunct distribution
being found at the four northern and three southernmost localities
but were absent in the middle reaches (06,07). Age II fish were the
most restricted in distribution and were only found in an 89 km reach
from Fort Sumner downstream to the U.S. 70 highway bridge crossing
north of Roswell (06,07). No information is available on sex ratios.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Thirty-one species of fish were reported in the historic range of
the Pecos bluntnose shiner of which 23 were taken within its present
range (06,07). Plains minnow (Hybognathus placitus), speckled chub
(Hybopsis aestivalis), Rio Grande shiner (Notropis jemezanus), red
shiner (Notropis lutrensis) and sand shiner (Notropis stramineus) were
reported the most freqent associates of the Pecos bluntnose shiner
(06,07). This information needs to be modified slightly as,
re-examination of these collections showed the Arkansas River shiner
and not the sand shiner was one of the most frequent associates of the
Pecos bluntnose shiner (11). In 1981-1982, the Arkansas River shiner
was taken at all 10 sites with the Pecos bluntnose shiner whereas the
sand shiner was collected at only three of the ten previously
mentioned localities (11). In 1986, Arkansas River shiner, plains
minnow, red shiner, and Rio Grande shiner were collected at every
location with the Pecos bluntnose shiner while speckled chub were
collected in all except one (12). The modified 1981-1982 (06,07) and
1986 (11,12) data on species associations compare quite favorably
(12).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
No other life history parameters of the Pecos bluntnose shiner
have been reported.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Regulating commercial harvest levels
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Water Level Stabilization
Existing Water Level Stabilization
Adverse Water Level Fluctuation
Existing Water Level Fluctuation
Adverse Groundwater drawdown
Existing Groundwater drawdown
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Existing Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The primary reason for the decline of the Pecos bluntnose
shiner is anthropogenetic modification of its habitat (Pecos River
system) (06,07). The modifications of greatest concern/greatest
impact are those associated with the loss of permanent flow and
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
alteration of flow regimes (06,07). Additional threats include water
diversion for irrigation, siltation, pollution from agricultural
runoff and competition with introduced forms (06,07,13,14). The use
of fish toxicants in the upper segment of the Pecos River, coupled
with altered flow regimes have contributed to the elimination of
Notropis simus pecosensis and several other native fish from this area
(07).
The contribution of pollutants to the River by agricultural
operations along the Pecos River is detrimental to the Pecos bluntnose
shiner. Runoff from cultivated fields and livestock operations, and
irrigation water returns have adverse effects on the water quality in
the River (15). Many habitats are periodically dewatered when flow
regimes are regulated in response to irrigation demands (07).
The loss of permanent flow and its affects on this shiner were
addressed in a 1981-1982 study where it was discovered that the Pecos
bluntnose shiner was most common (in all age groups) in two areas of
permanent flow (06,07). In areas of interrupted or modified flow,
this form was less abundant (07).
There are several mainstream diversions which not only destroy
habitat by inundation, but also served as a barrier to upstream
dispersal. There are no records of this species from lentic
environments but there are several collections which have been made
immediately below dams which have yielded specimens (02,03,09,12).
A 1986 collection of 288 specimens (mostly junveniles) below Lake
Arthur Falls is the third largest collection of Pecos bluntnose
shiners (02). (In 1939 and 1944, Koster took 1,482 and 808 specimens,
respectively (09). In 1986 and 1987, eight and six Pecos bluntnose
shiners were collected below the outflow of Lake McMillian (03,12).
None were captured there in 1981 (06). Experience with Rio Grande
fishes indicates that individuals, both large and small, have a
tendency to "pile-up" below diversion falls or outflows (10).
Several water projects and changes in irrigational practices
being considered in the Pecos Valley may potentially affect Notropis
simus pecosensis and its habitat. The New Mexico Parks and Recreation
Commission has recently been granted a permit to establish and
maintain a permanent recreation pool in Santa Rosa Reservoir. The
granting of this permit is presently under appeal. Establishment of
this permanent pool would reduce flow in the Pecos River below
Alamogordo Reservoir by approximately 1500 acre-feet per year (15).
The Fort Sumner Irrigation District is considering changes in its
current irrigation practices, involving conversion from flood
irrigation to sprinkler irrigation. This would result in changes in
the flow in the river downstream and may impact the Pecos bluntnose
shiner (15).
Irrigation use of water determines the volume and timing of the
Pecos River flow between April and October, and releases of water
from Lake Sumner fluctuate greatly during this time. In addition,
flow downstream of the lake is also decreased by diversion from the
main channel (bluntnose shiner habitat) and by pumping of ground and
river water. Average monthly flows between April and October may
fluctuate from 814 cfs. to 15 cfs. Within any given month, daily
flows may fluctuate from 1505 cfs. to 5 cfs. or less (15).
Finally, there is concern about the affects of introduced fishes
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
on the various life history stages of the Pecos bluntnose shiner. In
1986, it was discovered that the Arkansas River shiner (Notropis
girardi) had become established as part of the ichthyofauna of the
Pecos River of New Mexico (11). Sorting through old collections
revealed that this species apparently became established some time
around 1975 (11). Since that time it has expanded, in both numbers
and range, to the point where it has become an integral component of
the Pecos River system (11). Its presence brings the number of
Notropis species in the Pecos River of New Mexico to five, all of
which have been taken syntopically (11,12). As yet, there are no
studies underway to determine if there is competition between the
Arkansas River shiner and Pecos bluntnose shiner.
Predator-prey interactions with established sports fish such as
channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), largemouth bass (Micropterus
salmoides), white bass (Morone chrysops), green sunfish (Lepomis
cyanellus) and white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) may pose additional
threats to the Pecos bluntnose shiner. Although it is unlikely that
predation is a major factor in the decline of Notropis simus
pecosensis, it has probably played a minor role with increasing
importance as the populations have come under greater stress from
other factors (15). There is also concern about the possibility of
these game and non-game forms being vectors for parasites and/or
diseases which the Pecos bluntnose shiner might be susceptible
(13,14).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Bluntnose shiner Recovery
Plan. Tech. Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Albuquerque, NM.
26 pp.
The goal of the recovery plan is to secure the survival of the
Pecos bluntnose shiner in current range and to reestablish the species
in areas of historic occupancy. Perpetuation of the species in the
wild depends on a thorough knowledge of its life history and ecology.
Studies should be conducted to determine 1) time, location, and
duration of spawning; fecundity, and early life history; 2) age and
growth; 3) food habits and their relationship to habitat usage
patterns; 4) dynamics of bluntnose shiner and associated fish
populations; and 5) distribution, and factors influencing current
distribution of the shiner. It is also important to determine
geographic, seasonal, and ontogenetic patterns of microhabitat use and
relate these factors to habitat availability.
Many habitats are periodically dewatered when flow regimes are
regulated in response to irrigation demands.
The effects of human use of the Pecos River on distributional and
abundance patterns of bluntnose shiner should also be documented and
controlled if necessary. These include: 1) impoundments (to maintain
optimum water flow); 2) point sources of pollutants (e.g., irrigation
return (which may include pesticides and herbicides, siltation, etc.),
feedlot runoff, and municipal and petrochemical wastes; and 3) any
other as yet unidentified factors. The modifications of greatest
concern/impact are those associated with the loss of permanent flow
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
and alteration of flow regimes. Water rights and/or conservation
easements should be acquired for existing shiner habitat to protect
existing populations and maintain water table.
The Bureau of Reclamations Pecos River Basin Water Salvage
Project is a continuing program to reduce the consumptive use of
water in the Pecos River basin by removal of phreatophytic vegetation.
Activity on this project began in 1967 and continued until 1971. A
50 ft. wide riparian zone was left on either side of the river and
such activity probably has only a minor effect on bluntnose shiner and
its habitat.
In addition, the N.s. pecosensis habitat should be monitored to
insure adequate perennial flows. Where over-utilization of
groundwater for irrigation jeopardizes these habitats, relief should
be sought to remove the jeopardy.
The Fort Sumner Irrigation District is considering changes in its
current irrigation practices involving conversion from flood
irrigation to sprinkler irrigation. This would result in changes in
the flow in the river downstream and may impact the Pecos bluntnose
shiner. Control of development (recreational, agricultural) in and
around the Pecos River is currently being attempted to some degree.
A brood stock of the shiner should be developed at Dexter
National Fish Hatchery for reintroductory purposes. Stream reaches
devoid of bluntnose shiner should be evaluated and those with
requisite habitat should be protected and used as reintroduction
sites.
Stocking of adult Pecos bluntnose shiners from naturally
occurring populations should be done where conditions are conducive to
their long-term survival. Presently the spring outflows near Santa
Rosa are the only prospective introduction sites, but others should
be sought. Plans have been made to develop suitable habitat for
N.s. pecosensis at the future site of Brantley Dam, near Major Johnson
Springs which closely simulates the preferred habitat of this fish.
Finally, there is concern about the affects of introduced fishes
on the various life history stages of the Pecos bluntnose shiner. In
1986, it was discovered that the Arkansas River shiner (Notropis
girardi) had become established as part of the ichthyofauna of the
Pecos River of New Mexico. As yet, there are no studies underway to
determine if there is competition between the Arkansas River shiner
and Pecos bluntnose shiner.
The Pecos bluntnose shiner should be provided the full protection
mandated by Federal, and New Mexico laws. This includes Section
7 Consultation on Federal projects and lands and continued
enforcement of state regulations against commercial minnow harvest in
designated reaches of the Pecos River and the restriction of
importation of bait minnows into the Pecos River basin.
Finally, public awareness of the uniqueness of the Pecos
bluntnose shiner should be increased through the preparation of
information pamplets, interpretive programs, and use of broadcast and
print media.
Presently, N.s. pecosensis is being held at Dexter National Fish
Hatchery, Dexter, New Mexico. Initial attempts to hold and propagate
ten individuals in a lentic holding facility have failed. Following
this, four individuals were placed in a lotic holding facility;
Management Practices - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
however, enough time has not elapsed to determine if this will be
successful.
Currently, an appeal is being made to the establishment of a
recreational pool to be managed by the New Mexico Parks and Recreation
Commission. Establishment of this permanent pool would reduce flow in
the Pecos River below Alamogordo Reservoir by approximately 1,500
acre-feet per year.
Management Practices - 5 (DRAFT) - References
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Chernoff, B., R.R. Miller, and C.R. Gilbert. 1982. Notropis orca
and Notropis simus, cyprinid fishes from the American southwest
with description of a new subspecies. Occasional Papers of the
Mus. of Zool., Univ. of Mich. 698:1-49.
02 Brooks, J.E. Unpubl. data. 1986 collection records of the fishes
of the Pecos River in New Mexico. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Dexter Nat. Fish Hatchery, Dexter, NM.
03 Brooks, J.E. Unpubl. data. 1987 collection records of the fishes
of the Pecos River in New Mexico. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Dexter Nat. Fish Hatchery, Dexter, NM.
04 Hatch, M.D. 1978. Fishes and invertebrates, pages E-1-E-59. IN:
Handbook of species endangered in New Mexico. NM Dept. of Game and
Fish, Santa Fe.
05 Hatch, M.D. 1979. Fishes and invertebrates, pages E-1-E-59. IN:
Handbook of species endangered in New Mexico. NM Dept. of Game and
Fish, Santa Fe.
06 Hatch, M.D. 1982. The status of Notropis sinus pecosensis in the
Pecos River of New Mexico with notes on life history and ecology.
Rept. to the U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. and NM Dept. of Game and
Fish, Santa Fe.
07 Hatch, M.D., W.H. Baltosser, and C.G. Schmitt. 1985. Life history
and ecology of the bluntnose shiner (Notropis simus pecosensis) in
the Pecos River in New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 30:555-562
08 Koster, W.J. 1957. Guide to the fishes of New Mexico. Univ. of
New Mex. Press, Albuquerque, NM.
09 New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. No date. Unpublished
compilation of collection records of New Mexico fishes in North
American ichthyofaunal repositories. Includes species scientific
name, date, site, collector, number of individuals, cursory
comments and museum collection number. NM Dept. of Game and Fish,
Santa Fe, NM.
10 Platania, S.P., and K.R. Bestgen. n.d. Distribution and status of
the fishes of the Rio Grande, New Mexico. Unpubl. rept. Dept. of
Biol., Univ. of NM, Albuquerque.
11 Platania, S.P., K.R. Bestgen, D.L. Propst, and J.E. Brooks. In
prep. Distribution, abundance, and chronology of the dispersal of
the introduced Arkansas River shiner (Notropis girardi) in the
Pecos River system of New Mexico. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of NM,
Albuquerque.
12 Platania, S.P., D.L. Propst, K.R. Bestgen, and J.E. Brooks.
Unpubl. data. 1986 collection records on the fishes of the Pecos
River in New Mexico. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of NM, Albuquerque.
13 Rio Grande Fishes Recovery Team. 1987. Pecos bluntnose shiner
Recovery Plan. Tech. draft. Prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildl.
Serv., Albuquerque, NM. 30 pp.
14 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants; Proposal to determine Notropis simus
pecosensis (Pecos bluntnose shiner), to be a threatened species and
to determine its critical habitat. Fed. Reg. 49:20031-20036.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species SHINER, BLUNTNOSE, PECOS
Species Id ESIS252022
Date 14 MAR 96
15 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants; Final rule to determine Notropis simus
pecosensis (Pecos bluntnose shiner), threatened with critical
habitat. Fed. Reg. 52:5295-5303.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Chernoff, B., R.R. Miller, and C.R. Gilbert. 1982. Notropis orca
and Notropis simus, cyprinid fishes from the American Southwest
with description of a new subspecies. Occasional Papers of the
Mus. of Zool., Univ. of Mich. 698:1-49.
02 Brooks, J.E. 1986. Unpubl. data. 1986 collection records of the
fishes of the Pecos River in New Mexico. U.S. Fish and Wildl.
Serv., Dexter Nat. Fish Hatchery, Dexter, NM.
03 Brooks, J.E. 1987. Unpubl. data. 1987 collection records of the
fishes of the Pecos River in New Mexico. U.S. Fish and Wildl.
Serv., Dexter Nat. Fish Hatchery, Dexter, NM.
04 Hatch, M.D. 1982. The status of Notropis sinus pecosensis in the
Pecos River of New Mexico with notes on life history and ecology.
Rept. to the U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., New Mex. Dept. of Game and
Fish, Santa Fe, NM.
05 Hatch, M.D., W.H. Baltosser, and C.G. Schmitt. 1985. Life history
and ecology of the bluntnose shiner (Notropis simus pecosensis) in
the Pecos River of New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 30:555-562.
06 New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. n.d. Database.
Unpublished compilation of collection records of New Mexico fishes
in North American ichthyofaunal repositories. Includes species
scientific name, date, site, collector, number of individuals,
cursory comments and museum collection number. NM Dept. of Game
and Fish, Santa Fe.
07 Platania, S.P., K.R. Bestgen, D.L. Propst and J.E. Brooks. In
prep. Distribution, abundance and chronology of the dispersal of
the introduced Arkansas River shiner (Notropis girardi) in the
Pecos River system of New Mexico. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of NM,
Albuquerque, NM.
08 Platania, S.P., D.L. Propst, K.R. Bestgen, and J.E. Brooks. 1986.
Unpubl. data. 1986 collections records on the fishes of the Pecos
River in New Mexico. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of NM, Albuquerque.
09 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants; Proposal to determine Notropis simus
pecosensis (Pecos bluntnose shiner), to be a threatened species and
to determine its critical habitat. Fed. Reg. 49:20031-20036.
References - 2