(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
OTHER COMMON NAMES - MADTOM and YELLOWFIN
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - SILURIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - ICTALURIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - NOTURUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - FLAVIPINNIS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - NOTURUS FLAVIPINNIS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Yellowfin Madtom
Noturus flavipinnis Taylor, 1969
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Siluriformes FAMILY: Ictaluridae
Noturus flavipinnis Taylor is a small madtom catfish with a bold
black and yellow color pattern in life (25,26). It reaches a maximum
standard length of 115 mm (22). It was placed in the subgenus Rabida,
which contains species with serrae on the anterior and posterior edges
of the recurved pectoral spine (25), and further placed in a group of
closely related species, the miurus group (25). In fact, specimens of
N. flavipinnis were originally identified by early collectors as N.
miurus (11,12,17). Taylor (25) described the then thought to be
extinct yellowfin madtom in 1969.
Noturus flavipinnis differs from N. miurus by possessing a
combination of the following characters: A light-tipped dorsal fin,
a basicaudal bar which is distinct and extends broadly onto the caudal
peduncle, and infraorbital and supraorbital canals which do not unite
anteriorly, but open to the exterior with two internasal pores (25).
Taylor chose the holotype United States National Museum (USNM
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
163801) from specimens collected in the late 1800's. The type
locality is Hines Creek, tributary to the Clinch River, Clinton,
Anderson Co., TN (25). Other type specimens include: 4 paratypes, 1
at USNM (12417) from Chickamauga Creek, 1 at USNM (40455) from the
North Fork Holston River, and 6 at Stanford University (2326, 3575,
4073,and 4605) with no known locality data (25).
In addition to the types, Taylor et al. (26) described newer
material collected in 1968 and 1969 from Copper Creek, VA a tributary
to the Clinch River, and from the Powell River, an upper Tennessee
River tributary. A few additional specimens from the Powell River and
from Citico Creek populations are kept in the fish collections at the
University of Tennessee, Knoxville. There are also several published
photographs of the yellowfin madtom, which may be useful for species
identification (04,15,22,24,25,26).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Georgia; Federal Threatened
Georgia; State Recognized
Tennessee; State Listed
Virginia; State Recognized
T: Federal Threatened
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The yellowfin madtom (Noturus flavipinnis) has been designated a
Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as
amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
States of Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia. Critical Habitat is
addressed in 50 CFR 17.95(e).
Special rules concerning "take" of this species can be found in
50 CFR 17.44(c).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).
Management practices that would cause detrimental
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
changes in water temperature or composition, water
course blockage, or sediment deposits within 100 feet
of the edges of perennial streams, lakes or other
bodies of water are prohibited (36 CFR 219.27(e)).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Virginia
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Threatened
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries
STATE STATUTES: Virginia State Code 29.230 - 29.237
STATE: Georgia
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Department of Natural Resources
STATE STATUTES: Georgia Game and Fish Codes, Georgia Code Ann.
Sec. 45-101, et.seq.
STATE: Tennessee
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Wildlife Resources Agency
STATE STATUTES: Tennessee Code Ann., Chapter 17, Sec. 11-1701
through 11-1715, Proclamation 75-15, 76-4
and amendments
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The yellowfin madtom is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red
Data Book, Vol. 4, 1977.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The species does not have any cultural or commercial value. It
is sensitive to changes in water quality and therefore would be an
indicator of environmental quality.
77/01/12:42 FR 02507/ - Proposed rule
77/09/09:42 FR 45527/ - Final rule, listed as Threatened
82/09/27:47 FR 42387/ - Five year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
87/09/08:52 FR 33850/33853 - Proposed nonessential experimental pop.
88/08/04:53 FR - Final rule; experimental population
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries,
Deciduous Forest Land
Streams and Canals
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial FL1
Riverine, upper perennial FL
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
According to Jenkins (15), Noturus flavipinnis is an inhabitant
of pools and backwaters of small to moderate-sized streams in the
upper Tennessee River drainage. In Citico Creek, the yellowfin madtom
is commonly found in shallow pools (less than one meter deep) and is
almost always observed at depths of less than two meters in deeper
pools (22). With the exception of the breeding season, they are
diurnally associated with cover, presumably near the stream bank
beneath bedrock ledges or tree roots. During spring, summer, and
fall, the adult madtoms are nocturnally associated with open benthic
areas or under cover during their nighttime forages (22). Adults
become increasingly scarce in open benthic areas as the water
temperature drops in late fall (22), and it is presumed that very
little adult activity occurs during the winter months.
The young of the year yellowfin madtoms appear to prefer benthic
gravel or sand and gravel mixed, as opposed to the cobble, slabrocks,
and bedrock substrates that adults seem to prefer (22). Young of the
year madtoms also appear to remain active longer in the late fall or
winter than adults (22).
Maximum summer water temperatures observed by Shute (22) in
Citico Creek were 25 degrees C. The locality in Citico Creek,
however, is in a transition zone from a warm-water stream to a
cool-water trout stream. Therefore, since the other known localities
are more lowland (07), it is presumed that the temperature tolerance
of the species may be higher than 25 degrees C.
Madtoms are included in the reproductive guild of fishes where
a nest is constructed, or a natural cavity is chosen for a nesting
chamber. The male guards the eggs. For the purpose of nesting, N.
flavipinnis chooses large rectangular flat rocks (22). Not only does
an appropriate size appear to be important in the choice of nesting
site, but the availability of a crevice or cavity beneath the slab is
also a major factor (22). Since movement of the species is limited
(22), the availability of appropriate nesting cover within their pool
habitats may be a limiting factor for the species.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Crustaceans
General Worms
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
The diet of the yellowfin madtom appears to be almost exclusively
aquatic insect larvae, although crustaceans (crayfish) may also be
consumed (15,22). Dipterans, ephemeropterans, plecopterans and
trichopterans appear to be important food items. Dipteran larvae,
although small in comparison with most of the other prey items found
in N. flavipinnis guts, may be a preferred food item, as they were
found in all guts examined and were numerically the predominant prey
items (22). Ephemeropterans may also be preferred prey (22).
In Copper Creek, water pennies (aquatic beetle larvae) were found
in 23% of the guts examined by Jenkins (personal communication), and
made up 21% of the total number of organisms consumed (22, and R.E.
Jenkins, personal communication). The smooth, flattened exoskeleton
of these coleopteran larvae, which allows them to cling to the surface
of the stones in the streams that they inhabit (20), would appear to
be an effective predator avoidance mechanism. Large numbers of these
coleopteran larvae were consumed by several individuals of N.
flavipinnis (R.E. Jenkins, poersonal communication), indicating a
possible preference for this prey type.
It has been suggested that madtoms take prey items depending upon
their availability (19,21,23,27). Because of the differences in food
habits between the Citico and Copper Creek populations of N.
flavipinnis it appears that these madtoms, although they may exhibit
some preferences, are also opportunistic feeders (22).
Larger individuals of yellowfin madtom are able to consume a
greater diversity of organisms with regard to size. They may be more
experienced at capturing different types of prey, and may also be able
to forage in more diversified habitats within their pools. The young
appear to be confined to areas with smaller substrates where their
cryptic coloration presumably affords them more protection from
potential predators which limits their opportunity to encounter a
variety of prey types (22). This increasing trophic diversity with
increasing body size is also reported for other madtoms (05,06,08,18,
19,21).
Taylor (25) suggested that madtoms are probably nocturnal in
their feeding activities. Activity patterns, however, vary between
species, and although N. flavipinnis probably does most of its active
foraging at night, Jenkins (14) reported that a significant amount
of daytime feeding may occur as food organisms drift beneath the
madtom's daytime cover object. He found (personal communication) that
11 of 21 guts examined from fishes collected during the daytime
contained food.
Although it has been suggested that nocturnal drift of insect
larvae is an important source of food for madtoms (23), pools do not
produce as much drift as do riffle areas (13). Therefore,
pool-dwelling madtom species, such as N. flavipinnis, may be less
dependent on drift for prey items. It is assumed that yellowfin
madtoms engage in some benthic feeding, indicated by the presence of
sand grains and crayfish and odonata nymph remains in gut contents
(22).
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Based on tag-recapture data, it is evident that adult N.
flavipinnis do not ordinarily move from pool to pool (22). Of 45 fish
individually tagged with acrylic paint, eight were recaptrued between
seven months and 32 months after tagging (22, and personal
observation). Of these recaptures, six were found in the same pool
they were originally found to inhabit. The color of the mark on the
sixth fish was not distinguishable and possible movement by this
individual was not determined (22).
Movement patterns discussed above are applicable to adult
yellowfin madtoms only. It is possible that the juveniles are the
dispersal agents for the species and act as colonizers or provide a
renewed source of genetic material.
Yellowfin madtoms do not appear to be territorial throughout most
of the year. During the breeding season, however, as in other madtom
species (25) male madtoms defend a nest site (usually a large flat
rock) against intruders, and protect developing eggs, larvae and
young, presumably for the amount of time necessary for the young to
grow to a sufficient size to be able to forage on their own.
PERIODICITY:
As with most madtom species (25), yellowfin madtoms are nocturnal
(22) and can rarely be seen or collected during the daytime. In
addition, because of the increasing scarcity of adult madtoms in open
benthic areas at night when the water temperatures begin to decrease
in late fall, it is likely that little adult activity occurs during
the winter months (22). Young of the year yellowfin madtoms are
apparently active longer into the fall and winter (22). Other authors
(02,06,09) have also reported overwintering aggregations of other
species of Noturus.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
The yellowfin madtom is apparently a sedentary, non-migratory
species and does not move from pool to pool, as is indicated by a
tag-recapture study (22).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
During the daytime yellowfin madtoms are associated with cover,
presumably near the stream bank in shallow water beneath bedrock
ledges or tree roots (22). During their nocturnal forages, the
madtoms may occasionally be associated with cobbles, slabrocks,
bedrock ledges, or leaf piles (22).
For the purpose of nesting, N. flavipinnis chooses large
rectangular flat rocks, and constructs a nest cavity beneath this rock
(22). Not only does an appropriate size appear to be important in the
choice of a nesting site, but the availability of a crevice or open
space beneath the slab is also a major factor. Slabrocks used for
nesting purposes by N. flavipinnis in Citico Creek range from 15 to 65
cm in length by 15 to 65 cm in width (22).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
For nesting purposes Noturus flavipinnis chooses large flat
rectangular nest rocks with a crevice or open space beneath the rock
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
(22). This crevice is then enlarged by the fish, and the substrate is
kept free of silt (22) by the male. Although some madtom species move
to different habitats for reproduction (10,19,23), nests of the
yellowfin madtom have only been observed in the same type of pool
habitat normally inhabited by the species, and most were located in
shallow water (less than 2 m) with a slight current (22). The water
temperature which appeared to initiate spawning behavior in the Citico
Creek population was approximately 20-23 degrees C. (22).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Presumably, male yellowfin madtoms choose appropriate nesting
sites (large flat rocks), and one or both parents may enlarge the
cavity beneath the rock by fanning with body and fins. Except for
observations of Noturus miurus spawning in laboratory aquaria reported
by Bowen (05), very little is known about the actual sequences
involved in the courtship and mating of madtoms.
There is only one reproductive period each year for the yellowfin
madtom, and the major factor determining the initiation of nesting
behavior is probably water temperature (22). Nesting behavioir is
apparently triggered by water temperatures of 20-23 degrees C and
nests were found in Citico Creek as early as 29 May and as late as 8
July (22).
Newly fertilized eggs average 3.4 mm in diameter, and males guard
clutches of developing eggs and larvae (22). Clutch sizes averaged 89
embryos for two reproductive seasons in Citico Creek, and female
ovaries contain a mean of 177 ripe ova, suggesting polyandry (22).
Because of this behavior and the paternal care of eggs and larvae, it
is unlikely that pair bonds are formed.
Both sexes of N. flavipinnis are reproductively mature in the
third summer of their life (age two), and probably only spawn twice
during their lifetime (22).
Hatching size is approximately 8 mm standard length (22), and
development times for the species are unknown, but presumably depend
upon water temperatures. A developing larva with a large yolk sac
was estimated to be approximately eight days post-fertilization (22).
Therefore, the period of parental care may be at least two weeks.
PARENTAL CARE:
Male yellowfin madtoms aggressively guard clutches of developing
eggs and larvae from intruders, and keep them free from silt (22).
Noturus flavipinnis hatching length is approximately 8 mm standard
length. Development times for the species is unknown, but presumably
depends upon water temperatures. One developing larva with a large
yolk sac was extimated to be approximately eight days
post-fertilization (22). Therefore, the period of parental care for
the male may be at least two weeks, as he presumably guards his
offspring wntil the yolk sac is completely absorbed and the young are
capable of foraging for food on their own. There have been no known
reports of family bonds after this incubation period.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Current limiting factors for yellowfin madtoms are apparently
suitable pool habitat areas free of pollution and silt. Madtoms
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
presumably rely heavily on chemoreception for survival (finding food,
potential mates, and raising young). Some sensitive members of the
genus may be detrimentally affected by small changes in water quality,
and apparently this and the destruction of riverine habitats by
construction of dams has been the major factor in the decline of
yellowfin madtom populations (14,16,25).
Another possible limiting factor is the availability of proper
nesting cover. Therefore, this resource is a possible source of
competition between yellowfin madtoms and other organisms which may
also use these slabrocks. Other organisms which have been observed to
use the large slabrocks preferred by N. flavipinnis for nesting
(during their reproductive period) include the mudpuppy, Necturus
maculosus, and the smoky madtom, Noturus baileyi (22,10).
Yellowfin madtoms probably live three or four years (15,22).
Survival or mortality rates are unknown. Although the data are
inconclusive, they indicate that females may be outnumbered by males
(22), which may be expected for a polyandrous species.
The only population of yellowfin madtom for which a size estimate
exists is the Citico Creek population, which was estimated to be
around 500 adult animals (312-1453 individuals) (22). Using these
estimzates, densities of 1.4 and 1.8 adult yellowfin madtoms per ten
square meters were calculated for this population (22).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
None known.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Creating Artificial Habitat/Nesting Structure
Beneficial Restricting Timber Harvest
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Nonnative Vegetation
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Existing Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Based on old collecting records (11,12,17), the yellowfin madtom
was formerly common in its preferred habitat throughout the upper
Tennessee River drainage of Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia. It has
been extirpated from former known localities in the Clinch and
Tennessee rivers because of habitat alterations (due to impoundments
in most of the upper Tennessee River drainage), and pollution in
Chickamauga Creek is the probable cause of extirpation there. In the
North Fork Holston River extirpation may be due to the inability of
the species to compete with an apparently recently established member
of the community, the margined madtom, Noturus insignis (25).
The only known extant populations of N. flavipinnis are three
geographically isolated populations (Copper Creek in Virginia, Citico
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
Creek in Tennessee, and the Powell River in Tennessee and Virginia),
which are all seperated by impoundments. Water quality problems
present in the Powell River due to land disturbance and coal mining
activities may have already eliminated several species from the
benthic community and severely impact those remaining, including N.
flavipinnis (01).
Threatened status was recommended for N. flavipinnis for several
reasons: The vulnerability of Copper Creek and the Powell River to
coal mining and agricultural activities and the potential for chemical
spills to occur in Copper Creek because of major road crossings (03,
04).
The Powell River population apparently exists in very low
numbers (22) and the Copper Creek population appears to be declining
(07). Tagging data (22) indicates limited movement. Therefore, the
ability of individuals to find potential mates may be greatly reduced
unless population densities are fairly high (22). For this reason,
although both Powell River and Copper Creek populations of N.
flavipinnis are protected by federal Threatened status (03) and
Critical Habitat, their future in these areas may be extremely
tenuous.
In Citico Creek, because of the protection afforded by the
Cherokee National Forest, there appears to be no imminent threat to
the quality of the water, at least above the influence of Caney Creek
(22). The mere existence of a road running beside the creek for much
of its length poses a threat. Although much of the traffic is due to
recreational use of the area, the road is also used for logging
purposes by heavy trucks. Accidents, which are not infrequent on this
road, always present the potential for oil, gasoline, or other
hazardous chemical spills.
Agricultural practices alone would probably not affect the
species. However, should pesticides, excessive use of fertilizers, or
siltation due to runoff from clearing land for mining or agricultural
purposes be introduced into the streams, potential damage to yellowfin
madtoms could result.
The yellowfin madtom population that inhabits Citico Creek is
relatively healthy, but is dangerously small (less than 500 animals)
and extremely localized (22). This fact, coupled with the uncertain
future of the other two known populations, illustrates the species'
need for continued protection.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Yellowfin Madtom Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Atlanta, GA. 33 pp.
Measures necessary to recover the yellowfin madtom include:
continued utilization of existing legal mechanisms to protect the
species and its habitat; population and habitat surveys to determine
the status and range of the species; determination of the best
methods for reintroduction; and reintroduction of the species into its
historic range. Appropriate management techniques need to be used or,
if unknown, techniques need to be determined to eliminate such threats
as adverse agricultural practices, timber harvesting, contaminants
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
such as herbicides, pesticides and others, development, mining, road
maintenance, off-road vehicles use, and stream bank or channel
modifications.
Presently, there is no ongoing research. However, the U.S.
Forest Service and U.S. Park Service are contemplating research into
life history and reintroduction techniques. The U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service is proposing that reintroduced populations be
designated as "non-essential experimental populations."
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Ahlstedt, S.A. and S.R. Brown. 1980. The naiad fauna of the
Powell River in Virginia and Tennessee. Bull. Am. Malacolog. Un.,
Inc. 1979:40-43.
02 Andrews, R.D., III. 1963. Distribution, habitat, and life
history of madtoms, Noturus, in Illinois. M.S. Thesis. Univ.
Illinois. 41 pp.
03 Anonymous. 1977. Threatened and endangered plants and animals.
Federal Register. 42:45527-45529.
04 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Yellowfin madtom Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 33 pp.
05 Bowen, C.A., Jr. 1980. The life history of the brindled madtom
Noturus miurus (Jordan) in Salt Creek, Hocking and Vinton counties,
Ohio. M.S. Thesis. Ohio State Univ. 195 pp.
06 Bowman, H.R. 1932. A description and ecologic study of the
margined madtom, Rabida insignis (Richardson). M.S. Thesis.
Cornell Univ. 40 pp.
07 Burkhead, N.M. and R.E. Jenkins. 1982. Five-year status review
of the yellowfin madtom, Noturus flavipinnis, a threatened
ictalurid catfish of the Tennessee drainage. Unpublished report to
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 10 pp.
08 Burr, B.M. and R.L. Mayden. 1982. Life history of the brindled
madtom, Noturus miurus, in Mill Creek, IL (Pisces:Ictaluridae).
Am. Midl. Nat. 107:25-41.
09 Case, B.E. 1970. An ecological study of the tadpole madtom,
Noturus gryinus (Mitchell), with special reference to movements and
population fluctuations. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Manitoba. 99 pp.
10 Dinkins, G.R. 1984. Aspects of the life history of the smoky
madtom, Noturus baileyi Taylor, in Citico Creek. M.S. Thesis.
Univ. Tenn., Knoxville. 50 pp.
11 Evermann, B.W. 1918. The fishes of Kentucky and Tennessee: a
distributional catalogue of the known species. Bull. U.S. Fish
Comm. 35:293-368.
12 Evermann, B.W. and S.F. Hildebrand. 1916. Notes on the fishes
of east Tennessee. Bull. Bur. Fish. 34:433-451.
13 Hynes, H.B.N. 1970. The Ecology of Running Waters. Univ.
Toronto Press. 555 pp.
14 Jenkins, R.E. 1975. Status of the yellowfin madtom, Noturus
flavipinnis. Unpublished report to U.S. Off. Endang. Spec.
Internat. Activities, Wash., D.C. 11 pp.
15 Jenkins, R.E. 1978. Noturus flavipinnis Taylor, yellowfin
madtom. Page 454. IN: D. S. Lee, et al. Atlas of North American
Freshwater Fishes. N. C. State Mus. Nat. Hist., Raleigh. L-x +
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16 Jenkins, R.E. and J.A. Musick. 1980. Freshwater and marine
fishes. Pages 319-373. IN D. W. Linzey (ed.). Endangered and
Threatened Plants and Animals of Virginia. Va. Polytech. Inst.
St. Univ., Blacksburg. 665 pp.
17 Jordan, D.S. 1890. Report of explorations made during the summer
and autumn of 1888, in the Allegheny region of Virginia, North
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
Carolina, and Tennessee, and in western Indiana, with an account of
the fishes found in each of the river basins of those regions.
Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. 8:97-173.
18 Mayden, R.L. and B.M. Burr. 1981. Life history of the slender
madtom, Noturus exilis, in southern Illinois (Pisces:Ictaluridae).
Occ. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kans. 93:1-64.
19 Mayden, R.C. and S.J. Walsh. 1984. Natural history of the least
madtom, Noturus hildebrandi, in western Tennessee (Siluriformes:
Ictaluridae) with comparisons to related species. Am. Midl. Nat.
112:349-368.
20 Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, eds. 1978. An Introduction to
the Aquatic Insects of North America. Kendall/Hunt Publ. Co.,
Dubuque, IA. 441 pp.
21 Miller, G.L. 1984. Trophic ecology of the frecklebelly madtom
Noturus munitus in the Tombigbee River, Mississippi. Am. Midl.
Nat. 111:8-15.
22 Shute, P.W. 1984. Ecology of the rare yellowfin madtom, Noturus
flavipinnis Taylor, in Citico Creek, Tennessee. M.S. Thesis. Univ.
Tenn., Knoxville. 101 pp.
23 Starnes, L.B. and W.C. Starnes. Manuscript. Ecology and life
history of the mountain madtom, Noturus eleutherus (Pisces:
Ictaluridae), in the upper Tennessee River drainage.
24 Starnes, W.C. and D.A. Etnier. 1980. Fishes. Pages B-1--B-134.
IN: Eager, D.C. and R.M. Hatcher (eds.) Tennessee's Rare
Wildlife. Vol. 1: the Vertebrates. Tenn. Wildl. Resour. Agency.
25 Taylor, W.R. 1969. A revision of the catfish genus Noturus
Rafinesque with an analysis of higher groups in the Ictaluridae.
Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. No. 282. 315 pp.
26 Taylor, W.R., R.E. Jenkins, and E.A. Lachner. 1971.
Rediscovery and description of the ictalurid catfish, Noturus
flavipinnis. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 83:469-476.
27 Walsh, S.J. and B.M. Burr. Manuscript. The biology of the
stonecat, Noturus flavus Rafinesque, in central Illinois and
Missouri streams, with comparisons to Great Lakes stocks and
congeners.
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01 Anonymous. 1977. Threatened and endangered plants and animals.
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02 Bauer, B.H., G.R. Dinkins, and D.A. Etnier. 1983. Discovery
of Noturus baileyi and N. flavipinnis in Citico Creek, Little
Tennessee River system. Copeia. 1983:558-560.
03 Burkhead, N.M. and R.E. Jenkins. 1982. Five-year status review
of the yellowfin madtom, Noturus flavipinnis, a threatened
ictalurid catfish of the Tennessee drainage. Unpublished report to
the U.S. fish and Wildlife Service. 10 pp.
04 Dinkins, G.R. 1984. Aspects of the life history of the smoky
madton, Noturus baileyi Taylor, in Citico Creek. M.S Thesis. Univ.
Tenn., Knoxville. 50 pp.
05 Evermann, B.W. 1918. The fishes of Kentucky and Tennessee: A
distributional catalogue of the known species. Bull. U.S. Fish.
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species MADTOM, YELLOWFIN
Species Id ESIS254002
Date 13 MAR 96
Comm. 35:293-368.
06 Evermann, B.W. and S.F. Hildebrand. 1916. Notes on the fishes
of east Tennessee. Bull. Bur. Fish. 34:433-451.
07 Jenkins, R.E. 1975. Status of the yellowfin madtom, Noturus
flavipinnis. Unpublished report to U.S. Off. Endang. Sp.
Internat. Activ., Washington, D.C. 11 pp.
08 Jordan, D.S. 1890. Report of exploration made during the summer
and autumn of 1888, in the Allegheny region of Virginia, North
Carolina and Tennessee, and in western Indiana, with an account of
the fishes found in each of the river basins of those regions.
Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 8:97-173.
09 Shute, P.W. 1984. Ecology of the rare yellowfin madtom, Noturus
flavipinnis Taylor, in Citico Creek, Tennessee. M.S. Thesis. Univ.
Tenn., Knoxville. 101 pp.
10 Starnes, W.C. and D.A. Etnier. Manuscript. Origins of the fish
fauna, drainage history and regional ichthyogeography of the
Tennessee and Cumberland rivers drainage realm.
11 Taylor, W.R. 1969. A revision of the catfish genus Noturus
Rafinesque with an analysis of higher groups in the Ictaluridae.
Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. No. 282. 315 pp.
12 Taylor, W.R., R.E. Jenkins, and E.A. Lachner. 1971.
Rediscovery and description of the ictalurid catfish, Noturus
flavipinnis. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 83:469-476.
References - 3