(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - DARTER, SLACKWATER
OTHER COMMON NAMES - DARTER and SLACKWATER
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - PERCIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - PERCIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - ETHEOSTOMA,
SPECIES AND SSP - BOSCHUNGI,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - ETHEOSTOMA BOSCHUNGI
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Slackwater Darter
Etheostoma boschungi Wall and Williams, 1974
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Perciformes FAMILY: Percidae
E. boschungi is distinguished from other members of the subgenus
Ozarka by a combination of the following characters: bold, blue-black
subocular bar; three prominent dorsal saddles, one on the posterior of
the nape, one beneath the posterior of the first dorsal fin and one
immediately posterior to the second dorsal fin; vertebrae number 35
to 37, usually 36; pectoral rays number 12 to 14, usually 13; and
pored lateral line scales number 30 to 44, usually 34 to 38 (01).
Additional descriptions and photographs of the slackwater darter
are available in several publications (01,02,03,04,05,06,07).
There is no significant geographical variation between demes of
this species. Intraspecific variation is given in the original
description by Wall and Williams (01).
The darter was originally placed in the subgenus Oligocephalus
(01); however, Williams and Robinson have since described the subgenus
Ozarka to contain Etheostoma boschungi, E. punctulatum, E. cragini,
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
E. pallididorsum, and E. trisella (02).
Type Specimens.
Holotype - Tulane University (TU) 79424, an adult male, 50.7 mm
standard length, was collected from Lindsey Creek at the junction of
Lauderdale County roads 15 and 6, 0.8 miles north of AL Hwy 20 at
Central Heights, Lauderdale Co., AL (T1S, R12W, Sec. 3) on 22 November
1969 by Charles Gooch and James D. Williams.
Paratopotypes - University of Alabama Ichthyological Collection
(UAIC) 3774 (6 specimens); TU 79425 (6); TU 79427 (15); UAIC 3210 (1);
UAIC 3204 (11); UAIC 3961 (1); United States National Museum (USNM)
206421 (2); USNM 206409 (1); University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
(UMMZ) 197691 (3); University of Kansas (KU) 14638 (8).
Other Paratypes - Alabama, Lauderdale Co.: University of Florida
(UF) 18424 (1) from Greenbrier Branch, trib. to Middle Cypress Creek
at Cloverdale (T1S, R12W, Sec. 26), 21 December 1968; UAIC 3206 (1)
from Lindsey Creek, 1.2 miles N of AL Hwy 20 on County Road 5 (NE 1/4
of NE 1/4, Sec. 30, T1S, R12W) 7 December 1968; UMMZ 197693 (2) Middle
Cypress Creek at Bethel Grove Church, just off Lauderdale County Road
11 (T1S, R11W, Sec. 5) 26 October 1969; UMMZ 197692 (2) Burcham Creek
on Natchez Trace Parkway (T1S, R12W, Sec. 31) 1 November 1969; USNM
206420 (6) Lindsey Creek, 0.6 miles N of AL Hwy 20 (T1S, R13W,
Sec. 24) 29 January 1969; University of Tulsa Museum 571 (2) Lindsey
Creek 0.6 miles N of AL Hwy 20 (T1S, R13W, Sec. 24) 22 March 1969,
Madison County: TU 79426 (6) Copeland Branch, trib. to Briar Fork of
Flint River on West Limestone Road (T1S, R1W, Sec. 26) 24 October
1970; University of Tennessee (UT) 91.506 (4) West Fork of Flint
River, Hazelgreen, 9 August 1969; UT 91.507 (1) Briar Fork of Flint
River, 8 August 1969 (01). Tennessee, Lawrence Co.: Buffalo River
9.9 miles N of Lawrenceburg on US Hwy 43. Florida State University
(FSU) 16408 (3) so April 1969 (subsequently transferred to Florida
State Museum); Mississippi State University (MSU) 809 (1) 11 March
1969; UT 91.101 (1), 11 August 1967; UT 91.331 (8) 26 August 1969
(01).
The museums in which the type materials of the slackwater darter
are located are given above. Subsequent to the time of the original
description, collections have been made and the specimens catalogued
in the University of Alabama Ichthyological Collection. Access to the
specimens and data can be obtained via the following UAIC accession
numbers: 4465, 4801.10, 4802.11, 4807.13, 4813.16, 4832.10, 4833.10,
4837.17, 4840.15, 4842.12, 4844.14, 4847.08, 4848.09, 5033.12,
5037.08, 5042.08, 5045.10, 5060.01, 5069.01, 5070.01, 5086.01,
5116.05, 5119.06, 5124.03, 5127.01, 5129.01, 5151.03, 5155.02,
5161.01, 5298.01, 5299.01, 5339.01, 5662.01, 5664.01, 5667.01,
6730.02, 6733.02, 7146.12, 7147.12, 7148.10, and 7182.12 (08).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Alabama; Federal Threatened
Alabama; State Listed
Alabama; Unofficially Listed
Tennessee; State Listed
T: Federal Threatened
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The slackwater darter (Etheostoma boschunai) has been designated
a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
States of Alabama and Tennessee. Critical Habitat has been designated
in Lauderdale County, AL and Lawrence and Wayne Counties, TN
(50 CFR 17.95(e)).
Special rules concerning "take" of this species can be found in
50 CFR 17.44(c).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Alabama
DESIGNATED STATUS: Nongame Wildlife Species
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Div. of Game and Fish
STATE STATUTE: Game and Fish Reg. 87-GF-7.
UNOFFICIAL LISTS: Threatened, "Vertebrate Wildlife of
Alabama in Need of Special Attention;"
Threatened, Bulletin No.2, "Endangered and
Threatened Plants and Animals of Alabama,"
Alabama Museum of Natural History.
STATE: Tennessee
DESIGNATED STATUS: Threatened
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Wildlife Resources Agency
STATE STATUTES: Tennessee Annotated Code, Proclamation 75-15,
Endangered or Threatened Species List 70-8-105.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
There are no known commecial values for this species, however,
it may serve as a biological indicator for its ecosystem.
77/01/22:42 FR 02507/02515 - Proposed rule
77/09/09:42 FR 45526/45530 - Final rule, listed as Threatened w/ CH
82/09/27:47 FR 42387/42388 - Five year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTRY TYPES
SAF TYPE STAGE CLOSURE
Shortleaf Pine-Oak shrub--seedling
Shortleaf Pine-Oak young tree
Shortleaf Pine-Oak mature tree
Shortleaf Pine-Oak Old Growth
shrub--seedling
young tree
mature tree
Old Growth
LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Mixed Forest Land
Streams and Canals
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial SB4
Riverine, upper perennial SB3
Riverine, upper perennial SB2
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The slackwater darter occurs in two distinctly different, but
necessarily adjacent, habitats: non-breeding habitat and breeding
habitat. The breeding habitat must be accessible via a suitable
non-breeding habitat.
Nonbreeding Habitat:
The slackwater darter's non-breeding habitat is small (60 cm wide
and 15 cm deep) to moderately large (12 m wide and up to 2 m deep)
streams. The current is usually slow, but under normal conditions,
the flow ranges from still to 0.34 m/sec (10). In small streams, the
darters show no position preference; however, in large streams, such
as Lindsey Creek, they seem to confine themselves near the banks or
undercuts in the banks. They also occur on gravel infiltered with
silt, on silt and mud, or on a combination of these. They have not
been observed over clean gravel in swift streams, or in swift rocky
areas. Slackwater darters show some preference for accumulations of
detritus, such as small twigs and well-decayed leaves, but not large
concentrations of newly-fallen, compact leaves. Apparently their
migrations are not impeded by moderate riffles or by shallow water.
Oxygen is not a factor in limiting their habitat as they are tolerant
of rather low oxygen levels; they inhabit water in the summer that
would be uninhabitable without a downward shift in critical oxygen
tension (11). The physical nature of the stream is probably the
factor which limits slackwater distribution (04).
Breeding Habitat:
The breeding habitat of the slackwater darter is slow moving
seepage water 4 to 8 cm deep in open fields or pastures and woods.
Habitat Associations - 1 The fish is not found in swamps or overflow pools of standing water.
The locations and specific characteristics of the known breeding
sites, all in Cypress Creek Watershed, are given in the recovery plan
(04) and Boschung, 1979 (10). The unifying characteristic of breeding
sites is the presence of seepage water (04). The stream level must
periodically rise (as it does during heavy rains) to give the
ready-to-spawn darters access to the breeding grounds (04).
Essential Habitat:
Both the nonbreeding and breeding habitats as described above are
indispensable for sustaining populations of slackwater darters. The
two distinctly different habitats must be adjacent; that is, the fish
must be able to swim from stream to spawning area and vice versa. The
limiting factor relative to reproductive success is the breeding
habitat. Undoubtedly, the declining groundwater table has adversely
affected the number of breeding sites and has, therefore, limited the
geographical distribution of the darter (04).
Nothing is known of the fish's tolerance to variations in pH,
alkalinity, turbidity, dissolved solids, etc.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Zooplankton
General Crustaceans
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Stomachs of 80 specimens of E. boschungi, 25 mm or greater SL,
have been examined. Thirty were from breeding habitats, the remainder
from various streams in the Cypress Creek Watershed. A summary of
these data area shown in Table 2. The degree of comparison or
contrast between diets of slackwater darters occupying each habitat is
quantified. The overlap value, using Pianka's (12) equation where
zero indicates no overlap and one indicates complete overlap, was
0.135, indicating little similarity between diets. It is obvious that
the darter can make a shift in diet concomitant with the shift in
habitat (04).
TABLE 1. Stomach contents of E. boschungi from Cypress Creek
Watershed, Alabama and Tennessee (04).
________________________________________________________________
Percent of Stomachs in Which
Food Organisms Occurred
__________________________________________
Nonbreeding Breeding Total
Food Organism Habitat Habitat
N=50 N=30 N=80
________________________________________________________________
Crustacea
Ostracoda .... 6.67 2.50
Copepoda .... 3.33 1.25
Isopoda .... 23.33 8.75
Amphipoda .... 36.67 13.75
Decapoda 6.0 .... 3.75
Insecta
Ephemeroptera 46.00 30.00 40.00
Trichoptera 4.00 .... 2.50
Coleoptera 2.00 6.67 3.75
Diptera 6.00 20.00 11.25
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
TABLE 1. Continued
________________________________________________________________
Mean Number of Food Organisms
per Stomach
__________________________________________
Nonbreeding Breeding Total
Food Organism Habitat Habitat
N=50 N=30 N=80
________________________________________________________________
Crustacea
Ostracoda ..... 0.067 0.025
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
Copepoda ..... 3.400 1.275
Isopoda ..... 0.300 0.112
Amphipoda ..... 1.500 0.562
Decapoda 0.060 ..... 0.038
Insecta
Ephemeroptera 0.620 0.433 0.550
Trichoptera 0.080 ..... 0.050
Coleoptera 0.020 0.067 0.038
Diptera 0.120 0.467 0.250
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Territoriality in the slackwater darter is unknown in its stream
habitat. In the breeding habitat, male darters have been observed to
establish territory in a clump of Juncus for the purpose of spawning
(04,09,10).
PERIODICITY:
Seasonal activities relative to reproduction occur in this
species:
Nov. 10 - Jan. 31: Adults aggregate for spawning migration. Nuptial
colors developing. Gametes developing.
Jan. 10 - Feb. 10: Spawning migration.
Jan. 20 - Feb. 28: Nuptial colors reach maximum development. Gametes
fully developed.
Jan. 31 - Mar. 10: Adults reach breeding habitat.
Feb. 20 - Mar. 20: Territoriality and courtship.
Feb. 28 - Mar. 31: Spawning activity.
Mar. 20 - Apr. 30: Larvae develop in breeding habitat.
Apr. 20 - May 31: Larvae leave breeding habitat.
The chronology of events undoubtedly varies from year to year
depending upon temperature and rainfall. There is no evidence of
spawning when water temperatures are less than 14 degrees C.
Observations on North Fork, Cypress Creek, suggest strongly that
slackwater darters assemble in certain places downstream of the
breeding site and then make their final surge to the spawning area in
unison. This behavior permits the entire breeding deme to take
advantage of a single high water event that will "lift" the darters
into a spawning area (04,09,10).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Migrations of not more than a few miles are associated with
reproduction (04,09,10). See Periodicity above.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
A particular vegetative or other shelter is not necessary for the
slackwater darter in its stream habitat. They are associated with
organic detritus, especially along the stream banks.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
In the breeding habitat Juncus and Eleocharis abound. The darter
is known to spawn in the Juncus (04,10).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
The reproductive site consists of pastures and woods that have
winter seepage water running through vegetation such as Juncus and
Eleocharis. The area must be adjacent to a suitable stream where the
water rises enough during the winter and early spring to "lift" the
adults into the breeding site.
Known breeding sites in areas of open pasture are characterized
by Juncus, Eleocharis, and Ranunculus, Festuca, Fontinals or
Callitriche. Known breeding sites in wooded or partly open areas are
characterized by mixed hardwoods; sweetgum, beech willow and/or red
maple; and Festuca and/or Panicum. Elevations of breeding sites vary
from 620 to 840 feet. Soil types at breeding sites are characterized
by Lee cherty silt loams, Lobelville cherty loam, and Staffell, Bodine
and Etowah silt loams. At these sites the water is usually about 4 to
8 cm deep and it flows slowly into an adjacent stream. Typically, the
breeding site is 30 to 45 cm above the adjacent stream; therefore, the
stream level must periodically rise (as it does during heavy rains) to
give the ready-to-spawn darters access to the breeding grounds (04).
Specific characteristics of each breeding site are given in the
recovery plan (04) and Boschung, 1979 (10).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
The slackwater darter is thought to be sexually mature at 1 year;
they probably do not live more than 3 years (04). See Periodicity for
the sequence of events in the reproductive strategy.
PARENTAL CARE:
Parental care has not been observed.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Cypress Creek, the stronghold of the slackwater darter, was
estimated to contain (in 1976) not more than 3600 specimens. Outside
Cypress Creek the numbers are far fewer. With respect to fecundity,
several estimates were made of the number of eggs produced per female.
Three specimens averaged 320 ripe eggs; however, another had
approximately 100 eggs in some stage of development. Based on a
cursory inspection of swimming larvae, the annual replacement
potential is impressive. Virtually nothing else is known about the
population biology of the slackwater darter (04,09).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Forty species in 12 families of fishes are known to occur with
E. boschungi in its stream habitat. The most frequent are:
Clinostomus funduloides (rosyside dace), Etheostoma cf squamiceps
(spottail darter), Campostoma anomalum (stoneroller), E. flabellare
(fantail darter), E. duryi (blackside snubnose darter), Hypentelium
nigricans (northern hog sucker), and Fundulus olivaceus (blackspotted
topminnow). The darter is known to be preyed upon by Lepomis
cyanellus (green sunfish) and Aphredoderus sayanus (pirate perch).
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Existing Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Adverse Strip mining
Existing Strip mining
Adverse Flooding
Existing Flooding
Adverse Groundwater drawdown
Existing Groundwater drawdown
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Applying fertilizers
Existing Applying fertilizers
Adverse Applying herbicides
Existing Applying herbicides
Adverse Applying pesticides
Existing Applying pesticides
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The streams that the darters occupy most of the year have
historically been subjected to increased siltation as the forests
were cleared for agriculture. Siltation is probably the single most
significant factor in altering the abundance and distribution of
fishes in the southeastern United States.
The breeding habitat of the slackwater darter is seepage areas in
pastures and woods. With the advent of clearing land for agriculture,
and concurrent greater demand for water, the groundwater table began
to fall, thus reducing the number of breeding sites available to the
darter. This is probably the single most important factor responsible
for the paucity of slackwater darters, and for their disjunct
distribution (04,09,10).
Other reasons for the current status of the darter and for
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
continuing threats to them are:
(1) Spreading urbanization is a potential threat to the physical
integrity of habitat. Homebuilding, shopping centers, and industrial
parks, if not directed away from the essential habitat, are a threat.
Ditching to drain areas with shallow groundwater is a threat.
(2) Degradation of surface and groundwater caused by the
intrusion of toxins, pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, as well as
industrial and domestic wastes from sewage lines and septic tank
seepage, and stockyard runoff are threats to the slackwater darter.
Farming and cattle are the principal industries surrounding the
darter's habitat. Since the breeding grounds are so limited, even a
small chemical spill or biological pollutant could completely
exterminate a breeding population.
(3) Slackwater darter breeding habitats are "logical" sites for
farm fish ponds. Much of the year the sites are too wet for crops,
and as a pasture they abound in Juncus and Eleocharis, not the most
desirable forage. Probably there were numerous breeding sites made
extinct by inundations resulting from farm ponds.
(4) A beaver pond is definitely known to have destroyed a
breeding site. A breeding area in Bruton Branch of Burcham Creek, in
the Cypress Creek watershed was inundated in 1977 by a beaver pond.
(5) The USDA, Soil Conservation Service has had the Cypress
Creek Watershed under study for a number of years relative to flood
control. Several studies were employed in the decision to revise the
SCS's original plan. If the watershed plan as developed in concert
with other federal agencies, including the Fish and Wildlife Service,
is carried out to the letter, the darter should not be adversely
affected (04,09,10).
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery Plan for the
Slackwater Darter, Etheostoma boschungi. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Atlanta, GA. 45 pp.
Actions for the recovery of the slackwater darter include:
(1) Assess current status of the darter and its habitat.
(2) Conduct life history studies.
(3) Locate breeding habitat.
(4) Obtain the cooperation of other government agencies in
controlling activities that may adversely affect the darter's breeding
habitat. Negative impacts may include altering water flow, applying
herbicides, pesticides, or other toxins, human disturbance of habitat
during the breeding season, and mowing.
(5) Utilize land purchases and land use planning in cooperation with
private land owners.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Wall, B.R. and J.D. Williams. 1974. Etheostoma boschungi, a new
percid fish from the Tennessee River drainage in northern Alabama
and western Tennessee. Tuland Stud. Zool. 18(4):172-182.
02 Williams, J.D. and H.W. Robison. 1980. Ozarka: a new subgenus of
Etheostoma (Pisces:Percidae). Brimleyiana 4:149-156.
03 Page, L.M. 1983. Handbook of Darters. T.F.H. Publications, Inc.
Neptune City, NJ. 271 pp.
04 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery Plan for the
Slackwater Darter. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA.
45 pp.
05 Boschung, H.T., J.D. Williams, D.W. Gotshall, D.K. Caldwell, and
M.C. Caldwell. 1983. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North
American Fishes, Whales and Dolphins. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., NY.
848 pp.
06 Deacon, J.E., G.Kobetich, J.D. Williams, and S. Contreras. 1979.
Fishes of North America endangered, threatened, or of special
concern: 1979. Fisheries 4(2):29-44.
07 Kuehne, R.A. and R.W. Barbour. 1983. The American Darters. Univ.
Press of Kentucky, Lexington. 216 pp.
08 University of Alabama Ichthyological Collection, Department of
Biology, University of Alabama, University, AL 35486. Herbert
Boschung, Curator.
09 Boschung, H.T. 1976. An evaluation of the slackwater darter,
Etheostoma boschungi relative to its range, critical habitat, and
reproductive habitat in the Cypress Creek Watershed and adjacent
stream systems. Soil Conservation Service, Auburn, AL. 50 pp.
10 Boschung, H.T. 1979. Report on the breeding habits of the
slackwater darter (Percidae: Etheostoma boschungi) in the Cypress
Creek Watershed. Soil Conservation Service, Auburn, AL. 26 pp.
11 Ultsch, G.R., H.T. Boschung, and M.A. Ross. 1978. Metabolism,
critical oxygen tension, and habitat selection in darters
(Etheostoma). Ecology 59(1):99-107.
12 Pianka, E. 1973. The structure of lizard communities. Ann. Rev.
Sys. and Ecol. 1973(4):53-74.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Boschung, H.T. 1976. An evaluation of the slackwater darter,
Etheostoma boschungi relative to its range, critical habitat, and
reproductive habitat in the Cypress Creek Watershed and adjacent
stream systems. Soil Conservation Service, Auburn, AL. 50 pp.
02 Boschung, H.T. 1979. Report on the breeding habits of the
slackwater darter (Percidae: Etheostoma boschungi) in the Cypress
Creek Watershed. Soil Conservation Service, Auburn, AL. 26 pp.
03 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery Plan for the
Slackwater Darter. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA.
45 pp.
04 Page, L.M. 1983. Handbook of Darters. T.F.H. Publicationss, Inc.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species DARTER, SLACKWATER
Species Id ESIS254005
Date 13 MAR 96
Neptune City, NJ. 271 pp.
05 Wall, B.R. and J.D. Williams. 1974. Etheostoma boschungi, a new
percid fish from the Tennessee River drainage in northern Alabama
and western Tennessee. Tuland Stud. Zool. 18(4):172-182.
References - 2