(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - CHUB, SPOTFIN
OTHER COMMON NAMES - CHUB, SPOTFIN; SHINER and TURQUOISE
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CYPRINIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CYPRINIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - HYBOPSIS,
SPECIES AND SSP - MONACHA,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - HYBOPSIS MONACHA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Spotfin Chub
Hybopsis monacha (Cope, 1868)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Cypriniformes FAMILY: Cyprinidae
The spotfin chub is a small minnow, maximum known length 92.5 mm
standard length, of somewhat elongate, slightly to moderately
compressed body form. Mouth small, inferior; one small barbel at the
end of the lips; taste buds well developed on underside of head; eye
small. Dorsal fin origin slightly posterior to pelvic fin orgin.
Scales moderately small, 52-62 in lateral line; anal rays almost
always 8; pharyngeal teeth 4-4. Juvenile, adult female and
non-breeding adult male with a dark midlateral stripe and large dark
caudal spot. In life, these fish are gray to olive on back, silvery
on side. Nuptial male brilliant iridescent blue-green upper body and
in some fins; fins tipped with white. All fish except small young
have black pigment in the posterior membranes of dorsal fin (01).
The spotfin chub currently is classified in the genus Hybopsis,
subgenus Erimystax. A common former classification, prior to 1956, is
Erimystax monachus. This species likely will be transferred soon to
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
the genus Cyprinella, a group called the satinfin shiners that will be
elevated from the catchall shiner genus Notropis (02); thus its name
would be Cyprinella monacha (03). Two other possibilities exist for
renaming of this species, (1) it could be retained in Erimystax but
that group elevated to generic status, therefore Erimystax monachus;
or (2) Cyprinella could be left in Notropis, the spotfin chub
transferred to it, hence Notropis (subgenus Cyprinella) monacha. The
old generic name, Erimonax, applied only to the spotfin chub, most
likely will not be resurrected. The best taxonomy and name probably
is Cyprinella monacha (03).
The common name torquoise shiner may eventually be used for this
species if it is moved to the genus Notropis or Cyprinella; Notropis
spilopterus is already known as the spotfin shiner as is a species of
Cyprinella.
References to illustrations are: 01,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,10.
Type specimens are at the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia. Other specimens are at: Auburn Univ., Cornell Univ.,
Kentucky Fish and Wildlife Resources Agency (Frankfort Office),
Northeast Louisiana University, Roanoke College, Tennessee
Technological Institute, University of Florida, University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology, University of Minnesota Natural History Museum,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Gatlinburg area lab, U.S. National
Museum of Natural History, and University of Tennessee at Knoxville
(01).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Alabama; Federal Threatened
Alabama; Unofficially Listed
Georgia; Federal Threatened
Georgia; State Recognized
North Carolina; State Listed
Tennessee; State Listed
Virginia; State Recognized
T: Federal Threatened
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The spotfin chub (Hybopsis monacha) has been designated a
Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
States of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.
Critical Habitat has been designated in Macon and Swain Counties, NC;
Cumberland, Morgan, Fentress, Hawkins, and Sullivan Counties, TN; and
Scott and Washington Counties, VA (50 CFR 17.95(e)).
Special rules concerning "take" of this species can be found in
50 CFR 17.44(c).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Alabama
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Extirpated, Bulletin No.2, Endangered and
Threatened Plants and Animals of Alabama,
Alabama Museum of Natural History.
STATE: Georgia and Virginia
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Threatened
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: (GA) Department of Natural Resources;
(VA) Commission of Game and Inland
Fisheries.
STATE STATUTE: (GA) Endangered Wildlife Act of 1973, Ga. Game
and Fish Codes, Ga. Laws 1977, page 396 Ga. Code
Annotated, Sec. 45-101, et. seq.;
(VA) Va. State Code, 29.230 - 29.237.
STATE: North Carolina and Tennessee
DESIGNATED STATUS: Threatened
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: (NC) Wildlife Resources Commission;
(TN) Wildlife Resources Agency.
STATE STATUTE: (NC) Admin. Code, Wildlife Resourcesd and Water
Safety, Subchapter 101 - Endangered and
Threatened Species;
(TN) Annotated Code, Chapter 9, Sec. 51-901
through 51-912, and Proclamation 75-15, 76-4 and
amendments.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The spotfin chub is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red Data
Book, Vol. 4, 1977.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The spotfin chub does not have any cultural or commercial value.
It is sensitive to changes in water quality and therefore would be an
indicator of environmental quality.
77/01/12:42 FR 02507/ - Proposed rule
77/09/09:42 FR 45527/ - Final rule, Threat. w/ CH & Special Rules
82/09/27:47 FR 42387/ - Five year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Residential
Commercial and Services
Industrial
Transportation, communications, and Util
Cropland and Pasture
Confined Feeding Operations
Deciduous Forest Land
Streams and Canals
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial UB2
Riverine, upper perennial UB1
Riverine, upper perennial RS2
Riverine, upper perennial RS1
Riverine, upper perennial RB2
Riverine, upper perennial RB1
Riverine, upper perennial FL2
Riverine, upper perennial FL1
Riverine, upper perennial BB2
Riverine, upper perennial BB1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The spotfin chub is known only from freely flowing streams,
virtually all of medium to large size (ca. 15-60 m width), that
characteristically are warm in summer and drain montane and upland
areas, elevations 200-600 m. The spotfin chub requires/occupies
streams that are well oxygenated and have a moderately alkaline (ca.
6.8-8.2) pH; have hard bottoms of gravel, rubble, boulder and bedrock,
rarely sand; it has not been actually recorded on stream bottoms with
significant amounts of silt. The spotfin chub associates with riffles
and runs; occasionally the well-flowing heads and tails of pools,
along shore and midstream. It is generally found in shallows, 0.5-1.3
m deep. Occupied streams are typically clear but develop considerable
turbidity from heavy rains. Inhabited reaches course through
deciduous forest, farm land, and pasture land, and small towns and
small cities (01).
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Detritus
General Algae
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
During spring through fall, young, juvenile and adult chubs feed
virtually entirely on immature aquatic insects, essentially 90% midge
and blackfly larvae, most of the remainder being mayfly nymphs. The
size of most items consumed is minute compared with numerous minnow
species of similar body length, although some of the latter have
larger mouths. November-caught fish in Little Tennessee River, North
Carolina, had ingested small amounts of filamentous algae, detritus,
sand and mica, perhaps indicative of low availability of insects
and/or an overload of such materials in the river. The chub is almost
entirely, if not entirely, a benthic feeder. Likely it uses both
taste and sight to find food (01).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Territoriality has not been observed, and it is not expected in
this chub, except that seen exhibited by nuptial males in nest site
defense. At some sites groups of feeding or spawning chubs were
highly localized to a specific part (ca. 100-200 square meters) of a
large riffle or run. Possibly this relates, in part, to concentration
of adults in the area near to spawning sites, or to prime feeding
habitat (01,03).
PERIODICITY:
This species feeds and breeds diurnally; it has not been studied
at night. Its activity is most likely reduced during winter (01,03).
MIGRATION PATTERN:
Migration is unknown in the spotfin chub, and is not expected to
occur.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Typically the chub is found in shallow, moderate to swift areas
with a few to many rubble- and boulder-size stones, which would
provide cover. When snorkeling near chubs, they remain close to
observers or swim slowly away. Retreat to beneath stones has not been
observed; although it may occur during the commotion of collecting
(01,03).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
The chub is a crevice-spawner, depositing eggs in fissures of
rubble, bedrock and probably boulder. It is likely that it also
spawns on undersides of stones and within cracks of sunken sticks and
logs. The few nest sites seen, in the Emory and North Fork Holston
Rivers, were in moderate to swift current at the shallow tail of a
pool and in pocket water of a riffle, the nest crevices being ca.
10-30 cm above the general bottom contour. Nesting was observed only
in clear water; most likely it does not occur in heavy turbidity.
Spawning temperatures were 79 degrees F on June 6, and 81 degrees F on
July 8 (01,03).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
Males display in areas adjacent to their nest site; intruders
frequently are chased away. Females individually visited nest sites
(although others were nearby at the time), appressed the venter into
the crevice, spawned and then usually left, upon which the male milted
over the site. Sometimes both sexes performed spawning
simultaneously.
Spawning was observed in early June and early July; males in
nuptial color and gravid females were captured from mid-May to
mid-August, suggesting a protracted breeding period. Also, it is
likely that this species is a fractional spawner, individual females
spawning intermittently during the general period. Males and females
mature as 2-year olds, although some males may not mature until a year
later. The oldest known chubs are 3-year olds. Males and females are
polygamous. Mature ova per female ranged 157-791, but this may
greatly underestimate fecundity if females are fractional spawners.
The length of the incubation period is unknown (01,03).
PARENTAL CARE:
Parental care apparently occurs only in the form of nest defense
by the male, whereby he butts or chases other small fishes from the
immediate area. This behavior may occur only when the male is in an
active reproductive mode (thus may not occur during times of turbidity
and/or cool spells when spawning possibly is interrupted), therefore,
the period(s) of care possibly is variable (01,03).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Population biology of the chub is unquantified. No good estimate
exists for any population. In extant populations, subjective
estimates of abundance, made while collecting, range from rare to
common; usually rare or uncommon. Often when found in good numbers,
the chubs are mostly young and juvenile in a small part of a much
larger area of suitable habitat.
Limitations concerning food, cover and disease are unknown; it is
likely that food and cover are not generally limiting in extant
populations. Nuptial males may be particularly vulnerable to
predation due to their brilliant bluish color (3 nuptial males were
observed spawning within 5 m, and smallmouth bass were in the area).
Recovery potential seems good based on fecundity, particularly if
females are fractional, protracted spawners, however, low recruitment
rate was suggested at certain sites in the North Fork Holston River.
Few fish reach age 3+. The observed sex ratio of 248 fish, ages
0-3, is 128 males:120 females (01,03).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
A spawning male spotfin chub frequently had agonistic encounters
with one or two nuptial male whitetail shiners (Notropis galacturus),
a close relative of the chub. Immediately after some chub spawnings,
a male shiner milted in the chub's spawning crevice. The only known
hybrid specimen involving the chub is Hybopsis monacha x Notropis
galacturus (03,09).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Creating Artificial Habitat/Nesting Structure
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Adverse Incidental Capturing/Killing
Existing Incidental Capturing/Killing
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Underground Mines
Existing Underground Mines
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Water Temperature Alteration
Existing Water Temperature Alteration
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Existing Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Adverse Shoreline modification/development
Existing Shoreline modification/development
Adverse Applying pesticides
Existing Applying pesticides
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse
Existing
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Adverse Forest Alteration
Existing Forest Alteration
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The 13 historically known tributary-system populations in the
Tennessee River drainage, the entire former range of the species, have
been reduced to 5 presently known populations, 3 of which have a
somewhat tenuous status. Detailed documentation of 12 of these
populations is in reference 01.
Impoundments have greatly diminished spotfin chub habitat by
inundation and creating cool to cold tailwaters and have restricted
dispersal. Although the chub is unknown from the mainstem Tennessee
River, it had to have used it at least to gain access to tributaries.
Virtually the entire Tennessee River has been impounded. The many
major impoundments on tributaries have eliminated some known
populations and likely some possible populations whose rivers were
inadequately sampled prior to dam construction (01).
Early deforestation and recent poor agricultural and grazing land
practices contributed greatly to river sedimentation; the chub avoids
silted areas. Sedimentation and acidity from surface and underground
coal mines have depleted populations, particularly in the Emory River
system, TN. "Renovation" of a trout stream, Abrams Creek, Great Smoky
Mountains National Park, TN, by massive ichthocidal treatment to
remove "rough fish" eliminated the chub there. Localized intensive
collecting in North Fork Holston River, VA, probably temporarily
reduced the population at two islands. Industrial pollution has had
deleterious effects in the North Fork Holston, upper Little Tennessee
and Tuckasegee Rivers, NC. Pollution and channelization in the
Chickamauga Creek system, GA and TN, likely were responsible for
extirpation of that population (01).
Natural limiting factors may be cool water (Buffalo River, TN),
interspecific competition, and certainly include lack of swift current
and small stream size. Low population density/gene pool, typical of
the chub at many sites, reduces recruitment opportunities (01).
Limiting factors negatively affecting extant populations include
acid mine drainage in the Emory system; pollution in Little Tennessee
River; perhaps siltation and mercury residues in the North Fork
Holston; possibly, cool water and bridge building in Buffalo River
(latter ongoing at the only known recent site (11)). Siltation
probably is a widespread limiting factor.
Exact possible future threats, beyond those noted above (if they
persist), are unknown. Flushing of silt that fills the reservoir
behind the dam at Franklin, NC, could have a devasting effect on the
entire population left in the Little Tennessee River. An increase in
coal mining in the Emory system, without adequate safeguard, could
adversely impact that population.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Spotfin Chub Recovery Plan.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 46 pp.
Actions for the recovery of the spotfin chub include:
1. Continue to utilize existing legal mechanisms to protect the
species and its habitat.
2. Conduct population and habitat surveys to determine the status and
range of the species.
3. Determine present and foreseeable threats to the species.
Potential threats include sediments from farming and mining,
pollution, dredging, herbicides, pesticides, road maintenance
actions, and development. Strive to minimize and/or eliminate these
threats where necessary.
4. Investigate the use of Scenic River status and/or other
designations to protect the species.
5. Determine the feasibility of reestablishing the species into its
historic range. Determine the best methods of reintroductin (e.g.,
introduction of adults, juveniles, artificially raised individuals,
and/or other means. Reestablish the species where feasible.
6. Investigate the necessity for habitat improvement and implement
where needed to obtain recovery.
Except for utilizing existing legal mechanisms, there are no
ongoing recovery efforts for this species.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Jenkins, R.E. and N.M. Burkhead. 1984. Description, biology and
distribution of the spotfin chub, Hybopsis monacha, a threatened
cyprinid fish of the Tennessee River drainage. Bull. Ala. Mus.
Nat. Hist. No.8:1-30.
02 Cavender, T.M. and M.M. Coburn. 1985. Interrelatinships of North
American Cyprinidae, Part II. Abst. 65th Annu. Meet. Amer. Soc.
Ichthyol. Herpetol. 1985:49.
03 Jenkins, R.E., N.M. Burkhead, and W.H. Haxo. In preparation. The
freshwater fishes of Virginia.
04 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Spotfin Chub Recovery Plan.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 46 pp.
05 Jenkins, R.E. and J.A. Musick. 1980. Freshwater and marine
fishes, pages 319-373. IN: D.W. Linzey (ed.). Endangered and
threatened plants and animals of Virginia. Extension Div., Sea
Grant Program, Va. Polytech. Inst. St. Univ., Blacksburg, VA.
06 Parker, W. and L. Dixon. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife
of Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. N.C.
Agric. Ext. Serv., N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC. 122 pp.
07 Deacon, J.e., G. Kobetich, J.D. Williams, S. Contreras, et al.
1979. Fishes of North America endangered, threatened, or of
special concern. Fisheries 4(2):30-44.
08 Starnes, W.C. and D.A. Etnier. 1980. Fishes, pages B-1 to B-134.
IN: D.C. Eager and R.M. Hatcher (eds.). Tennessee's rare
wildlife. Vol.1: The vertebrates. Tenn. Wildl. Resour. Agen.,
Nashville, TN.
09 Burkhead, N.M., and B.H. Bauer. 1983. An intersubgeneric cyprinid
hybrid, Hybopsis monacha x Notropis galacturus, from the Tennessee
River drainage. Copeia 1983(4):1074-1077.
10 Eddy, S. and J.C. Underhill. 1978. How to Know the Freshwater
Fishes. 3rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa.
11 Douglas, N.H. 1985. Personal communication. Northeast La. Univ.,
Monroe, LA.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Jenkins, R.E. and N.M. Burkhead. 1984. Description, biology and
distribution of the spotfin chub, Hybopsis monacha, a threatened
cyprinid fish of the Tennessee River drainage. Bull. Ala. Mus.
Nat. Hist. No.8:1-30.
02 Neil, H.D. 1985. Personal communication. Northeast Louisiana
Univ.
03 McLarney, B. 1985. Fish-watching in the Little Tennessee River.
Amer. Currents, Publ. N. Amer. Native Fishes Assoc.
1985(May):12-18.
04 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Spotfin Chub Recovery Plan.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 46 pp.
05 Jenkins, R.E and N.M. Burkhead. 1982. Description, biology and
distribution of the spotfin chub (Hybopsis monacha), a threatened
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species CHUB, SPOTFIN
Species Id ESIS254008
Date 13 MAR 96
cyprinid fish of the Tennessee River drainage. Status Rep., U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service. 97 pp.
06 Jenkins, R.E., N.M. Burkhead, and W.H. Haxo. 1983-1985.
Collections and observations.
07 Feeman, J.C. 1979-1982. Personal communications. Tennessee
Valley Authority, Norris, TN.
08 Hill, D.M., E.A. Taylor, and C.F. Saylor. 1975. Status of faunal
recovery in the North Fork Holston River, Tennessee and Virginia.
Proc. 28th Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm.
1975:398-413.
09 Haxo, W.H. and R.J. Neves. 1984. A status survey of the sharphead
darter (Etheostoma acuticeps). Rep. to Endangered Species Field
Off., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service., Asheville, NC.
10 Cavender, T.M. and M.M. Coburn. 1985. Interrelatinships of North
American Cyprinidae, Part II. Abst. 65th Annu. Meet. Amer. Soc.
Ichthyol. Herpetol. 1985:49.
11 Jenkins, R.E. and N.M. Burkhead. 1980. Hybopsis monacha (Cope),
spotfin chub. Page 192. IN: D.S. Lee, et al. Atlas of North
American Freshwater Fishes. N.C. State Mus. Nat. Hist., Raleigh.
12 Jenkins, R.E. and J.A. Musick. 1980. Freshwater and marine
fishes, pages 319-373. IN: D.W. Linzey (ed.). Endangered and
threatened plants and animals of Virginia. Extension Div., Sea
Grant Program, Va. Polytech. Inst. St. Univ., Blacksburg, VA.
13 Starnes, W.C. and D.A. Etnier. 1980. Fishes, pages B-1 to B-134.
IN: D.C. Eager and R.M. Hatcher (eds.). Tennessee's rare
wildlife. Vol.1: The vertebrates. Tenn. Wildl. Resour. Agen.,
Nashville, TN.
References - 2