(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - DARTER, AMBER
OTHER COMMON NAMES - DARTER and AMBER
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - PERCIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - PERCIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - PERCINA,
SPECIES AND SSP - ANTESELLA,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - PERCINA ANTESELLA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Amber Darter
Percina antesella Williams and Etnier, 1977
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Perciformes FAMILY: Percidae
Percina antesella Williams and Etnier, 1977, is a member of the
subgenus Imostoma, and has been grouped phyletically by Williams and
Etnier (01) with P. ouachitae, P. tanasi and P. uranidea as those
members of Imostoma with four or five dark dorsal saddles (P.
antesella has four). Within this group, Williams and Etnier (01)
consider the amber darter to be a relict form not closely related to
any of the other three.
The amber darter is a slender, small (usually less than 60 mm
SL), golden-brown darter with a dark subocular bar and speckled median
fins. See Williams and Etnier's (01) original description, Page (02),
Kuehne and Barbour (03) and Etnier and Starnes (04) for proportional
measurements and meristics. Starnes and Etnier (05) provide a brief
description and a black and white photograph of P. antesella.
In addition, keys and other diagnostic characteristics are
provided by Etnier and Starnes (04), Page (02), Kuehne and Barbour
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
(03). Williams and Etnier (01), Page (02), Kuehne and Barbour (03),
and Etnier and Starnes (04) provide photographs (all except the
original description are color plates).
The holotype is located at Tulane University (TU # 94031).
Paratopotypes are located at Tulane University (TU # 58938, 58968,
65937, 69143, 78368), the University of Tennessee (UT # 91.471,
91.799, 91.800, 91.1100), University of Alabama Ichthyological
Collection (UAIC # 4729.01), and the U.S. National Museum (USNM #
210666, 210667, 210668). Other paratypes are located at the
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ # 156697, 194317),
Tulane University (TU # 59427), University of Alabama Ichthyological
Collection (UAIC # 4730.01) and the U.S. National Museum (USNM #
210669).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Georgia; Federal Endangered
Georgia; State Recognized
Georgia; Unofficially Listed
Tennessee; Federal Endangered
Tennessee; State Listed
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The amber darter (Percina antesella) has been designated an
Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including
the States of Georgia and Tennessee. Critical Habitat has been
designated for this species in the Conasauga River in Bradley
and Polk Counties, GA, from the U.S. Route 411 bridge (Polk County)
downstream to Tibbs Bridge Road bridge (Murray County Road 109 and
Whitfield County Road 100, GA) [50 CFR 17.95(e)].
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).
Management practices that would cause detrimental
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
changes in water temperature or composition, water
course blockage, or sediment deposits within 100 feet
of the edges of perennial streams, lakes or other
bodies of water are prohibited (36 CFR 219.27(e)).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Georgia
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Georgia Department of Natural Resources,
Game and Fish Division.
STATE STATUTE: Game and Fish Laws of Georgia, Title 27, Chapter
3, page 130. Game and Fish Code Sec. 27-1-28.
Rules and Regulations of the State of Georgia
391-4-2-.05 and 391-4-3-.02.
UNOFFICAL LIST: Endangered Species of Georgia Proceedings.
STATE: Tennessee
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.
STATE STATUTE: Tennessee Proclamations 75-15, 76-4 and
amendments. Tennessee Code Annotated 70-6-101,
70-6-104, 70-6-201.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The amber darter is listed in the IUCN Red Data Book, Vol. 4,
1977.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species has no cultural or commercial value. However, the
amber darter has aesthetic and scientific value.
82/12/30:47 FR 58454/58460 - Notice of review
83/11/04:48 FR 50909/50910 - Notice of review
84/07/13:49 FR 28572/28580 - Proposed Endangered with Critical Habitat
85/08/05:50 FR 31597/31604 - Listing as Endangered with Crit. Habitat
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTRY TYPES
SAF TYPE STAGE CLOSURE
Loblolly Pine-Shortleaf Pine shrub--seedling
Loblolly Pine-Shortleaf Pine young tree
Loblolly Pine-Shortleaf Pine mature tree
Loblolly Pine-Shortleaf Pine Old Growth
shrub--seedling
young tree
mature tree
Old Growth
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Cropland and Pasture
Confined Feeding Operations
Deciduous Forest Land
Evergreen Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land
Streams and Canals
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial UB2
Riverine, upper perennial UB1
Riverine, upper perennial SB2
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
Riverine, upper perennial RB2
Riverine, upper perennial OW0
Riverine, upper perennial AB2
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Within its range, the amber darter is found in silt-free,
moderately flowing deeper riffle areas or flowing pools where
substrates are sand or gravel, and cobbles or boulders (01,04,05,06,
07). Freeman (06) indicates that the amber darter's preference for
more gentle current in lower gradient pools and riffles may be a
limiting factor which restricts the species from inhabiting the more
montane upper Conasauga and Etowah rivers.
Snorkeling observations (06) also indicate a movement in mid-
summer from the habitat described above to shallow vegetated
(riverweed, Podostemum) riffles. As observed by snorkeling (06) and
other collection methods the amber darter has never been found in
slack currents or substrates where silt or detritus is present (01,05,
07).
Surrounding land types that if disturbed or altered may adversely
impact the species consist of: 1) Agricultural lands including corn,
soybeans, pasture, livestock feed lots and chicken (broiler)
operations. 2) The upper portion of the amber darter's known range is
included in the Cherokee National Forest in southeastern Tennessee.
In north Georgia the Conasauga River flows through a part of the
Chatahoochee National Forest. The vegetation bordering the rivers in
these areas consists of oak-hickory and loblolly-shortleaf pine,
Habitat Associations - 1 sometimes intermixed, at various stages of succession. 3) Several
roads run parallel to and bridges and a few transmission lines cross
over the riverine habitat.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Fish
General Arthropods
General Molluscs
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Apparently, few specimens have been examined for gut content
analysis, but it appears that the amber darter, like other species of
Imostoma, feeds on gastropods (river snails and limpets) (04,05,06).
In addition, P. antesella also consumes aquatic insect larvae (04).
Common insect prey items include caddisflies and mayflies (Trichoptera
and Ephemeroptera), with midges, beetles and stoneflies (Diptera,
Coleoptera and Plecoptera) also being consumed (06). Freeman (06)
also found fish eggs among the gut contents of one amber darter.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Very little is known about the movement patterns or any possible
territorial behavior of the amber darter. Starnes and Etnier (05)
report a seasonal change in habitat from the deep, moderately flowing
pools normally inhabitated to swiftly flowing gravel shoals in mid-
summer. Etnier and Starnes (04) indicate that this habitat change may
be associated with spawning and Freeman (06) observed amber darter's
using riverweed (Podostemum) in these shallow riffle areas for cover
and foraging.
PERIODICITY:
Except for snorkel observations of daytime foraging behavior in
mid-summer (06), the daily activity patterns of the amber darter are
unknown. The species may be active for most of the year. A late
winter--early spring spawning period is indicated by the presence of
gravid females and males with milt (04,06). Freeman (06) noticed mid-
summer activity in shallow vegetated riffle areas.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Although the amber darter may be described as non-migratory,
there is a seasonal change in habitat from deeper riffle areas, or
flowing pools to shallow vegetated riffles in mid-summer (06,07).
Assuming this seasonal change in habitat is defined as migration,
related species of Imostoma have also been described as migratory.
Percina shumardi, the river darter, migrates upstream in spring and
downstream in fall (09). Snail darters, P. tanasi, apparently are
migratory during different parts of their life cycle. Starnes (10)
noted the absence of larvae or young snail darters in the spawning
areas following reproduction and concluded that larval drift resulted
in concentrations of young in deeper, calmer waters. The current may
carry the larvae for several kilometers before they fall out of the
water column (10,11). By three to four months of age, these young
apparently migrate back upstream to the gravel shoals normally
inhabited by adults. Starnes (10) also indicated that snail darter
adults may migrate from the margins of these gravel shoals to the
shallow, swifter portions during the spawning season.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Percina antesella has been found in moderately flowing, deeper
(from 25 to 100 cm) riffles (01,06). The substrate is described as
primarily cobbles, gravel and silt-free sand (01). Freeman (06) found
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
amber darter's closely associated with riverweed (Podostemum) in mid-
summer. Apparently the amber darter cannot tolerate slack waters or
areas with silty or muddy substrates, as it has never been collected
in these habitats (06,07).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Although nothing is known about actual reproductive behavior,
spawning of the amber darter apparently occurs in swift gravel shoal
areas (04).
The related river darter, Percina shumardi, is believed to spawn
over a substrate of bedrock and gravel (12). Another Imostoma, the
snail darter, Percina tanasi, spawns in swift shallow gravel shoals
where the substrate consists mainly of silt-free sand mixed with small
gravel (10,11). Apparently, the combination of appropriate substrate
and current are the major factors in the choice of spawning sites for
this species (11).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Nothing is known about breeding behavior or any other
reproductive characteristics of the amber darter.
Although they apparently don't establish territories, the related
snail darter, Percina tanasi, males establish schools in the shallow
gravel shoal areas in which they have most often been observed to
spawn and await the later arrival of the females (10,11). The
breeding season for P. tanasi is an extended late winter--early spring
period (February - April) (10). Starnes (10) indicated that the early
spawning period exibited by P. tanasi may be characteristic of other
Imostoma species. Although Starnes (10) believes temperature is of
little importance in triggering reproduction, Hickman and Fitz's (11)
report of snail darter spawning activity is concurrent with a sharp
increase in water temperature, indicates that it may be important.
In addition, Hickman and Fitz (11) reported an early spawning
season for the river darter, P. shumardi, in the southern portion of
its range, but a later reproductive season in the north indicating
that water temperature is probably the factor which initiates spawning
behavior in this species.
Although actual egg deposition has not been observed, it is
believed that P. tanasi is a multiple and promiscuous spawner and a
few eggs are probably released in each encounter (10,11). There is no
pair bond formation and the average fecundity for P. tanasi was found
to be 600 mature ova in one season (10).
PARENTAL CARE:
No data is available to describe development, parental care, or
other social patterns of reproductive behavior of the amber darter.
The related snail darter, Percina tanasi, apparently practices no
parental care. It appears that eggs are laid a few at a time over an
extended spawning period and the larvae swim up and drift for
considerable distances before they settle to the bottom (10,11).
Therefore, there is no formation of a family bond.
Development time of P. tanasi is lengthy in comparison with some
other darter species. Starnes indicates that the snail darter eggs
probably don't assume a benthic lifestyle until a month or more after
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
hatching (10).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
At present, no data is available on population characteristics.
However, a major factor ensuring the continued survival of the species
is the protection of the amber darter's preferred habitat. Percina
antesella has never been observed in slack waters or areas with muddy
or silty substrates (06). Therefore, any land use alterations in the
upper Conasauga River drainage or decrease in flow could be
detrimental to the species (08).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
No other information can be added at this time concerning species
interrelationships with the amber darter.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
No other information can be added at this time concerning other
life history descriptors for the amber darter.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Creating Artificial Habitat/Nesting Structure
Beneficial Restricting Timber Harvest
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Water Temperature Alteration
Existing Water Temperature Alteration
Adverse Water Level Stabilization
Existing Water Level Stabilization
Adverse Water Level Fluctuation
Existing Water Level Fluctuation
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Existing Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The amber darter was listed as Endangered because of restricted
range, vulnerability of isolated populations to a single catrastrophic
accident, and threats posed by the proposed U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers reservoir projects (the Dalton Lake project and the Jacks
River project). Currently, neither project is being considered in
their original form. A reservoir on the Conasauga River could effect
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
the species upstream of the reservoir. An influx of reservoir fish
would reduce the amber darters chance of survival through competition,
predation and habitat alteration (i.e., substrate disturbance
resulting from carp feeding behavior). In addition, reservoir
construction could adversely impact the fish through modification of
stream flows, water temperature alteration, and increased silt loads
(07).
The amber darter has a very limited distribution, known
only from a relatively small area in the headwaters of the Coosa River
system in southeastern Tennessee and northern Georgia (01,04,06,07,
08). The amber darter prefers silt-free, moderately flowing water
(01,04,05,06,07) and has never been found in slack currents or in
areas where silt and detritus are present (01,05,07). Freeman (06)
indicated that the elimination of the amber darter from parts of its
historical range (Shoal Creek and the Etowah River) may have been due
to increased siltation in these areas.
Potential threats to the species and the habitat could be any
major land use activity or change which increases siltation or
adversely alters the water flow regime. This may include; increased
silivicultural activity, some forest cleraring and cutting practices
with associated equipment, road or bridge construction, some road or
transmission line maintenance practices, impoundments, channelization,
stream channel modifications. Any development activities within the
immediate watershed, such as herbicide or pesticide use and discharge
of pollution in the river system itself is also a potential threat.
In fact, Freeman (06) documented a channel alteration (an island was
bulldozed by a landowner) which eliminated the amber darter from a
previously occupied locality upstream of Murray County Road 173
bridge, Murray County, GA. For these reasons and the restricted range
presently known for P. antesella, the species was listed in 1985 (08)
as an Endangered species.
The impoundment of the Etwoah River at Alatoona Reservoir has
apparently greatly reduced the population size of the amber darter in
the Etowah River, as only one recent specimen has been collected (06).
This was probably a result of modification of stream flows, water
temperature alteration and increased silt loads, especially during
construction. Impoundments also restrict the movement of fish to
other suitable habitats for recolonization.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Conasauga Logperch and Amber
Darter Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Atlanta,
Georgia. 34 pp.
Management actions recommended for recovery of the amber darter
include:
1) The utilization of existing regulations to protect the species
and its Critical Habitat.
2) Conducting life history research to include reproduction, food
habits, age and growth, mortality factors, etc., for propagation.
Although not specifically mentioned in the Recovery plan this may
includes transplanting wild individuals from the viable wild
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
population center to other areas, within the historic range of the
species, of suitable habitat. The option of captive breeding/
propagation for reintroduction assumes technology advances to the
point where Percina can be reared successfully, and any positive in-
stream channel modification such as creating suitable habitat or
nesting sites (i.e., the possibility of wing dams, gravel bars, etc.).
3) Determination of present and foreseeable threats to the
species such as any alteration of the river systems or surrounding
habitat.
Although not specifically mentioned in the Recovery Plan, threats
and recovery activities may include any development activities
(agriculture, timber harvesting and road construction) with associated
maintenance actions (herbicide and pesticide use, or associated
environmental pollutants), erosion and pollution must be assesed and
appropriate measures taken to eliminate any adverse effects.
4) Assessment of the viability of known populations and to
monitor them.
Except for the enforcement of existing regulations, no recovery
work is presently being conducted for this species as of 1985.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Williams, J.D. and D.A. Etiner. 1977. Percina (Imostoma)
antesella, a new percid fish from the Coosa River system in
Tennessee and Georgia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 90(1):6-18.
02 Page, L.M. 1983. Handbook of darters. TFH Publ., Inc., Ltd.
Neptune City, NJ. 271 pp.
03 Kuehne, R.A. and R.W. Barbour. 1983. The American darters. The
Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington. 177 pp.
04 Etnier, D.A. and W.C. Stannes. Manus. Fishes of Tennessee.
05 Starnes, W.C. and D.A. Etnier. 1980. Fishes. Pp. B1-B134, In:
Tennessee's rare wildlife, Vol. 1: The vertebrates. D.C. Eagar
and R.M. Hatcher eds. Tennessee Heritage Program.
06 Freeman, B.J. 1983. Final report on the status of Etheostoma
trisella, the trispot darter and Percina antesella, the amber
darter, in the upper Coosa River system in Alabama, Georgia,
Tennessee. Unpubl. Final Rept. to the USFWS. Contract no. 14-16-
004-048. 21 pp.
07 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Conasauga Logperch and
Amber Darter Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Atlanta, Georgia. 34 pp.
08 U.S. Government. 1985. Endangered and threatened wildlife and
plants: determination of Endangered status and of Critical Habitat
for the amber darter and the Conasauga logperch. Fed. Reg. 50
(150):31597-31603.
09 Tratman, M.B. 1957. The fishes of Ohio. Ohio State Univ. Press.
Columbus, OH. 683 pp.
10 Starnes, W.C. 1977. The ecology and life history of the
endangered snail darter, Percina (Imostoma) tanasi, Etnier.
Tennessee Wildlf. Res. Agency Tech. Rept. No. 77-52. 144 pp.
11 Hickman, G.D. and R.B. Fitz. 1978. A report on the ecology and
conservation of the snail darter (Percina tanasi Etnier) 1978-1977.
TVA Div. of For., Fisheries and Wildlf. Develop. Tech. Note B28.
130 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Williams, J.D. and D.A. Etiner. 1977. Percina (Imostoma)
antesella, a new percid fish from the Coosa River system in
Tennessee and Georgia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 90(1):6-18.
02 Freeman, B.J. 1983. Final report on the status of Etheostoma
trisella, the trispot darter and Percina antesella, the amber
darter, in the upper Coosa River system in Alabama, Georgia,
Tennessee. Unpubl. Final Rept. to the USFWS. Contract no. 14-16-
004-048. 21 pp.
03 U.S. Government. 1985. Endangered and threatened wildlife and
plants: determination of Endangered status and of Critical Habitat
for the amber darter and the Conasauga logperch. Fed. Reg. 50
(150):31597-31603.
04 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Conasauga Logperch and
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species DARTER, AMBER
Species Id ESIS254010
Date 13 MAR 96
Amber Darter Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Atlanta, Georgia. 34 pp.
05 Etnier, D.A. and W.C. Stannes. Manus. Fishes of Tennessee.
06 Etnier, D.A., B.H. Bauer and A.G. Haines. 1981. Fishes of the
Gulf Coastal drainage of north Georgia (part I), and fishes of
Chickamauga, Chattanooga and Lookout Creeks, north Georgia and
Tennessee (part II). Unpubl. Rept. to the USFWS. 202 pp.
References - 2