(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
OTHER COMMON NAMES - TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK;TROUT, BLACK-SPOTTED; TROUT, NATIVE; TROUT, REDTHROAT; TROUT, GREENBACK; TROUT, CUTTHROAT; TROUT and MOUNTAIN
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Fish
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - CHORDATA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - OSTEICHTHYES,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - SALMONIFORMES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - SALMONIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - SALMO,
SPECIES AND SSP - CLARKI, STOMIAS
SCIENTIFIC NAME - SALMO CLARKI STOMIAS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Greenback Cutthroat Trout
Salmo clarki stomias Cope, 1872
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Fish
PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Osteichthyes
ORDER: Salmoniformes FAMILY: Salmonidae
The greenback cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki stomias, is a
brightly colored subspecies of cutthroat trout that can be
characterized, in general, as having the largest spots on the body
and more scales in the lateral series (180-230) and above the lateral
line (45-55) than any other subspecies of S. clarki (01,02,03). There
is, however, broad overlap in taxonomic characters between stomias and
its neighboring subspecies, the Colorado River cutthroat,
S. c. pleuriticus. No clear-cut separation can be made between
these two subspecies, other than S. c. stomias is indigenous to the
headwaters of the South Platte and Arkansas River drainages and
S. c. pleuriticus is indigenous to the Upper Colorado River basin
(01,02,03).
The taxonomy of stomias has a confusing history due to the fact
that it is not known if the type specimens came from the South Platte
drainage. Specimens of cutthroat were collected during an 1856 U.S.
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
Army expedition under the command of Lt. F. T. Bryant, which traveled
from Fort Riley, Kansas, to Fort Bridger, Wyoming, and returned to
Fort Riley. Dr. W. T. Hammond, the surgeon with the expedition
collected fish specimens along the route, which traversed parts of
the Kansas, North Platte, South Platte, and Green River drainages of
Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming. All of the fish specimens
collected on this expedition were simply labeled "Fort Riley, Kansas"
and shipped to the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences (02). Many of
these specimens were described as new species, with the erroneous type
locality of "Fort Riley, Kansas" (02). Two of these specimens,
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences 7825 and 7826, were designated as the
types of a new species, Salmo stomias Cope 1872 (04), with the type
locality given as: "South Platte River, Fort Riley, Kansas".
Evidently, Cope later realized that the South Platte River does not
enter Kansas and changed the type locality to the "Kansas River,
Fort Riley" (05).
The original description is not sufficiently detailed to be
useful in the diagnosis of subspecies of cutthroat trout.
R. R. Miller (06) examined the type specimens of stomias and estimated
only about 150 scales in the lateral series (about 40-50 fewer scales
than expected from cutthroat trout native to the South Platte
drainage), but the specimens were in poor condition and accurate scale
counts were not possible. Behnke (02) pointed out that cutthroat
trout specimens collected during the 1856 expedition could have come
from either the Green River (Colorado River cutthroat) or the South
Platte drainage (greenback cutthroat), and that specimens collected by
early exploratory expeditions often became mixed in museum collections
and the type specimens of stomias may actually have been collected in
the Rio Grande drainage (Rio Grande subspecies).
The resolution to this problem is found in an 1891 publication by
Jordan (07) who acted as first reviser for the taxon stomias by
redescribing the taxon. He pointed out that trout do not occur in
Kansas and declared stomias to be the native trout of the headwaters
of the South Platte and Arkansas River drainages of Colorado. Jordan
was also the first person to use the common name greenback trout in
literature and the first to relegate stomias to subspecific status
-- originally (1891) as Salmo mykiss stomias. The first designation
as Salmo clarki stomias was by Jordan and Evermann, 1898 (08). All
Subsequent literature has regarded the cutthroat trout indigenous
to the South Platte and Arkansas drainages as the greenback cutthroat
trout, Salmo clarki stomias Cope 1872. The most up-to-date
description of stomias are found in Behnke (01,02,09,10).
Common names used to refer to all subspecies of S. clarki are:
black-spotted trout, native trout, and redthroat trout, cutthroat
trout, and mountain trout.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
Commercial/consumption
Game (Consumptive Recreational)
Non-consumptive recreational
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Greenback cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki stomias) has been
designated as Threatened pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The subspecies has this status wherever found
including the States of Colorado and Wyoming.
Special rules concerning "take" for this subspecies can be
found in 50 CFR 17.44(f).
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
DOD -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20). Management practices that
would cause detrimental changes in water temperature
or composition, water course blockage, or sediment
deposits within 100 feet of the edges of perennial
streams, lakes or other bodies of water are prohibited
(36 CFR 219.27(e)).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Colorado
DESIGNATED STATUS: Nongame Fish
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Colorado Division of Wildlife
STATE STATUTE: 2 CO Code of Regulations 406-8 #1000,10001; CO
Revised Status 33-8-104 (protected from take and
possession) (CRS - Colorado Revised Statutes).
STATE: Wyoming
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Threatened
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Wyoming Game and Fish Dept.
STATE STATUTE: WY Stat. Annot. 23-1-101
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The greenback cutthroat trout is listed in the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Animals (1986) as Threatened under the name cutthroat trout
(Salmo clarki (subspecies)). The greenback cutthroat trout is also
listed by the U.S. in the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife
Preservation in the Western Hemisphere Convention Annex (1970).
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The greenback cutthroat trout has value as a recreation source
(consumptive and nonconsumptive fishing).
67/03/11:32 FR 04001/ - Pre-Act 1, Listed as Endangered
70/10/13:35 FR 16047/16048 - Pre-Act 7, Listed as Endangered
75/05/16:40 FR 21499/21500 - Notice of Intent with Critical Habitat
Status - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
77/09/26:42 FR 48901/ - Proposed Reclassification Threatened
78/04/18:43 FR 16343/16345 - Final Rule, Reclassified as Threatened
83/12/08:48 FR 55100/55102 - 5 Year Review
85/07/22:50 FR 29900/29901 - 5 Year Review
Status - 3 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTRY TYPES
SAF TYPE STAGE CLOSURE
Interior Ponderosa Pine mature tree
Interior Ponderosa Pine Old Growth
mature tree
Old Growth
Lodgepole pine mature tree
Lodgepole pine Old Growth
LAND USE -
Herbaceous Rangeland
Evergreen Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land
Streams and Canals
Lakes
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
3RS
Riverine, upper perennial RS1
Riverine, upper perennial RB2
Riverine, upper perennial RB1
Riverine, upper perennial OW0
Riverine, upper perennial FL1
Lacustrine, littoral UB3
Lacustrine, littoral UB3
Lacustrine, littoral UB2
Lacustrine, littoral UB1
Lacustrine, littoral RS2
2RS
Lacustrine, littoral RB2
Lacustrine, littoral RB1
Lacustrine, littoral OW0
Lacustrine, littoral AB2
Lacustrine, littoral AB1
Lacustrine, limnetic UB3
Lacustrine, limnetic UB2
Lacustrine, limnetic UB1
Lacustrine, limnetic RB2
Lacustrine, limnetic RB1
Lacustrine, limnetic AB1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
All of the present habitat where greenback cutthroat trout
occur is essentially undisturbed headwater parts of the drainages from
7,000 to 11,000 feet elevation in the Rocky Mountain National Park,
on U.S. Forest Service lands (Roosevelt, San Isabel, and Pike National
Forest) and in one spring fed pond on Fort Carson (Dept. of Defense,
Army). With the exception of the Fort Carson Pond, all habitats are
associated with montane conifer forests and meadows. Some streams
contain beaver dams and beaver ponds. There is nothing special or
Habitat Associations - 1 unique about greenback habitat. Essentially greenback trout can live
in any habitat and tolerate any water quality that supports other
species of trout. The greenback cannot, however, coexist with other
species due to competition and/or hybridization (01,02,09).
Cover and shelter requirements are similar to other trout
species. Young-of-year and juvenile fish select shallower, more open
habitat; larger, older fish select deeper areas with more cover
(boulders, log jams, particularly undercut streambanks). Present
habitat of most greenback populations are very small streams
(5-20 ft. wide) and habitat parameters are "small scale" (01,14,17).
Reproductive site requirements are similar to other trout
species: suitable gravel substrate (0.25-2.0 inches) with adequate
flow to maintain oxygen requirements of incubating eggs is necessary
for successful reproduction (01,17).
Simply, any "trout habitat" can be greenback habitat if no other
species of trout are present. Any impact on any trout habitat such as
loss of riparian vegetation, flow depletion, accelerated erosion,
etc., would effect a greenback population in the same manner as it
would other species of trout.
The greenback cutthroat trout also occurs in pond/lake habitats
(i.e., Lythe Pond - Fort Carson, and various lakes in Rocky Mountain
National Park).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Zooplankton
General Arthropods
General Crustaceans
General Worms
General Fish
General Amphibia
General Molluscs
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Inland Wetland: vegetated stream banks
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
G Terrestrial Features: Downed logs
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Because of the status of the greenback cutthroat trout, large
samples have not been examined to determine food habits. Jordan (07)
and Juday (12) provided some data on greenback feeding in Twin Lakes
where they predominantly fed on zooplankton. There is no evidence
to suggest that greenback trout have any unique feeding preferences,
distinguishing from other trout species. It can be assumed that a
greenback trout of similar size and existing in similar habitat as
other trout species will feed on similar food items -- predominantly
aquatic insects in streams and predominantly zooplankton and benthic
crustaceans and insects in lentic environments. The largest known
greenbacks (to 4 pounds) occur in Lytle Pond, Fort Carson, where they
have been found to feed on larval tiger salmanders (Ambystoma
tigrinum), and probably on the Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini)
which abound in the pond (13).
The quality and quantity of food is not a serious limiting factor
to the success of a greenback population. They will utilize a wide
range of organisms (including worms) as an opportunistic feeder as
long as no other species of trout is present in their habitat.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Home rang and territory of greenback cutthroat trout is
similar to other trout species. Typically a dominance hierarchy
is established according to size. The size of a territory depends on
the area, volume, and complexity of a particular habitat area. Within
a pool-riffle habitat sequence in a stream, the dominant greenback
selects the most choice micro-habitat, a protected site with good
cover and low flow velocity near the main flow of the current for easy
access to invertebrate drift (07,17).
PERIODICITY:
Mainly diurnal with peak activities typically at low intensities
(dawn and dusk) similar to other subspecies of cutthroat trout
(01,17).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
No innate migration patterns exist, only movements during
spawning to the nearest site with suitable spawning substrate. If
suitable spawning gravel is available near its home range, then the
entire life history of most greenback trout is essentially stationary
(01,17).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Cover and shelter requirements are similar to other trout
species. Young-of-year and juvenile fish select shallower, more open
habitat; larger, older fish select deeper areas with more cover
(boulders, log jams, particularly undercut streambanks). Present
habitat of most greenback populations are very small streams
(5-20 ft. wide) and habitat parameters are "small scale" (01,14,17).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
Reproductive site requirements are similar to other trout
species: suitable gravel substrate (0.25-2.0 inches) with adequate
flow to maintain oxygen requirements of incubating eggs is necessary
for successful reproduction (01,17).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Greenback trout attain sexual maturity at two or three years of
age. Spawning in steams occurs annually after first maturation.
Maximum life span in small streams is typically four or five years.
Greenbacks may live eight to ten years in lakes. The female
constructs a redd in gravel, several males, typically are in
attendance with dominant male constantly driving away subdominant
males. The dominant male fertilizes most of the eggs during the
spawning act but smaller, subdominant males may dart in, shedding
sperm, and fertilize some eggs. The female may construct and spawn in
two or three redds over several days. Spawning occurs in spring-early
summer with rising temperatures. Spawning typically peaks when daily
water temperature exceeds 45 deg. F. Average fecundity of females is
from 700 to 1,000 eggs per pound of body weight (01,17).
PARENTAL CARE:
After the eggs are spawned and fertilized the female covers the
eggs with gravel. After this, no additional parental care is given to
eggs or offspring.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
The present populations of greenback trout are not faced with
serious threats from disease, predation, or competition, unless
non-native trout gain access to their habitats. The introduced
populations attain carrying capacity within a few years of the
original stocking from natural reproduction. Based on electroshocking
data, greenback trout populations in 10 streams totalling 61 km
(38 miles) in length exhibit standing crops from 9-95 kg/ha
(8-85 pounds per acre) (15).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Greenback cutthroat trout cannot be expected to coexist
indefinitely with any other species of trout. This statement is based
on empirical evidence of the greenbacks rapid extinction throughout
its native range in the few sites where it was isolated from contact
with non-native trouts and from the observed rapid decline of
greenback trout established in Black Hollow Creek after brook trout
appeared (due to an incomplete kill or from an illegal introduction)
(01). Brook trout also appeared in 1976, three years after an
eradication program in Hidden Valley Creek, Rocky Mountain Natonal
Park, but an annual active removal program and special fishing
regulations (keep brook trout, release greenbacks) has maintained a
viable greenback poulation in Hidden Valley Creek and in its beaver
ponds. Despite the differential elimination of brook trout, they are
dominant in numbers over the greenbacks in the beaver ponds (03).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
There is no life history parameter that is unique to greenback
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
trout, distinguishing it from other subspecies of cuttroat trout or
from other species of trout, that would be of significance in their
preservation and restoration -- only that they cannot be expected to
coexist with any other form of trout.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Restricting Timber Harvest
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Exotic Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Hybridization
Existing Hybridization
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Water Temperature Alteration
Existing Water Temperature Alteration
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Forest Alteration
Existing Forest Alteration
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
In the late nineteenth century the greenback cutthroat trout
was greatly reduced in abundance by toxic mine pollution, and
irrigation diversions (for agriculture). Problems that have added to
the decline of the trout which are linked to the irrigation projects
and agricultural practices directly are: water diversion and drawdown,
water temperature alteration, siltation, and erosion (linked to
grazing and general agricultural practices). Timbering (i.e., forest
clearing, alteration, and resulatnt vegetation changes); hydroelectric
power diversions; man-made pollution caused by effluents from
industrial, human sewage, and agricultural practices; and physical
damage to watersheds caused by such construction activities as
highways, ski areas, and housing developments (01,02,03,16). Also
non-native trouts (brook, rainbow, brown and other subspecies of
cutthroat trout) were widely introduced throughout the range of the
greenback. Brook trout replaced the greenback in small tributary
streams and brown trout replaced greenback in the large rivers.
Rainbow trout hybridized with greenback trout, and since the hybrids
are fertile, population purity was irretrievably lost (01,02,03).
The decline of the greenback was so rapid that in 1937, Greene
(11) declared them extinct. Behnke establised a basis for the
diagnosis of pure greenback trout from examination of museum specimens
(01,02,03). Intensive collections during the past 15 years have
discovered four pure populations of S. c. stomias (10). All of these
populations occur in tiny headwater streams above barriers to
upstream migration that protect the greenback populations from
non-native trouts.
It has been obvious that greenback cutthroat trout cannot coexist
long with any other species of trout. Restoration efforts have
selected small sites above barriers where the non-native trout are
are eradicated and greenbacks are then stocked. The success of
restoration projects depend on obtaining a complete kill of non-native
trout and prevention of their reintroduction. Brook trout, Salvelinus
frontinalis, have reappeared in several resoration streams two or
three years after chemical treatment, either due to lack of a
complete kill or to stocking by uninformed persons.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Greenback Cutthroat trout
Recovery Plan, Revision. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Denver, CO.
32 pp.
The objective of the revised greenback cutthroat trout recovery
plan is the removal of this subspecies from its current status of
threatened. This species will be considered recovered when 20 stable
greenback cutthroat trout populations are documented within its native
range. This implies the expansion of the range of pure greenback
cutthroat trout to a level where isolated disruptions in population or
habitat, and controlled angler harvest of greenbacks will not result
in the subspecies likely becoming in danger of extinction throughout
a significant portion of its historic range.
To attain this goal the following tasks are necessary:
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
1. Maintain and enhance historic and stable greenback trout
populations and their habitat.
A. Conduct population and habitat monitoring.
B. Habitat improvement (physical manipulation of habitat).
C. Maintain stream barriers to prevent non-native salmonid
species from entering the habitat.
D. Prevent introduction of non-native species.
E. Promote sound land and water use guidelines (i.e., control
domestic grazing, preserve riparian habitat, control
silviculture practices, control mining, instream flow
maintenance, control and restrict water diversions and
reservoirs, control and limit road construction and
maintenance, and limit human activity and access).
F. Enforce regulations.
2. Establish or document the existence of 20 stable populations of
pure greenback cutthroat trout within the species historic range.
A. Conduct surveys for historic populations.
B. Prepare and maintain list of potential habitat.
a. Identify suitable habitat.
b. Survey potential habitat.
c. Promote interagency cooperation.
C. Prepare habitat for reintroduction.
a. Habitat manipulation (which may involve channel and
wetland modification).
b. Construct or improve barriers.
c. Remove all non-native salmonids.
D. Introduce pure greenback cutthroat trout.
E. Monitor and document the success of introduction.
3. Establish hatchery and wild populations of pure greenback cutthroat
trout for broodstock.
A. Establish one lake/stream environment within the South
Platte River drainage.
B. Establish one lake/stream environment within the Arkansas
River drainage.
C. Establish a hatchery propagation program.
D. Investigate feasibility of establishing Colorado hatchery
propagation of greenback cutthroat trout.
4. Document response to angling pressure.
A. Assess effects of mixed species fishing and special
regulations.
B. Assess effects of mono-species fishing and special
regulations.
C. Study other, or alternative, sites.
5. Conduct information and education program.
6. Prepare a long-term management plan and cooperative agreement for
the management of greenback cutthroat trout.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Behnke, R.J., and M. Zarn. 1976. Biology and management of
threatened and endangered western trouts. U.S. Forest Serv. Gen.
Tech. Rept. RM-28 45 pp.
02 Behnke, R.J. 1976. Summary of information on the status of the
greenback cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki stomias. Prepared for:
U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Salt Lake City, UT. 30 pp.
03 Behnke, R.J. 1985. Greenback cutthroat trout. Trout Magazine
26(1):42-46.
04 Cope, E.D. 1872. Report on recent reptiles and fishes obtained
by naturalists of the expedition. U.S. Geol. Surv. Wyoming and
portions of contiguous territories (Hayden's Survey):432-442.
05 Cope, E.D., and H.C. Yarrow. 1875. Report on collections of
fishes made in portions of Nevada, Utah, California, New Mexico,
and Arizona durring the years 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874. Rept.
Geogr., Geol. Explor., Surv., W. 100th Meridian (Wheeler Survey)
5:635-703.
06 Miller, R.R. 1985. Pers. comm. Univ. of Michigan.
07 Jordan, D.S. 1891. Report on explorations in Colorado and Utah
during the summer of 1889 with an account of the fishes found
in each of the river basins examined. U.S. Fish Comm. Bull.
9:1-40.
08 Jordan, D.S., and B.W. Evermann. 1898. The fishes of North and
Middle American. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 47, pt. 3:21832-3136.
09 Behnke, R.J. 1979. Monograph of the native trouts of the genus
Salmo of western North America. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Denver, CO 215 pp.
10 Behnke, R.J. 1985. Greenback cutthroat trout from Hunters Creek,
Rocky Mountain National Park. Prepared for: U.S. Fish & Wildl.
Serv., Golden, CO. 4 pp.
11 Green, W.S. 1937. Colorado trout. Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. Popular
Ser. 2:48 pp.
12 Juday, C. 1906. A study of Twin Lakes, Colorado, with especial
consideration of the foods of the trouts. U.S. Fish Comm. Bull.
26:147-178.
13 Rosenlund, Bruce. 1985. Pers. comm. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Golden, CO.
14 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Greenback Cutthroat Trout
Recovery Plan Revision. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Denver, CO
32 pp.
15 Anonymous. 1985. Greenback trout recovery program. Prepared for:
Director, Colorado Div. of Wildl., Golden, CO 5 pp.
16 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1977. Greenback Cutthroat Trout
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Denver, CO. 20 pp.
17 Behnke, R.J. 1985. Pers. observ. Fort Collins, CO 80523.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Behnke, R.J., and M. Zarn. 1976. Biology and management of
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species TROUT, CUTTHROAT, GREENBACK
Species Id ESIS256005
Date 13 MAR 96
threatened and endangered western trouts. U.S. Forest Serv. Gen.
Tech. Rept. RM-28 45 pp.
02 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Greenback Cutthroat Trout
Recovery Plan Revision. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Denver, CO
32 pp.
03 Davis, J.A., and S.R. Culver. 1984. Greenback cutthroat trout
recovery project, 1984 progress report. CO Div. of Wildl.
Golden, CO. 39 pp.
04 Behnke, R.J. 1985. Greenback cutthroat trout from Hunters Creek,
Rocky Mountain National Park. Prepared for: U.S. Fish & Wildl.
Serv., Golden, CO. 4 pp.
05 Rosenlund, Bruce. 1985. Pers. comm. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,
Golden, CO.
References - 2