(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
OTHER COMMON NAMES - MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS';MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS; PEARLYMUSSEL, CURTIS; MUSSEL, PEARLY+ and CURTIS
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Aquatic Molluscs
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MOLLUSCA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - BIVALVIA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - UNIONOIDA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - UNIONIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - EPIOBLASMA,
SPECIES AND SSP - FLORENTINA, CURTISI
SCIENTIFIC NAME - EPIOBLASMA FLORENTINA CURTISI
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Curtis' Pearly Mussel
Epioblasma florentina curtisi (Utterback, 1916)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Clam
PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia
ORDER: Unionoida FAMILY: Unionidae
The Curtis' pearly mussel was first described from specimens
collected in the White River at Hollister, MO (01):
"Nutritive Structures: Branchial opening densely bordered with
papillae; anal crenulated; supra-anal high, rather small, separated
from anal by moderately short mantle connection, mantle border here
spotted; inner laminae of inner gills entirely connected to visceral
mass; palpi very small connected only by their anterior base which is
remote from the anterior attachment of pointed outer gill; color of
soft parts grayish except the blackish mantle edge at siphonal
openings.
"Reproductive Structures: Marsupium very broad, rounded ventrad,
kidney-shaped, ovisacs several, distinct occupying posterior half of
outer gills and distended into beaded, unpigmented structures along
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
ventral edge when gravid; conglutinates broken masses; glochidia
unknown as only specimens gravid with early embryos have been
obtained; inner mantle edge of female antero-ventrad to branchial
opening drawn in toward the interior of shell forming a chamber."
Shell Characters: The shell is small, usually less than 1 1/2 inches
(39 mm) in length. Males are slightly larger than females (mean
length 31.5 mm and 28.1 mm, respectively). The ratio of shell length
to shell height to shell breadth is 6:4:3 (02).
In the males, the shell is oval in shape, with the anterior end
smoothly rounded, and the posterior end bluntly pointed and biangular.
There is generally a slight but wide indentation on the
posterior-ventral margin where the double, barely discernible
posterior ridge joins the ventral margin (02).
The female shell is smoothly rounded anteriorly and broadly
rounded and inflated posteriorly. The posterior edge of the shell is
serrated. The annual growth lines are deeply incised (02).
The shell of both sexes is yellowish brown to brown, usually
light brown, sometimes with fine, evenly spaced rays over most of its
length. The beaks are broad and low and the beak sculpture is
typically eroded away (02). Utterback (01) describes the beak
sculpture as heavily ridged, tending towards double-looped.
The interior of the shell is white to whitish-blue, with the
periostracum frequently showing through the nacre, particularly in the
beaks and posterior half of the shell (02). Beak cavities are broad
and relatively shallow. The pallial line, often indistinct when
present, is one-third of the height of the shell above the ventral
margin. The hinge line is broadly curved. Muscle scars are located
against the hinge line. Anterior scars are deeply impressed and touch
the cardinal teeth, while posterior muscle scars are barely
discernible. Two high, blade-like, short (one-third of the shell
length) lateral teeth are found in the left valve, and one high
blade-like lateral tooth is in the right valve. Lateral teeth are
separated from the cardinal teeth by approximately half the laterals'
length. Cardinal teeth are high, triangular, and divergent, one in
the right valve and two in the left valve.
Epioblasma florentina curtisi was first named Truncilla curtisii
(Frierson and Utterback, 1916). Other scientific names used for this
species in the literature include: Epioblasma curtisi, Dysnomia
florentina curtisi, Dysnomia curtisi, and Plagiola florentina (Lea).
Clark (03) gives a brief explanation of the rationale for using
Epioblasma rather than other generic names for this species. Other
common names used in the literature for this subspecies include Curtis
pearly mussel (used by IUCN) and Curtis pearlymussel (09).
The type specimens have been lost. Lectotypes selected by
Richard Johnson (04) are stored at the Museum of Zoology, University
of Michigan. Sketches or photographs of this species can be found in
Utterback (01), Johnson (04), or Buchanan (02). Series of this
species are stored at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology,
the Ohio State University Museum of Zoology, and possibly several
other locations.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Arkansas; Federal Endangered
Arkansas; State Recognized
E: Federal Endangered
Commercial
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Curtis' pearly mussel (Epioblasma florentina curtisi) has
been designated as Endangered pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The subspecies has this status wherever found
including the States of AR and MO. Critical Habitat has not been
designated.
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation, or foreign law; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20). Management practices that
would cause detrimental changes in water temperature
or composition, water course blockage, or sediment
deposits within 100 feet of the edges of perennial
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
streams, lakes or other bodies of water are prohibited
(36 CFR 219.27(e)).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Arkansas
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Arkansas Game and Fish Commission
STATE STATUTE: Amendment 35, AR Constitution; Cooperative
Agreement with USFWS, effective June 23, 1976.
STATE: Missouri
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Missouri Department of Conservation
STATE STATUTE: Rev. Stat. of MO, Ch. 252; Wildl. Code of MO (3
Code of State Regs. 4.111).
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The Curtis' pearly mussel, Epioblasma florentina curtisi, is
listed in Appendix I of CITES. The Curtis pearly mussel is also
listed as endangered at the specific level (E. florentina) in the
IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book, 1983; and the 1986 IUCN Red list of
Threatened Animals.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This mussel has been exported for use in the shelling industry.
74/10/17:39 FR 37078/37079 - Review of status
75/09/26:40 FR 44329/44333 - Proposed rule, list as Endangered
76/06/14:41 FR 24064/24067 - Final rule, listed as Endangered
81/02/27:46 FR 14652/14658 - Five-year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Residential
Cropland and Pasture
Deciduous Forest Land
Streams and Canals
Nonforested Wetland
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial UB2
Riverine, upper perennial UB1
Riverine, upper perennial SB2
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
Riverine, upper perennial RB2
Riverine, upper perennial AB4
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Epioblasma florentina curtisi (Curtis' pearly mussel) is found
in inland freshwater streams. It occurs in stream reaches which are
transition areas between headwater and lowland stream reaches. This
species has been found in Ozark streams in areas of oak-hickory
forests. Surrounding habitat includes farmland, forest land and small
towns. Farm crops include milo and soybeans. Curtis' pearly mussel
does best in areas not impacted by agricultural activities.
Epioblasma florentina curtisi has been found in order 4 to 7
streams with gradients of 0.9 to 8.0 feet per mile, in stable
substrates of sand and gravel to gravel, cobble and boulder, in
riffles or runs (05). Mean particle size of ths substrate where this
species is found, based on substrate analysis in the Little Black
River, ranges from small gravel to cobble (06). It is found in 2 to
30 inches of water in slow current (less than 0.06 ft/sec. to 0.7
ft/sec. at the bottom) (05,06). It prefers flowing waters and is not
found in stagnant pools. They frequently occur near beds of
waterwillow (Justicia americana) and white water lily (Nymphaea
odorata) may be present. In the section of Little Black River where
this species occurs, total hardness ranged from 86 to 205 mg/l, and
specific conductance from 110 to 165 umhos/square cm. It normally
occurs in well buffered waters (06). Historically, it has been found
between 315 and 642 feet above mean sea level. It presently is found
between 315 and 381 feet above mean sea level.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Detritus
General Bacteria
General Phytoplankton
General Zooplankton
General Fish
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Like other freshwater naiades, the Curtis' pearly mussel is a
filter feeder which removes organic debris, phytoplankton,
zooplankton, and possibly bacteria from the water for food (07).
Glochidia (parasitic larval stage) are obligate parasites on the skin,
fins or gills of fish (02). Very little specific information is
available on food items or food preferences.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Epioblasma florentina curtisi is nonterritorial. It is normally
found imbedded in the stream bottom and probably exhibits very little
lateral motion. When disturbed, individuals may move up to several
feet. Females move onto the surface of the substrate in order to
release larvae (glochidia) (02). Interspecific and intraspecific
territorial interaction are doubtful.
PERIODICITY:
E. f. curtisi is a cold-blooded animal whose level of activity is
strongly influenced by water temperature, but is generally regarded as
sessile. This species, like all mussels, is most active during
periods when the water temperature is greater than 50 degrees F.
Females appear to be more active during the spring reproduction period
(02).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Non-migratory.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
E. f. curtisi is generally found imbedded in the substrate in
shallow (2 to 30 inches) riffles and runs. They frequently occur near
beds of waterwillow (Justicia americana) and white water lily
(Nymphaea odorata) may be present.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
This species reproduces in the same habitat where it is found
throughout the year.
Epioblasma florentina curtisi is found in inland freshwater
streams. It occurs in stream reaches which are transition areas
between headwater and lowland stream reaches. This species has been
found in Ozark streams in areas of oak-hickory forests. Surrounding
habitat includes farmland, forest land and small towns. Farm crops
include milo and soybeans. Curtis' pearly mussel does best in areas
not impacted by agricultural activities.
Epioblasma florentina curtisi has been found in order 4 to 7
streams with gradients of 0.9 to 8.0 feet per mile, in stable
substrates of sand and gravel to gravel, cobble and boulder, in
riffles or runs (05). Mean particle size of ths substrate where this
species is found, based on substrate analysis in the Little Black
River, ranges from small gravel to cobble (06). It is found in 2 to
30 inches of water in slow current (less than 0.06 ft/sec. to 0.7
ft/sec. at the bottom) (05,06). It prefers flowing waters and is not
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
found in stagnant pools. In the section of Little Black River where
this species occurs, total hardness ranged from 86 to 205 mg/l, and
specific conductance from 110 to 165 umhos/square cm. It normally
occurs in well buffered waters (06). Historically, it has been found
between 315 and 642 feet above mean sea level. It presently is found
between 315 and 381 feet above mean sea level.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
The Curtis' pearly mussel is assumed to have a life cycle similar
to that of other naiades, which is as follows: Males eject sperm
directly into the water. The female holds eggs in her gills where
they are fertilized by sperm taken in with water during siphoning.
These eggs develop into glochidia (the parasitic larval stage) in a
modified portion of the gills called the marsupium. Fully developed
glochidia are discharged directly into the water by the female. If a
glochidium comes into contact with an appropriate fish host, it
attaches to the fish's skin, fins, or gills and begins its parasitic
stage. Glochidia live on the fish host for a week to several months.
Eventually glochidia transform into juvenile naiades and drop from the
fish (02).
The specific host of the Curtis' pearly mussel is not known. The
eggs of this species are fertilized in the fall, develop through the
winter, and mature glochidia are released in early spring (02).
PARENTAL CARE:
After being fertilized, the eggs are retained by the female in a
modified portion of the outer gills called the marsupium. Here the
eggs develop into the larval stage (glochidia). Once the glochidia
are released from the female, they receive no parental protection
(08).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
E. f. curtisi is primarily limited by habitat. It requires
shallow flowing riffles and runs and relatively unpolluted water.
Much of the original habitat in which this species occurred has been
inundated by waters dammed for flood control, water supply, hydropower
production, and recreation (05). Dam construction has eliminated
flowing water habitat resulting in stagnation of bottom waters and
accumulation of silt and organic matter, altered food supplies and
possibly eliminated fish hosts or restricted their movement. Stream
channelization and gravel dredging have reduced substrate variability
and stability. Poor land management practices have increased
sitlation (02). This species may also be limited by host fish and in
the Castor River and Cane Creek, reproduction may be limited by low
density of mature individuals (02). Little is known about recruitment
and mortality rates.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
The larval stage (glochidia) of the Curtis' pearly mussel is
assumed to be parasitic on one or more species of fish. The host(s)
is not presently known (02).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Applying fertilizers
Existing Applying fertilizers
Adverse Applying herbicides
Existing Applying herbicides
Adverse Applying pesticides
Existing Applying pesticides
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The Curtis' pearly mussel (Epioblasma florentina curtisi) appears
to be primarily limited by habitat. This species occurs in relatively
clear, shallow (less than 3 1/2 feet), flowing water in upland stream
reaches which serve as transition areas between headwater and lowland
reaches (05). Therefore, this species cannot survive in impounded
waters. Much of the original habitat in which this species occurred
has been inundated by waters dammed for flood control, water supply,
hydropower production, and recreation (05). Dam construction has
eliminated flowing water habitat resulting in stagnation of bottom
waters and accumulation of silt and organic matter, altered food
supplies, and possibly eliminated fish hosts or restricted their
movement.
Reservoir construction on White River caused the disappearance of
E. f. curtisi from that stream (05). Construction and operation of
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
Clearwater Dam probably contributed to the disappearance of this
species from Black River (05). Since closure of the dam, flow
characteristics downstream in the Black River have changed. Reduced
maximum annual flows, reduced mean daily flows in Spring and increased
mean daily flow in Summer may have at times exposed naiades causing
dessication, temperature stress, and increased exposure to predators;
impacted reproduction through water temperature changes; and impacted
fish hosts (02). Increased siltation and nutrient loads resulting
from forest clearing and agricultural practices may also have
contributed to this species decline (02). The use of pesticides also
may have been and may still be a contributing factor as is dredging of
sand and gravel from streams which reduces substrate variability and
stability (05).
The Curtis' pearly mussel's reproduction may be limited by low
density of mature individuals (02). This species may also be limited
by host fish and in the Castor River and Cane Creek, reproduction may
be limited by low density of mature individuals (02).
Curtis' pearly mussel populations in Little Black River may be
adversely impacted by a flood control project as well as continued
forest clearing and agricultural activities. Agricultural practices,
urban encroachment, and low reproductive potential will continue to
impact this species in Castor River (02).
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Curtis' Pearly Mussel Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Twin Cities, MN. 92 pp.
Epioblasma florentina curtisi shall be considered recovered when
1) viable reproducing populations occur in four streams sufficiently
separate so that a single catastrophic event would be unlikely to
affect more than one population, 2) provisions have been made to
prevent any future man-made changes (dam construction, channelization,
in-stream gravel dredging, etc.) that have the potential to adversely
affect mussels in those streams (i.e., the riverways themselves are
protected from significant changes due to industry, agriculture, or
other forms of human encroachment and development), and 3) the four
populations are protected by some form of riparian protected zone.
Actions recommended to prevent extinction and facilitate recovery
include:
A. Protect populations of E. f. curtisi by preventing adverse
alteration of existing habitat (such as development) by
establishing riparian protected zones and utilizing land
protection planning.
1. Habitat needs must be further defined.
2. Review proposals for actions upon habitat and require
modification to minimize or eliminate any adverse impacts.
Such impacts might include reduction of stream flows, changes
in aquatic organism composition, food supply reduction,
sediment load, and water chemistry due to dam construction;
and increased pollution from pesticide use or other
environmental contaminants associated with human
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
developments.
3. Develop land protection plans.
4. Use purchase, lease, or other means to protect riparian zones
from adverse impacts.
5. Monitor habitat and populations in protected areas.
B. Enhance existing populations through habitat and population
management.
1. Determine which populations are habitat-limited, evaluate
habitat conditions and reduce or eliminate those factors
limiting population levels.
2. Determine population levels of standing stocks, the status of
reproduction in those stocks, and the number of individuals
necessary to constitute a viable population. Develop
artificial culture and transplantation techniques. Enhance
the status of density-limited populations by introduction of
wild individuals or artificially cultured juveniles or
adults.
3. Periodically evaluate enhancement efforts.
C. Restore viable populations of E. f. curtisi to present and former
range using the same techniques for reintroduction as were used
to enhance existing populations (See secton B above).
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Utterback, W.I. 1915. The naiades of Missouri. Am. Midl. Nat.
4(3-8):200.
02 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. A Recovery Plan for the
Curtis' Pearly Mussel, Epioblasma florentina curtisi (Utterback,
1915). Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Twin Cities, MN. 26
pp.
03 Clarke, A.H. 1981. Determination of the precise geographical
areas occupied by four endangered species of freshwater mollusks.
Final Rep., USFWS, Contr. #14-16-003-81-019. 62 pp.
04 Johnson, R.I. 1978. Systematics and zoogeography of Plagiola
(=Dysnomia=Epioblasma) an almost extinct genus of freshwater
mussels (Bivalvia:Unionidae) from Middle North America. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. 148(6):239-321.
05 Buchanan, A.C. 1983. Distribution, abundance, status, and habitat
of the Curtis' pearly mussel Epioblasma florentina curtisi in
southern Missouri. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Endang. Sp. Proj.
SE-3-1. 10 pp.
06 Buchanan, A.C. 1982. A study of Epioblasma florentina curtisi
(Utterback 1915), the Curtis' pearly mussel, in the Upper Little
Black River, Missouri. USDA, Soil Conserv. Serv., Columbia, MO.
11 pp.
07 Buchanan, A.C. 1983. An evaluation of the potential impacts of
SCS structures B-9 and C-7 upon the Curtis' pearly mussel,
Epioblasma florentina curtisi (Utterback 1915), in the Upper Little
Black River, Missouri. Missouri Dept. of Conservation, 1110
College Ave., Columbia, MO 65201. 18 pp.
08 Stein, C.B. 1971. Naiad life cycles. Their significance in the
conservation of the fauna. Pages 19-25. IN: Proceed. of a Symp.
on Rare and Endangered Mollusks (naiades) of the U.S. S.E.
Jorgnesen and R.W. Sharp, eds. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv.,
Minn. - St. Paul, MN. 25 pp.
09 Committee on Scientific and Vernacular Names of Mollusks. 1986.
A list of common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from
the United States and Canada - Mollusca. Draft. Am. Fish. Soc.,
Spec. Publ., Bethesda, MD. 156 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Buchanan, A.C. 1983. A survey of the Curtis' pearly mussel
Epioblasma florentina curtisi (Utterback, 1915), in southern
Missouri. Final Rept., Endang. Species Proj. SE-3-1. 10 pp.
02 Oesch, R.D. 1984. Missouri naiades. A guide to the mussels of
Missouri. Missouri Dept. Conserv., Jefferson City, MO.
03 Stansbery, D.H. 1985. Pers. comm. Museum of Zoology, Ohio State
University, Columbus.
04 Gordon, M. 1985. Pers. comm. Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
05 Utterback, W.I. 1915. The naiades of Missouri. Am. Midl. Nat.
4(3-8):200.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, CURTIS'
Species Id ESIS403002
Date 13 MAR 96
06 Johnson, R.I. 1978. Systematics and zoogeography of Plagiola
(=Dysnomia=Epioblasma) an almost extinct genus of freshwater
mussels (Bivalvia:Unionidae) from Middle North America. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. 148(6):239-321.
07 Utterback, W.I. 1917. Naiad geography of Missouri. Am. Midl.
Nat. 5(1):26-30.
08 Buchanan, A.C. 1979. Mussels (naiades) of the Little Black River
Basin in Missouri and Arkansas. USDA, Soil Conserv. Serv.,
Columbia, MO. 69 pp.
09 Buchanan, A.C. 1982. A study of Epioblasma florentina curtisi
(Utterback 1915), the Curtis' pearly mussel, in the Upper Little
Black River, Missouri. USDA, Soil Conserv. Serv., Columbia, MO.
11 pp.
10 Miller, A.C. and P.D. Hartfield. 1986. A survey for live mussels
in the Black and Spring Rivers, Arkansas. 1985. U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, Misc. Pap. EL-87-7. 13 pp. + tables.
11 Harris, J.L. and M.E. Gordon. 1983. Distribution and status of
fourteen species of freshwater mussels considered rare or
endangered in Arkansas. Rept. to AR Nat. Heritage Commission.
23 pp + appendices.
12 Miller, A.C. and D.A. Nelson. 1984. A survey for mussels on the
Black and Spring Rivers, Arkansas, 16 and 17 November, 1983. Rept.
by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterway Exper. Sta. 9 pp.
13 Gordon, M.E., et al. 1984. Mussel fauna of the Black and Spring
Rivers in northeast Arkansas. Rept. to Little Rock Dist., Army
Corps of Engineers. 27 pp.
References - 2