(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
OTHER COMMON NAMES - MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY; MUSSEL, DROMEDARY; SHELL and CAMEL
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Aquatic Molluscs
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MOLLUSCA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - BIVALVIA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - UNIONOIDA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - UNIONIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - DROMUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - DROMAS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - DROMUS DROMAS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Dromedary Pearly Mussel
Dromus dromas (Lea, 1834)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Clam
PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia
ORDER: Unionoida FAMILY: Unionidae
D. dromas is a medium-sized Cumberlandian species with solid,
somewhat inflated valves (01). Beaks are high and set forward with
sculpture consisting of fine ridges parallel with growth lines. The
valve surface is marked by irregular, concentric growth lines, often
with a ridge or hump on the median line at a point of earlier growth
(02). The posterior, dorsal, ventral, and anterior margins are
rounded; hinge ligament is long and rounded as well (02).
Periostracum covering the outer shell is generally brown or
yellow-green with broken green rays. Numerous rays of broken dots and
lines mixed with wider green rays or blotches also occur, particularly
anteriorly. Nacre color is generally pink or white but can be salmon
or reddish in headwater sections (01). Beak cavities are deep and
compressed.
D. dromas was described by Lea in 1834 from the Harpeth and
Cumberland rivers, TN, and the headwaters form D. dromas caperatus was
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
described by Lea in 1845 from the Clinch River TN (01). Big river
specimens usually have a distinct hump ventral to the umbo whereas
headwater specimens usually do not. Coloration of the nacre is more
variable in the form caperatus, ranging from pink to purple (03).
The EPA Bio-Storet listing of the species is in error,
misspelling the specific name, "dromus". The proper spelling is
"dromas".
Detailed descriptions and photographs of D. dromas are included
in previous publications (01,02,04).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Alabama; Federal Endangered
Alabama; Unofficially Listed
Kentucky; Federal Endangered
Kentucky; State Recognized
Tennessee; Federal Endangered
Tennessee; State Listed
Virginia; Federal Endangered
Virginia; State Recognized
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The dromedary pearly mussel (Dromus dromas) has been designated
an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including
the States of AL, KY, TN, and VA. However, the Federal Register list
identifies only TN and VA as historical distribution.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
DOD (COE) -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Alabama
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Endangered, Bulletin No. 2, Alabama Museum of
Natural History, Endangered and Threatened
Plants and Animals of Alabama.
STATE: Tennessee
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency;
Kentucky Dept. of Fish and Wildlife
Resources.
STATE STATUTES: (TN) TN Code Ann., Chapter 17, Sec. 11-1701
through 11-1715, Proclamations 75-15, 76-4 and
amendments.
STATE: Kentucky and Virginia
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: (KY) Kentucky Dept. of Fish and Wildlife
Resources;
(VA) Virginia Comm. of Game and Inland
Fisheries.
STATE STATUTES: (KY) Kentucky Fish and Wildlife Codes, 150.183,
Importing, transporting, or possessing
endangered species of wildlife;
(VA) State Code 29.230 to 29.237
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
CITES II
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The species has no commercial value, however, its sedentary
nature and filter feeding habits may make it useful as a water quality
indicator. It has been shown that mussels accumulate such pollutants
as heavy metals and pesticides.
74/10/17:39 FR 37078/37079 - Notice of review
75/09/26:40 FR 44329/44333 - Proposed rule
76/06/14:41 FR 24062/24066 - Final rule, listed as Endangered
76/06/16:14 FR 24367/24378 - Proposed - CITES II
77/02/22:42 FR 10484/10485 - Final rule - CITES II
81/02/27:46 FR 14652/14658 - Five year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Streams and Canals
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial UB1
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
D. dromas is classified as a riffle species, typically found in
shallow, fast water reaches with clean, stable substrate (01).
However, it also occurs in deeper water downstream and was found at a
depth of roughly 18 feet in the Cumberland River (01). Both shallow
and deeper water populations require adequate flow and stable
substrate. This species does not occur in the impounded sections of
rivers. It is apparently quite sedentary and remains well buried in
the substrate (14).
Habitat of the glochidia is initially within the gills of the
female, then in the water column, and finally attached to a suitable
fish host. Any alteration of these life stage-specific habitats
during its life cycle would likely affect the long term success of a
population. Habitat requirements or associations for the juvenile
stage are unknown. Specific environmental requirements for the adults
are also unknown.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Detritus
General Bacteria
General Phytoplankton
General Diatoms
General Zooplankton
General Fish
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
There are no known interspecific differences in feeding among
freshwater mussels (05). The glochidia are obligate parasites on the
gills or fins of fish (01). Adult mussels are filter-feeders and
consume particulate matter suspended in the water column.
Identifiable stomach contents almost invariably include mud, desmids,
diatoms, other unicellular algae, protozoa, and zooplankters (15,16).
No study of the food habits of D. dromas has been conducted;
required/preferred foods are, therefore, unknown.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Non-territorial. The species is sedentary during its adult life
and generally occurs in streams with others of its kind.
PERIODICITY:
Observations on the Powell River indicate that it is readily
exposed in the substrate during spring spawning and barely visible
during the rest of the year (14).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Non-migratory.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
The species occurs in shallow or deep water river sections with
moderate to fast current and stable, clean substrate. No
species-specific information on cover/shelter is available in the
literature.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
D. dromas is a riffle and run species that occurs in free-flowing
rivers with moderate to fast flow and stable substrate (01). Since
this species appears to be sedentary and movement is inconsequential,
this is the type of environment where all life history processes are
carried out, including reproduction.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
The reproductive cycle of D. dromas is presumed to be similar to
other freshwater mussels (01). During spawning, males discharge sperm
into the water column, and the sperm are taken in by the females
during siphoning. Eggs are fertilized in the female's suprabranchial
cavity or gills, which serve as marsupia for embryos developing to the
parasitic stage (glochidia). Glochidia are released by the female and
must attach to a suitable fish host for metamorphosis to the
free-living juvenile stage.
D. dromas is a long-term breeder, spawning in late summer,
retaining glochidia through fall and winter, and releasing glochidia
the following spring/summer. Gravid females have been observed in
September (02). Glochidia are bean-shaped without hooks (01). The
fish host(s) for D. dromas are unknown.
PARENTAL CARE:
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
Except for retention of the glochidia within the gills of the
female prior to release, no parental care occurs.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
No information exists on the population biology of this species.
Three populations apparently remain; upper Powell and Clinch Rivers,
and mainstem Cumberland River.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
The required fish hosts for the parasitic glochidia of this
species are unknown (01).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
Results of archaeological research indicate that, at least in
earlier times, this species was one of the most abundant in the
Tennessee River (02).
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Regulating commercial harvest levels
Adverse Incidental Capturing/Killing
Existing Incidental Capturing/Killing
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Underground Mines
Existing Underground Mines
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Water Temperature Alteration
Existing Water Temperature Alteration
Adverse Dissolved Oxygen Reduction
Existing Dissolved Oxygen Reduction
Adverse Water Level Fluctuation
Existing Water Level Fluctuation
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Applying herbicides
Existing Applying herbicides
Adverse Applying pesticides
Existing Applying pesticides
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Erosion
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Existing Erosion
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The mussel fauna in most streams of the upper Tennessee River
drainage has been impacted by dam construction, channelization,
siltation, and water pollution, which directly affect all mussel
species (01,05). The change from lotic to lentic conditions because
of dams has also altered the species composition of the fish
community, thus jeopardizing the reproductive success of some mussel
species by eliminating required fish hosts. A total of 51
impoundments on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers has eliminated
large sections of riverine habitat within the historic range of the
dromedary mussel. Although siltation has been suggested as the most
significant adverse effect of impoundments on mussels (05), other
detrimental factors include lowered water temperatures, pH changes,
oxygen depletion, and dewatering of mussel beds below dams (05).
Mussel deaths can occur in substrate on which 0.6-2.5 cm of silt has
accumulated, resulting in interference with feeding and suffocation
(06). The siphoning period and metabolic rate of mussels can also be
affected by such contaminants as heavy metals and agricultural
chemicals (07).
Coal waste from mining activities has contributed additional
particulate matter to natural sediment loads, particularly in the
Cumberland and Powell Rivers. Negative impacts on mussels from coal
washing and fly ash waste have heen indentified as major problems to
recovery of this species and others in these rivers (01,08,09).
Water pollution is another major factor that has contributed to
the endangered status of the dromedary. Numerous streams in the upper
Tennessee drainage were polluted by the early twentieth century, and
the mussel fauna was in decline at that time (10). The decline of
this species in the Cumberland drainage has resulted probably from
acid mine wastes and other mining related impacts (01,11). Its
historic occurrence in the Clinch River was likely affected by
chemical spills in 1967 and 1970 at the APCO plant in Carbo, VA (12,
13).
All of the factors mentioned above (impoundments, siltation,
coal mining, and water pollution) are still considered potential
threats to remaining populations of D. dromas. Other factors that may
also be affecting this species include collecting by
conchologists/commercial clammers, the invasion of the Asiatic clam
(Corbicula fluminea) into the Tennessee and Cumberland drainages, and
the smaller gene pool which may be approaching minimum population size
needed for sufficient genetic variation to respond to environmental
changes.
Substantial mussel die-offs of unknown origin that have
occurred in the Tennessee and Cumberland River drainages since
1982 also pose a direct threat to the species' survival.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Dromedary Pearly Mussel
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 58 pp.
Actions for the recovery of Dromus dromas include:
(1) Conduct population and habitat surveys to determine the status
and range of the species.
(2) Determine specific threats to the species and minimize or
eliminate these threats. Activities that typically adversely
impact the habitat are coal washing, strip mining, development,
dredging, application of herbicides or pesticides, toxic spills,
oil and gas drilling, coal slurry pipelines and road and bridge
construction.
(3) Identify essential habitat areas in need of protection. Make use
of land agreements, mussel sanctuaries, Scenic River status and
land acquisition where feasible.
(4) It is unlikely that the species will recover sufficiently to be
removed from the Federal endangered or threatened species list
unless new populations are established by introducing individuals
back into the historic range and unless the Powell and Clinch
river populations are expanded. Methods to accomplish this might
include introduction of adult/juvenile mussels, glochidia
infected host fish, artificially cultured individuals or other
means.
(5) Continue to utilize existing legal mechanisms to protect the
species and its habitat.
(6) Control the incidental or illegal take of mussels by commercial
and non-commercial collecting.
Except for enforcement of regulations, there are no recovery
efforts presently underway for this species.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Agency Draft Recovery Plan
for the Dromedary Pearly Mussel, Dromus dromas (Lea, 1834) Dromus
dromas form caperatus (Lea, 1845). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Region 4, Atlanta, GA. 52 pp.
02 Bogan, A.E. and P.W. Parmalee. 1983. Tennessee's rare wildlife.
Vol.II: the mollusks. Tenn. Wildl. Resour. Agency, Tenn. Dept.
Conserv., and Tenn. Heritage Prog., Univ. Tenn., Knoxville, TN.
123 pp.
03 Simpson, C.T. 1914. A descriptive catalogue of the naiades, or
pearly freshwater mussels. Bryant Walker, Detroit, MI. 3 Vol.
1540 pp.
04 Parker, W. and L. Dixon. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife
of Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. N.C.
Agric. Ext. Serv. 122 pp.
05 Fuller, S.L.H. 1974. Clams and mussels (Mollusca:Bivalvia).
Pages 215-273. IN: C. W. Hart and S. L. H. Fuller (eds.).
Pollution Ecology of Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press,
N.Y.
06 Ellis, M.M. 1931. Some factors affecting the replacement of the
commercial fresh-water mussels. U.S. Bur. Fish. Circ. No.7. 10pp.
07 Salanki, J. 1979. Behavioural studies in mussels under changing
environmental conditions. Symp. Biol. Hung. 19:169-176.
08 Starnes, L.E. and W.C. Starnes. 1980. Discovery of a new
population of Pegias fabula (Lea) (Unionidae). Nautilus 94:5-6.
09 Branson, B.A. 1974. Stripping the Appalachians. Nat. Hist.
83:53-60.
10 Ortmann, A.E. 1918. The nayades (freshwater mussels) of the
upper Tennessee drainage with notes on synonymy and distribution.
Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Phila. 57:521-626.
11 Neel, J.K. and W.R. Allen. 1964. The mussel fauna of the upper
Cumberland Basin before its impoundment. Malacologia 1:417-459.
12 Raleigh, R.F., D.H. Bennett, and L.O. Mohn. 1978. Changes in
fish stocks after major fish kills in the Clinch River near St.
Paul, Virginia. Am. Midl. Nat. 99:1-9.
13 Cairns, J., Jr., J.S. Crossman, K.L. Dickson, and E.E. Herricks.
1971. The recovery of damaged streams. Assoc. Southeast. Biol.
Bull. 18:79-106.
14 Neves, R.J. 1984. Personal observations. Va. Coop. Fish. Res.
Unit, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA.
15 Coker, R.E., A.F. Shira, H.W. Clark, and A.D. Howard. 1921.
Natural history and propagation of fresh-water mussels. Bull. U.S.
Bur. Fish. 37:77-181.
16 Churchill, E.P., Jr. and S.I. Lewis. 1924. Food and feeding in
freshwater mussels. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 39:439-471.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Pardue, J.W. 1981. A survey of the mussels (Unionidae) of the
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
upper Tennessee River. Sterkiana 71:41-51.
02 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Agency Draft Recovery Plan
for the Dromedary Pearly Mussel, Dromus dromas (Lea, 1834) Dromus
dromas form caperatus (Lea, 1845). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Region 4, Atlanta, GA. 52 pp.
03 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). 1976. Mussel fauna of the
Cumberland River in Tennessee. TVA unpublished data. Div.
Environ. Planning, Water Qual. Ecol. Branch, Muscle Shoals, AL, and
Div. For. Fish. Wildl. Develop., Norris, TN.
04 Bogan, A.E. and P.W. Parmalee. 1983. Tennessee's rare
wildlife. Vol. II: the mollusks. Tenn. Wildl. Resour. Agency,
Tenn. Dept. Conserv., and Tenn. Heritage Prog., Univ. Tenn.,
Knoxville, TN. 123 pp.
05 Parmalee, P.W., W.E. Klippel, and A.E. Bogan. 1980. Notes on
the prehistoric and present status of the naiad fauna of the middle
Cumberland River, Smith County, Tennessee. Nautilus 94:93-105.
06 Neves, R.J., G.B. Pardue, E.F. Benfield, and S.D. Dennis.
1980. Final Rept. Va. Comm. Game Inland Fish. Proj. No. E-F-1.
140 pp.
07 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). 1979. An evolution of mussel
populations in the Clinch River, Tennessee and Virginia. TVA
unpublished data. Div. Water Res., Fish. Aquat. Ecol. Branch,
Norris, TN. 14 pp.
08 Bates, J.M. and S.D. Dennis. 1978. The mussel fauna of the
Clinch River, Tennessee and Virginia. Sterkiana 69-70:3-23.
09 Stansbery, D.H. 1973. A preliminary report on the naiad fauna of
the Clinch River in the southern Appalachian mountains of Virginia
and Tennessee (Mollusca:Bivalvia:Unionidae). Am. Malacol. Union
Bull. 1972:20-22.
10 Neves, R.J. 1984. Personal collection records. Va. Coop. Fish.
Res. Unit, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA.
11 Dennis, S.D. 1981. Mussel fauna of the Powell River, Tennessee
and Virginia. Sterkiana 71:1-7.
12 Ahlsted, S.A. and S.R. Brown. 1980. The naiad fauna of the
Powell River in Virginia and Tennessee (Bivalvia:Unionacea). Bull.
Am. Malacol. Union. 1979:40-43.
13 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). 1979. An evaluation of mussel
populations in the Powell River, Tennessee and Virginia. TVA
unpublished data. Div. Water Resour., Fish. Aquat. Ecol. Branch,
Norris, TN. 15 pp.
14 Boepple, J.F. and R.E. Coker. 1912. Mussel resources of the
Holston and Clinch Rivers of eastern Tennessee. Bur. Fish. Doc.
No.765:3-13.
15 Ortmann, A.E. 1918. The nayades (freshwater mussels) of the
upper Tennessee drainage with notes on synonymy and distribution.
Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Phila. 57:521-626.
16 Ortmann, A.E. 1925. The naiad fauna of the Tennessee River
system below Walden Gorge. Am. Midl. Nat. 9:321-372.
17 Isom, B.G., P. Yokley, Jr., and C.H. Gooch. 1973. Mussels of
the Elk River Basin in Alabama and Tennessee, 1965-1967. Am. Midl.
Nat. 89:437-442.
18 van der Schalie, H. 1939. Additional notes on the naiades
(freshwater mussels) of the lower Tennessee River. Am. Midl. Nat.
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, DROMEDARY
Species Id ESIS404005
Date 13 MAR 96
22:452-457.
19 Wilson, C.B., and H.W. Clark. 1914. The mussels of the
Cumberland River and its tributaries. Bur. Fish. Doc. No.781.
63 pp.
20 Lea, I. 1834. Observations on the naiades; and descriptions of
new species of that and other families. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
5:23-119.
21 Shoup, C.S., J.H. Peyton, and G. Gentry. 1941. A limited survey
of the Obey River and adjacent streams in Tennessee. Tenn. Dept.
Conserv., Div. Game and Fish, Misc. Publ. No.3. 76 pp.
References - 3