(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
OTHER COMMON NAMES - MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK; MUCKET, PINK; SHELL, ORB and OHIO
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Aquatic Molluscs
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MOLLUSCA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - BIVALVIA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - UNIONOIDA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - UNIONIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - LAMPSILIS,
SPECIES AND SSP - ORBICULATA,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - LAMPSILIS ORBICULATA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Pink Mucket Pearly Mussel
Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth, 1828)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Clam
PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia
ORDER: Unionoida FAMILY: Unionidae
L. orbiculata is a relatively large inflated species, subovate to
subquadrate in outline, attaining a size of roughly 105 mm in length
(01,02). The valves are heavy and thick, gaping at the
anterio-ventral margin. This species is sexually dimorphic; males
have a rounded anterior margin and a somewhat pointed posterior
margin whereas females are rounded anteriorly but have an expanded,
truncated posterio-ventral area to accomodate the gravid condition
(03,04). The posterior ridge is prominent in males, distinct along
the dorsal margin (02). Periostracum is smooth with uneven concentric
growth lines, yellow to yellow-brown with green rays on young
specimens. Beak cavity is deep and umbos are moderately inflated and
inclined forward, above the hinge line (01). Adductor muscle scars
and pallial line are well impressed. Nacre color varies from white to
pink, with the posterior margin iridescent (02).
There is some controversy on the taxonomy of this species and its
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
recognition from species of similar appearance. The description of
Unio orbiculatus by Hildreth in 1828 from the Muskingum River, OH does
not fit that of L. Orbiculata (01). Hildreth's description may be for
Obovaria retusa (04,05) or O. subrotunda (06). The earliest
recognizable description for the pink mucket is by Say in 1831 for
Unio abruptus. The appropriate binomial for L. orbiculata is
therefore L. abrupta (06). L. abrupta resembles L. higginsi very
closely, and male pink muckets are difficult to distinguish from
Actinonaias carinata. Field identification of L. abrupta,
particularly males, is therefore difficult.
Detailed descriptions and photographs of L. orbiculata are
available in previously published documents (01,02,07).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Alabama; Federal Endangered
Alabama; Unofficially Listed
Arkansas; Federal Endangered
Arkansas; State Recognized
Kentucky; Federal Endangered
Kentucky; State Recognized
Tennessee; Federal Endangered
Tennessee; State Listed
West Virginia; Federal Endangered
West Virginia; State Recognized
West Virginia; Unofficially Listed
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The pink mucket pearly mussel (Lampsilis orbiculata) has been
designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the States of AL, AR, IL, IN, KY, MO, PA, TN, and WV.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
The species is protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(16 U.S.C. 703-711 et seq.; 50 CFR 10.13).
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
DOD (COE) -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).
Management practices that would cause detrimental
changes in water temperature or composition, water
course blockage, or sediment deposits within 100 feet
of the edges of perennial streams, lakes or other
bodies of water are prohibited (36 CFR 219.27(e)).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Alabama
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Endangered, Bulletin No. 2, Alabama Museum of
Natural History, Endangered and Threatened
Plants and Animals of Alabama.
STATE: Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and West
Virginia
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: (Arkansas) Game and Fish Commission.
(Indiana) Dept. of Natural Resources.
(Kentucky) Dept. of Fish and Wildlife
Resources.
(Pennsylvania) Game Commission.
(West Virginia) Dept. of Natural Resour.
STATE STATUTES: (Arkansas) Amendment #35 of Arkansas State
Constitution, 1945.
(Indiana) IN Stat. Annot. 14-2-8.5-1; 310 IN
Admin. Code 3-3-6.
(Kentucky) Fish and Wildlife, Codes, 150.183.
Importing, transporting, or possessing
endangered species or wildlife.
(Pennsylvania) 58 PA Code, Sec. 147.1 and
147.21, March 1983.
Status - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
(West Virginia) Reorganization Plan Numbered 4
of 1970 as cited in App. A of the Limited
Authorities Cooperative Agreement with the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service.
STATE: Illinois, Missouri, and Tennessee
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: (Illinois) Department of Conservation.
(Missouri) Department of Conservation.
(Tennessee) Wildlife Resources Agency.
STATE STATUTES: (Illinois) Revised Statute 1983, Chapter 8, Sec.
331-340, P.A. 77-2186.
(Missouri) Revised Statute 252.240
Wildlife Code (Regulations) 3CFR10-4.111.
(Tennessee) Tennessee Code Ann., Chapter 9,
Section 51-901 through 51-912, Proclamations
75-14, 76-4 and amendments.
STATE: West Virginia
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Federally Endangered, Department of Natural
Resources, Wildlife Resources Division, Special
Animal List.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
CITES I
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
There are no known commercial values, however, the species'
sedentary nature and filter feeding habits may make it useful as a
water quality indicator. It has been shown that mussels accumulate
such pollutants as heavy metals and pesticides.
74/10/17:39 FR 37078/37079 - Notice of Review
75/09/26:40 FR 44329/44333 - Proposed Rule
76/06/14:41 FR 24062/24067 - Final Rule, listed as Endangered
76/06/16:41 FR 24367/24378 - Proposal - CITES I
77/02/22:42 FR 10484/10485 - Final - CITES-I
81/02/27:46 FR 14652/14658 - Five year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 3 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Streams and Canals
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial UB1
Riverine, upper perennial SB2
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
L. orbiculata is a species found in medium to large rivers.
Habitat is characterized by flowing water and substrates that range
from silt to boulders, but primarily cobble, gravel, and sand (11,16,
17). The species is most often found in larger rivers with moderate
to fast-flowing water, at depths from 0.5 to 8.0 m (01). It has been
collected in riffles with strong current (02,18) as well in both
standing and flowing water (17). It does not typically occur in the
impounded sections of rivers and is apparently quite sedentary in the
substrate. Nothing is known about specific environmental requirements
for adults or any other life stage.
Habitat of the glochidia is initially within the gills of the
female, then in the water column, and finally attached to a suitable
fish host. any alteration of these life stage-specific habitats
during its life cycle would likely affect the long-term success of a
population. Habitat requirements or associations for the juvenile
stage are unknown.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Detritus
General Bacteria
General Phytoplankton
General Diatoms
General Zooplankton
General Fish
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
There are no known interspecific differences in feeding among
freshwater mussels (08). The glochidia are obligate parasites on the
gills or fins of fish. Adult mussels are filter-feeders and consume
particulate matter suspended in the water column. Identifiable
stomach contents almost invariably include mud, desmids, diatoms,
other unicellular algae, protozoa, and zooplankters (19,20). No study
of the food habits of L. orbiculata has been conducted;
required/preferred foods are therefore unknown.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Non-territorial.
The species is believed to be sedentary during its adult life and
generally occurs in rivers with others of its kind.
PERIODICITY:
No known periodicity. However, other Lampsilis exhibit a
seasonal periodicity during spawning. The females are readily visible
in the stream bottom with exposed mantle flaps when gravid, and appear
to burrow more deeply during the remainder of the year (21).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Non-migratory.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
This species occurs in medium to large rivers with various
substrate types and moderate to fast velocities (01). No
species-specific information on cover/shelter is available in the
literature.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
L. orbiculata is a flowing water species that occupies various
substrate types in medium to large rivers (01). Since this species
is believed to be sedentary and movement is inconsequential, this is
the type of environment where all life history processes are carried
out, including reproduction.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
The reproductive cycle of L. orbiculata is presumed to be similar
to other freshwater mussels. During spawing, males discharge sperm
into the water column, and the sperm are taken in by the females
during siphoning. Eggs are fertilized in the female's suprabranchial
cavity or gills, which serve as marsupia for embryos developing to the
parasitic stage (glochidia). Glochidia are released by the female and
must attach to a suitable fish host for metamorphosis to the
free-living juvenile stage.
The pink mucket is a long-term breeder, spawning in summer and
retaining glochidia through fall and winter (01). Females become
gravid in August and contain glochidia in September (18,22). Although
the sauger and freshwater drum were identified as hosts for L.
orbiculata (08), those fish species are tentatively identified hosts
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
for L. higginsi which he probably considered a synonym. The fish
hosts for the pink mucket are unknown.
The anatomy of female L. orbiculata is similar to other Lampsilis
spp., with a mantle flap that is used during reproduction (22,23).
The glochidia are bean-shaped and hookless, and females may contain
two sizes when gravid (01,23).
PARENTAL CARE:
Except for retention of the glochidia within the gills of the
female prior to release, no parental care occurs.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
No information exists on the population biology of this species.
It apparently was never common at any location (01). The species is
being taken ("hundreds of fresh dead specimens") by commercial
musselmen in the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers (01).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
The required fish hosts for the parasitic glochidia of this
species are unknown (01).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
The Cumberland River appears to have a reproducing population and
may tolerate the impounded conditions of the Tennessee and Cumberland
Rivers (01).
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Restricting Timber Harvest
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Regulating commercial harvest levels
Adverse Incidental Capturing/Killing
Existing Incidental Capturing/Killing
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Underground Mines
Existing Underground Mines
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Water Temperature Alteration
Existing Water Temperature Alteration
Adverse Dissolved Oxygen Reduction
Existing Dissolved Oxygen Reduction
Adverse Water Level Fluctuation
Existing Water Level Fluctuation
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Applying herbicides
Existing Applying herbicides
Adverse Applying pesticides
Existing Applying pesticides
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse
Existing
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The mussel fauna in most streams of the Tennessee River drainage
and other large rivers in the central U.S. have been impacted by dam
construction, channelization, siltation, and water pollution, which
directly affect all mussel species (08). Creation of impoundments by
damming has also altered the species composition of the fish
community, thus jeopardizing the reproductive success of some mussel
species by eliminating required fish hosts. Although siltation has
been suggested as the most significant adverse effect of impoundments
on mussels (08), other detrimental factors include lowered water
temperatures, pH changes, oxygen depletion, and dewatering of mussel
beds below dams (08). Mussel deaths can occur in substrate on which
0.6-2.5 cm of silt has accumulated, resulting in interference with
feeding and suffocation (09). The siphoning period and metabolic rate
of mussels can also be affected by such contaminants as heavy metals
and agricultural chemicals (10). The impact of impoundments and
siltation on mussels is documented in the literature (01,11,12,13).
Water pollution has probably contributed to the decline of this
species. Acid mine drainage in tributaries of the Cumberland River
has reduced the diverse mussel assemblage that occurred there (14).
Numerous tributaries in the upper Tennessee River drainage were
polluted already by the twentieth century, and the mussel fauna was in
a decline at that time (15). Coal waste from mining activities in the
southeastern U.S. has contributed additional particulate and chemical
pollutants.
All of the factors above are still considered potential threats
to remaining populations of L. orbiculata. Other factors that may
also be affecting this species include incidental taking by commercial
musselmen (01), invasion of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), and
the smaller gene pool which may be approaching the minimum population
size needed for sufficient genetic variation to respond to
environmental changes.
Substantial mussel die-offs of unknown origin that have
occurred throughout the species' range since 1982 pose a direct
threat to the species' survival.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Pink Mucket Pearly Mussel
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 45 pp.
Recovery actions for the pink mucket pearly mussel include:
(1) Conduct population and habitat surveys to determine the status
and range of the species.
(2) Identify essential habitat areas in need of protection.
Establish and expand mussel sanctuaries where feasible.
(3) Determine specific threats faced by the species. Many factors
presently affect the species and its habitat. The negative impacts
must be identified and remedied if recovery is to be reached. Impacts
include impoundments, siltation, and water pollution which may result
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
from dam construction, channelization, strip mining, coal washing,
dredging, poor agricultural practices, logging, road construction, and
sewage waste discharges.
(4) Continue to utilize existing legal mechanisms to protect the
species and its habitat.
(5) Control the illegal take of the species by commercial mussel
fishermen.
Except for enforcement of regulations, there are no recovery
efforts presently underway for this species.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Agency Draft Recovery Plan
for the Pink Mucket Pearly Mussel, Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth,
1828). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 44 pp.
02 Bogan, A.E. and P.W. Parmalee. 1983. Tennessee's rare wildlife
Volume II: the molluscs. Tenn. Wildl. Resour. Agency, Tenn. Dep.
Conserv, and Tenn. Heritage Prog., Univ. Tenn., Knoxville, TN.
123 pp.
03 Simpson, C.T. 1914. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, or
Pearly Freshwater Mussels. Bryant Walker, Detroit, MI. 1540 pp.
04 Johnson, R.I. 1980. Zoogeography of Morth American Unionacea
(Mollusca:Bivalvia) north of the maximum Pleistocene glaciation.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 149. 189 pp.
05 Frierson, L.S. 1927. A Classified and Annotated Checklist of the
North American Naiades. Baylor Univ. Press, Waco, TX. 111 pp.
06 Clarke, A.H. 1982. Survey of the freshwater mussels of the upper
Kanawha River (RM 91-95), Fayette County, West Virginia, with
special reference to Epioblasma torulosa (Rafinesque) and Lampsilis
abrupta (Say) (=Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth), of authors).
Final Rep. U.S. Fish Wild. Serv., Region 5, Newton Corner, MA.
45 pp.
07 Parker, W. and L. Dixon. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife
of Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. N.C.
Agric. Ext. Serv. 116 pp.
08 Fuller, S.L.H. 1974. Clams and mussels (Mollusca:Bivalvia).
Pages 215-273. IN: C.W. Hart and S.L.H. Fuller (eds.). Pollution
Ecology of Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press, N.Y.
09 Ellix, M.M. 1931. Some factors affecting replacement of the
commercial freshwater mussels. U.S. Dep. Comm., Bur. Fish. Circ.
No.7. 10 pp.
10 Salanki, J. 1979. Behavioural studies in mussels under changing
environmental conditions. Symp. Biol. Hung. 19:169-176.
11 Hickman, M.E. 1937. A contribution to mollusca of east Tennessee.
M.S. Thesis, Univ. Tenn., Knoxville, TN. 165 pp.
12 Cahn, A.R. 1936. The molluscan fauna of the Clinch River below
Norris Dam upon completion of that structure. Unpublished report.
TVA, Norris, TN.
13 Fuller, S.L.H. 1977. Freshwater and terrestrial mollusks. Pages
143-194. IN: J.E. Cooper, S.S. Robinson, and J.B. Funderburg
(eds). Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North
Carolina. N.C. State Mus. Nat. Hist., Raleigh, NC.
14 Neel, J.K. and W. Allen. 1964. The mussel fauna of the upper
Cumberland Basin before its impoundment. Malacologia 1:427-459.
15 Ortmann, A.E. 1918. The nayades (freshwater mussels) of the upper
Tennessee drainage with notes on synonymy and distribution. Proc.
Am. Phil. Soc., Phila. 57:521-626.
16 Yokley, P., Jr. 1972. Freshwater mussel ecology, Kentucky Lake,
Tennessee. Tenn. Game Fish Comm. Proj. 4-46R. 133 pp.
17 Buchanan, A.C. 1980. Mussels (naiades) of the Meramec River
basin. Mo. Dep. Conserv. Aquat. Ser. No.17. 68 pp.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
18 Ortmann, A.E. 1919. A monograph of the naiades of Pennsylvania.
Pt.3. Systematic account of the genera and species. Mem. Carnegie
Mus. 8:1-389.
19 Coker, R.E., A.F. Shira, H.W. Clark, and A.D. Howard. 1921.
Natural history and propagation of fresh-water mussels. Bull. U.S.
Bur. Fish. 37:77-181.
20 Churchill, E.P., Jr. and S.I. Lewis. 1924. Food and feeding in
freshwater mussels. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 39:439-471.
21 Neves, R.J. 1985. Personal observations. Va. Coop. Fish. Res.
Unit, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA.
22 Ortmann, A.E. 1912. Notes upon the families and genera of the
nayades. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8:222-365.
23 Ortmann, A.E. 1911. Monograph of the naiades of Pennsylvania.
Mem. Carnegie Mus. 4:279-347.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Agency Draft Recovery Plan
for the Pink Mucket Pearly Mussel, Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth,
1828). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 44 pp.
02 Ortmann, A.E. 1918. The nayades (freshwater mussels of the upper
Tennessee drainage with notes on synonymy and distribution. Proc.
Am. Phil. Soc., Phila. 57:521-626.
03 Johnson, R.I. 1980. Zoogeography of Morth American Unionacea
(Mollusca:Bivalvia) north of the maximum Pleistocene glaciation.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 149. 189 pp.
04 Ortmann, A.E. 1925. The naiad fauna of the Tennessee River system
below Walden Gorge. Am Midl. Nat. 9:321-372.
05 Lewis, J. 1871. On the shells of the Holston River. Am. J.
Conchol. 6:216-228.
06 Wilson, C.B. and H.W. Clark. 1914. The mussels of the Cumberland
River and its tributaries. U.S. Bur. Fish. Doc. No.781. 63 pp.
07 Shoup, C.S., J.H. Peyton, and G. Gentry. 1941. A limited survey
of the Obey River and adjacent streams in Tennessee. Tenn. Dep.
Conserv., Div. Game Fish. Misc. Publ. No.3. 76 pp.
08 Call, R.E. 1900. A descriptive illustrated catalogue of the
mollusca of Indiana. Ind. Dep. Geol. Nat. Resour. Annu. Rep.
24:335-535.
09 Ortmann, A.E. 1919. A monograph of the naiades of Pennsylvania.
Pt.3. Systematic account of the genera and species. Mem. Carnegie
Mus. 8:1-389.
10 Taylor, R.W. and R. Hughart. 1981. The freshwater naiads of the
Elk River, West Virginia with a comparison of earlier collections.
Nautilus 95:21-25.
11 Stansbery, D.H. 1972. A preliminary list of the naiad shells
recovered from the Buffalo site. Pages 105-106. IN: B.J.
Broyles, A late 17th century Indian village site (46 Pu 31) in
Putnam County, West Virginia. Rep. Arch. Inv. No.5, W.V. Geol.
Econ. Surv., Morgantown, WV.
12 Baker, F.C. 1906. A catalogue of the mollusca of Illinois. Bull.
Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 7:53-136.
13 Wheeler, H.E. 1918. The mollusca of Clark County, Arkansas.
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, MUCKET, PINK
Species Id ESIS404009
Date 13 MAR 96
Nautilus 31:109-125.
14 Pardue, J.W. 1981. a survey of the mussels (Unionidae) of the
upper Tennessee River. Sterkiana 71:41-51.
15 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). 1979. An evaluation of mussel
populations in the Clinch River, Tennessee and Virginia.
Unpublished data. Div. Water Resour., Fish. Aquat. Ecol. Branch,
Norris, TN. 14 pp.
16 Parmalee, P.W., W.E. Klippel, and A.E. Bogan. 1980. Notes on the
prehistoric and present status of the naiad fauna of the middle
Cumberland River, Smith County, Tennessee. Nautilus 94:93-105.
17 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1981. Draft environmental
impact statement for Mammoth Cave area, Kentucky. USEPA Region IV,
Atlanta, GA.
18 Clarke, A.H. 1982. Survey of the freshwater mussels of the upper
Kanawha River (RM 91-95), Fayette County, West Virginia, with
special reference to Epioblasma torulosa (Rafinesque) and Lampsilis
abrupta (Say) (=Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth), of authors).
Final Rep. U.S. Fish Wild. Serv., Region 5, Newton Corner, MA.
45 pp.
19 Grace, T.B. and A.C. Buchanan. 1981. Naiades (mussels) of the
lower Osage River, Tqavern Creek, and Maries River, Missouri. Mo.
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20 Buchanan, A.C. 1980. Mussels (naiades) of the Meramec River
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21 Buchanan, A.C. 1979. Mussels (naiades) of the Little Black River
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22 Taylor, R.W. 1983. a survey of the freshwater mussels of the
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23 Bogan, A.E. and P.W. Parmalee. 1983. Tennessee's rare wildlife
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24 Oesch, R.D. 1984. Missouri naiades. A guide to the mussels of
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References - 3