(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
OTHER COMMON NAMES - MUSSEL, PEARLY and BIRDWING; BIRDWING
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Aquatic Molluscs
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MOLLUSCA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - BIVALVIA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - UNIONOIDA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - UNIONIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - CONRADILLA,
SPECIES AND SSP - CAELATA,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - CONRADILLA CAELATA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Birdwing Pearly Mussel
Conradilla caelata (Conrad, 1834)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Clam
PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia
ORDER: Unionoida FAMILY: Unionidae
The birdwing is a relatively small species, seldom exceeding
50 mm in length and 40 mm in height (01). Valves are solid, slightly
inflated, and subtriangular to subovate in outline (02). The
posterior ridge is well developed and somewhat rounded, and the
posterior half to two-thirds of the shell is marked by strong,
corrugated, subradial sculpture (03). The outer shell layer
(periostracum) is green to nearly black (old specimens), with faint
rays often present on young specimens. Inside color of the shell
(nacre) is always white and iridescent posteriorly (02). The species
is sexually dimorphic; females are smaller, more ovate, and usually
inflated (04). The beak cavity of both sexes is very shallow.
This species is in a monotypic genus and is easily separated from
all other species. No subspecies or varieties of this species have
been recognized. However, this species also goes by the binomial
Lemiox rimosus Rafinesque, 1831 (01). The original description of
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
this species by Rafinesque included characteristics which do not
appear to apply; discrepancies were noted in a later work (05).
Therefore, Conradilla caelata (Conrad, 1834) and Lemiox rimosus
Rafinesque, 1831 are synonyms.
Photographs and additional taxonomic descriptions of this species
are included in several publications (02,03,06).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Alabama; Federal Endangered
Alabama; Unofficially Listed
Tennessee; Federal Endangered
Tennessee; State Listed
Virginia; Federal Endangered
Virginia; State Recognized
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The birdwing pearly mussel (Conradilla caelata) has been
designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the States of Alabama, Tennessee and Virginia.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
DOD (COE) -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Alabama
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Extirpated; In: Boschung, H. ed. 1976.
Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals
of Alabama. AL Mus. of Nat. Hist. Bull. No.
2.
STATE: Tennessee
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Wildlife Resources Agency
STATE STATUTES: Tennessee Annotated Code, Chapter 9, Section
51-901 through 51-912; Proclamation 75-15, 76-4
and amendments.
STATE: Virginia
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries
STATE STATUTES: State Code 29.230 to 29.237
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
CITES I
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
There are no known commercial values for this species, however,
its sedentary nature and filter feeding habits may make it useful as a
water quality indicator. It has been shown that mussels accumulate
such pollutants as heavy metals and pesticides.
74/10/17:39 FR 37078/37079 - Notice of review
75/09/26:40 FR 44329/44333 - Proposed rule
76/06/14:41 FR 24062/24067 - Final rule
76/06/16:41 FR 24367/24378 - Proposal - CITES I
77/02/22:42 FR 10484/10485 - Final - CITES I
81/02/27:46 FR 14652/14658 - Five year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Streams and Canals
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial UB1
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Conradilla caelata is typically a riffle and run species that
inhabits shallow ford and shoal areas of free-flowing streams with
moderate gradient. However, it has been collected in roughly 6-7 feet
of water (02). The species is apparently intolerant of lentic
conditions and has been extirpated from many river sections that were
impounded within its historic range (02).
The species is rather sedentary and remains well-buried during
most of the year, with only siphons exposed (21). Fast-flowing water
over stable, relatively silt-free rubble, gravel, and sand substrates
describe the preferred habitat of this species (21).
Habitat of the glochidia is initially within the gills of the
female, then in the water column, and finally attached to a suitable
fish host. Any alteration of these life stage-specific habitats
during its life cycle would likely affect the long-term success of a
population. Habitat requirements or associations of the juvenile
stage are unknown.
Specific environmental parameters required by the species are
unknown. The seasonal ranges of temperature, pH, alkalinity,
turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, flow, etc. in the
Clinch, Duck, Elk, and Powell Rivers are assumed to be within the
tolerance range of the birdwing.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Detritus
General Bacteria
General Phytoplankton
General Diatoms
General Zooplankton
General Fish
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Adult freshwater mussels are filter-feeders and consume
particulate matter suspended in the water column. There are no known
interspecific differences in feeding among mussels (07). Identifiable
stomach contents almost invariably include mud, desmids, diatoms,
other unicellular algae, protozoa, and zooplankters (22,23). No study
on the food habits of the birdwing has been conducted;
required/preferred foods are therefore unknown.
The glochidia are obligate parasites on the gills of host fish
(02).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Non-territorial.
The birdwing is sedentary during its adult life and generally
occurs in river sections with others of its kind.
PERIODICITY:
The species exhibits a seasonal periodicity (21,24). During the
spawning period, the female is partly exposed in the river bottom and
readily visible. After spawning, females occur slightly deeper in the
substrate and are barely visible.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Non-migratory.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
The birdwing has been reported at water depths of up to 7 feet in
mixed substrate (02). This species occurs in a width range of water
depths and stable substrates, as long as adequate flow occurs in these
areas (21). No species-specific information on cover/shelter is
available in the literature.
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
The birdwing is categorized as a riffle species, found in
shallow, fast-flowing water with stable, clean substrate (02). It has
been reported at water depths of up to 7 feet (02). Since this
species is sedentary and movement is inconsequential, the riffle
habitat is where all life history processes, including reproduction,
are conducted.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
The reproductive cycle of the birdwing is similar to that of most
freshwater mussels (02). During spawning, males discharge sperm into
the water column, and the sperm are taken in by females during
siphoning. Eggs are fertilized in the female's gills or
suprabranchial cavity, which serves as a marsupium for embryos
developing to the parasitic stage (glochidia). Glochidia are released
by the female and must attach to a suitable fish host for
metamorphosis to the juvenile stage.
The birdwing is a long-term breeder, spawning and releasing
glochidia during spring and summer (02). Glochidia overwinter in the
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
female and are subovate and hookless (02). Three species of Notropis
were mentioned as potential fish hosts for the birdwing (25).
However, further life history work in 1980 indicated that the banded
darter can serve as a host for this species (02).
PARENTAL CARE:
Except for retention of the glochidia within the gills of the
female prior to release, no parental care occurs.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Little information exists on the population biology of this
species. Maximum age is roughly 20 years (21). Greatest density of
this species in the Clinch River was 1 per 10 square meters (16).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
One fish host for the parasitic glochidia of this species has
been identified; the banded darter, Etheostoma zonale (02). Potential
hosts mentioned in earlier work (25) were not confirmed in a later
study (02).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Water Temperature Alteration
Existing Water Temperature Alteration
Adverse Dissolved Oxygen Reduction
Existing Dissolved Oxygen Reduction
Adverse Water Level Fluctuation
Existing Water Level Fluctuation
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Applying herbicides
Existing Applying herbicides
Adverse Applying pesticides
Existing Applying pesticides
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The mussel fauna in many streams of the upper Tennessee River
drainage has been impacted by dam construction, channelization,
siltation, and water pollution, which directly affect all mussel
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
species (02,07). A total of 51 impoundments on the Tennessee and
Cumberland Rivers have eliminated large sections of riverine habitat
within the historic range of the birdwing (02). TVA has 36 dams in
the Tennessee River basin, 9 on the mainstem and the remainder on
tributaries (02). This change from lotic to lentic habitat has also
altered the species composition of the fish community, thus
jeopardizing the reproductive success of mussel species tolerant of
standing water by eliminating required fish hosts. Although
siltation has been suggested as the most significant adverse impact of
impoundments on mussels (07), other detrimental factors include
lowered water temperatures, pH changes, oxygen depletion, and
dewatering of mussel beds below dams (07). Mussel deaths can occur in
substrate on which as little as 0.6 - 2.5 cm of silt has accumulated,
resulting in interference with feeding and suffocation (08).
Coal waste from mining activities has contributed additional
particulate matter to natural sediment loads, particularly in the
Powell River and upper tributaries of the Clinch River (09). In
laboratory experiments with coal fines in suspension and coal waste in
the substrate, normal feeding activity and movements apparently are
affected (10). Negative impacts on most mussel species from coal
mining, coal washing, and fly ash waste have been identified as major
problems to mussel recovery in the Clinch River (02).
Water pollution is another major factor that has contributed to
the status of the birdwing (02). Many streams in Tennessee and
Virginia were already polluted by the early 1900's and their mussel
fauna already gone (11). The birdwing was eliminated from the North
Fork Holston River below Saltville, VA by chlorides, other effluents,
and mercury from a now defunct chemical plant at Saltville (12). In
the Clinch River, the range of this species was reduced by chemical
spills in 1967 and again in 1970 at the Clinch River Steam Plant in
Carbo, VA (13). The fauna apparently was eliminated for roughly 18
river miles below Carbo in 1967 and again for 11 river miles in 1970
(14). Recent biological surveys indicate that the mussel fauna has
not recovered from these spills (15,16,17).
The invasion of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) into
eastern rivers has been implicated as a competitor of freshwater
mussels (18). This exotic clam is now widespread in the Tennessee
drainage and may be affecting populations of the birdwing pearly
mussel. As with all environmental disturbances previously mentioned,
no species-specific data exist to document the deleterious effects of
these factors on the birdwing. One can only assume that most if not
all mussels respond similarly to environmental perturbations.
The most immediate threat to this species is TVA's completion of
Columbia Dam on the Duck River, which will eliminate the largest known
population of this species (02). The Duck River and its major
tributary, the Buffalo River, have suffered significant losses in
their mussel populations over the last 50 years. Changes in water
use, pollution below cities, phosphate mining, siltation, gravel
dredging, and Normandy Dam are all suspected of contributing to this
decline (02,19,20).
Substantial mussel die-offs of unknown origin have
occurred in the Tennessee River drainage since 1982 and have likely
reduced population numbers. Future die-offs pose a direct
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
threat to the species' survival.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Birdwing Pearly Mussel
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Atlanta, GA. 55 pp.
Recovery actions for the birdwing pearly mussel include:
(1) Continue to utilize existing legal mechanisms to protect the
species and its habitat.
(2) Conduct population and habitat surveys to determine the status
and range of the species.
(3) Determine present and forseeable threats to the species.
Negative impacts need to be identified and remedied if recovery is to
be reached. These impacts may include coal mining and related
pollution, road and bridge construction, dredging, herbicide and
pesticide spraying, chlorinated effluents and toxic spills.
(4) Utilize Scenic River status, mussel sanctuaries, land
acquisitions, agreements and/or other methods where feasible to
protect the habitat.
(5) Determine the feasibility of and methods (e.g., introducing
adults, juveniles, infected fish hosts, and/or artificially cultured
individuals) for reintroduction of the species into its historic
range.
(6) Investigate the necessity for habitat improvement and, if
feasible and desirable, identify techniques and sites for improvement
(e.g., restoration of stream banks and channels and assuring optimal
clean water flow).
Present recovery efforts involve studies to determine the impact
of chlorine on the mussel, distribution of young mussels, enforcement
of regulations, and development of an information and education
program.
As part of TVA's Cumberlandian Mollusk Conservation Program 4000
specimens of the birdwing were translocated from the Duck River to
four locations in Tennessee, the Nolichucky, North Fork Holston,
Buffalo, and Duck Rivers (See Occurrence Narrative).
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Stansbery, D.H. 1979. Unpublished report. The status of Lemiox
rimosus (Rafinesque, 1831) (Mollusca:Bivalvia:Unionida). Off.
Endang. Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wash., D.C. 9 pp.
02 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Recovery Plan for the
Birdwing Pearly Mussel [Conradilla caelata (Conrad, 1934)]. Agency
Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Asheville, NC. 50 pp.
03 Bogan, A. and P.W. Parmalee. 1983. Tennessee's rare wildlife
volume II: the mollusks. Tenn. Wildl. Resour. Agency and Tenn.
Nat. Heritage Prog. 123 pp.
04 Ortmann, A.E. 1916. The anatomy of Lemiox rimosus (Raf.).
Nautilus 30:39-41.
05 Ortmann, A.E. and R. Walker. 1922. On the nomenclature of certain
North American naiades. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.
112:1-75.
06 Parker, W. and L. Dixon. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife
of Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. N.C.
Agric. Ext. Serv. 122 pp.
07 Fuller, S.L.H. 1974. Clams and mussels (Mollusca:Bivalvia).
Pages 215-273. IN: C.W. Hart and S.L.H. Fuller, (eds). Pollution
Ecology of Freshwater Invertibrates. Academic Press, NY.
08 Ellis, M.M. 1936. Erosion silt as a factor in aquatic
environments. Ecology 17:29-42.
09 Ahlstedt, S.A. and S.R. Brown. 1980. The naiad fauna of the
Powell River in Virginia and Tennessee (Bivalvia:Unionacea). Bull.
Am. Malacol. Union 1979:40-43.
10 Kitchel, H.E., J.C. Widlak, and R.J. Neves. 1981. The impact of
coal-mining wastes on endangered mussel populations in the Powell
River, Lee County, Virginia. Final Rep., State Water Control
Board, Richmond, VA. 26 pp.
11 Ortmann, a.E. 1918. The nayades (freshwater mussels) of the upper
Tennessee drainage with notes on synonymy and distribution. Proc.
Am. Philos. Soc., Phila. 57:521-626.
12 Carter, L.J. 1977. Chemical plants leave unexpected legacy in two
Virginia rivers. Science 198:1015-1020.
13 Raleigh, R.F., D.H. Bennett, and L.O. Mohn. 1978. Changes in fish
stocks after major fish kills in the Clinch River near St. Paul,
VA. Am. Midl. Nat. 99:1-9.
14 Cairns, J., J.S. Crossman, K.L. Dickson, and E.E. Herricks. 1971.
The recovery of damaged streams. Assoc. Southeast. Biol. Bull.
18:79-106.
15 Bates, J.M. and S.D. Dennis. 1978. The mussel fauna of the Clinch
River, Tennessee and Virginia. Sterkiana 69-70:3-23.
16 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). 1979. Unpublished data. An
evaluation of mussel populations in the Clinch River, Tennessee and
Virginia. Div. Water Resour., Fish. Aquat. Ecol. Branch, Norris,
TN. 14 pp.
17 Neves, R.J., G.B. Pardue, E.F. Benfield, and S.D. Dennis. 1980.
An evaluation of endangered mollusks in Virginia. Final Rep., Va.
Comm. Game Inland Fish. Proj. No.E-F-1, Richmond, VA. 140 pp.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
18 Fuller, S.L.H. and J.W. Richardson. 1977. Amensalistic
competition between Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) the Asiatic
clam (Corbiculidae), and fresh-water mussels (Unionidae) in the
Savannah River of Georgia and South Carolina (Mollusca:Bivalvia).
Assoc. Southeast. Biol. Bull. 24:52 (Abstract).
19 Isom, B.G. and P. Yokley, Jr. 1973. The mussels of the Flint and
Paint Rock River systems of the southwest slope of the Cumberland
Plateau in North Alabama - 1965-1967. Am. Midl. Nat. 89:442-446.
20 van der Schalie, H. 1973. The mollusks of the Duck River drainage
in central Tennessee. Sterkiana 52:45-55.
21 Neves, R.J. 1984. Personal observations. Va. Coop. Fish. Res.
Unit, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA 24061.
22 Coker, R.E., A.F. Shira, H.W. Clark, and A.D. Howard. 1921.
Natural history and propagation of fresh-water mussels. Bull. U.S.
Bur. Fish. 37:77-181.
23 Churchill, E.P., Jr. and S.I. Lewis. 1924. Food and feeding in
freshwater mussels. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 39:439-471.
24 Ahlstedt, S.A. 1984. Personal communication. TVA, Norris, TN.
25 Yokley, P., Jr. 1975. Unpublished report. TVA.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Recovery Plan for the
Birdwing Pearly Mussel [Conradilla caelata (Conrad, 1934)]. Agency
Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Asheville, NC. 50 pp.
02 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). 1972. Unpublished data. Duck
and Buffalo Rivers. Norris, TN.
03 van der Schalie, H. 1973. The mollusks of the Duck River drainage
in central Tennessee. Sterkiana 52:45-55.
04 TVA. 1979a. Unpublished data. An evaluation of mussel
populations in the Duck River, Tennessee. May-June 1979. Div.
Water Resour., Fish Aquat. Ecol. Branch, Norris, TN. 11 pp.
05 Stansbery, D.H. 1979. Unpublished report. The status of Lemiox
rimosus (Rafinesque, 1831) (Mollusca:Bivalvia:Unionida). Off.
Endang. Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wash., D.C. 9 pp.
06 Ahlstedt, S.A. 1980. The molluscan fauna of the Duck River
between Normandy and Columbia Dams in central Tennessee. Bull.
Am. Malacol. Union 1980.
07 Ahlstedt, S.A. 1983. The molluscan fauna of the Elk River in
Tennessee and Alabama. Am. Malacol. Bull. 1:43-50.
08 Bates, J.M. and S.D. Dennis. 1978. The mussel fauna of the Clinch
River, Tennessee and Virginia. Sterkiana 69-70:3-23.
09 TVA. 1979b. Unpublished data. An evaluation of mussel
populations in the Clinch River, Tennessee and Virginia. August
1979. Div. Water Resour., Fish. Aquat. Ecol. Branch, Norris, TN.
14 pp.
10 Neves, R.J., G.B. Pardue, E.F. Benfield, and S.D. Dennis. 1980.
An evaluation of endangered mollusks in Virginia. Final Rep., Va.
Comm. Game Inland Fish. Proj. No.E-F-1, Richmond, VA. 140 pp.
11 TVA. 1981. Unpublished data. Freshwater mussels of the Holston
River. Off. Nat. Resour., East. Area Field Operation Group,
Norris, TN.
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species MUSSEL, PEARLY, BIRDWING
Species Id ESIS404017
Date 13 MAR 96
12 TVA. 1979c. Unpublished data. An evaluation of mussel
populations in the Powell River, Tennessee and Virginia. June
1979. Div. Water Resour., Fish. Aquat. Ecol. Branch, Norris, TN.
15 pp.
13 Ahlstedt, S.A. and S.R. Brown. 1980. The naiad fauna of the
Powell River in Virginia and Tennessee (Bivalvia:Unionacea). Bull.
Am. Malacol. Union 1979:40-43.
14 Dennis, S.D. 1981. Mussel fauna of the Powell River, Tennessee
and Virginia. Sterkiana 71:1-7.
15 Rafinesque, C.S. 1831. Continuation of a monograph of the bivalve
shells of the River Ohio and other rivers of the western states.
Privately published, Philadelphia. 8 pp.
16 Wilson, C.B. and H.W. Clark. 1914. The mussels of the Cumberland
River and its tributaries. Bur. Fish. Doc. 781:1-63.
17 Neel, J.K. and W.R. Allen. 1964. The mussel fauna of the upper
Cumberland Basin before its impoundment. Malacologia 1:427-459.
18 Stansbery, D.H. 1965. Changes in naiad fauna of the Cumberland
River at Cumberland Falls in eastern Kentucky. Am. Malacol. Union
Annu. Rep. 1965:16-17.
19 TVA. 1976. Unpublished data. Mussel fauna of the Cumberland
River in Tennessee. September 1976. Div. Envir. Plan., Water
Qual. Ecol. Branch, Muscle Shoals, AL, and Div. For. Fish. Wildl.
Devel., Norris, TN.
20 Parmalee, P.W., W.E. Klippel, and A.E. Bogan. 1980. Notes on the
prehistoric and present status of the naiad fauna of the middle
Cumberland River, Smith County, Tennessee. Nautilus 94:93-105.
21 Ortmann, A.E. 1925. The naiad fauna of the Tennessee River system
below Walden Gorge. Am. Midl. Nat. 9:321-372.
22 Bogan, A. and P.W. Parmalee. 1983. Tennessee's rare wildlife
volume II: the mollusks. Tenn. Wildl. Resour. Agency and Tenn.
Nat. Heritage Prog. 123 pp.
23 Ortmann, A.E. 1924. The naiad fauna of Duck River in Tennessee.
Am. Midl. Nat. 9:18-62.
24 Isom, B.G. and P. Yokley, Jr. 1968. The mussel fauna of Duck
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