(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - PIGTOE, ROUGH
OTHER COMMON NAMES - PIGTOE, ROUGH; MUSSEL, PEARLY, PIGTOE, ROUGH; PIGTOE and WHITE
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Aquatic Molluscs
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MOLLUSCA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - BIVALVIA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - UNIONOIDA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - UNIONIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - PLEUROBEMA,
SPECIES AND SSP - PLENUM,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - PLEUROBEMA PLENUM
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Rough Pigtoe
Pleurobema plenum (Lea, 1840)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Clam
PHYLUM: Mollusca CLASS: Bivalvia
ORDER: Unionoida FAMILY: Unionidae
P. plenum is a medium-sized species occurring in medium to large
rivers (01). Valves are subtriangular in outline, heavy and solid,
with high, full beaks located centrally and turned anteriorly (01).
The anterior end is sharply truncated, dorsal margin is slightly
curved, ventral margin is rounded, and the posterior margin is almost
straight (02). The posterior ridge is narrowly rounded and ends
bluntly. A slight sulcus occurs in most older specimens (01). The
median ridge is high, wide, and rounded, separated from the posterior
ridge by a radial depression (02). The periostracum has irregular
growth lines and is satin-like in appearance, yellow-brown to
red-brown in color. Beak cavity is deep and compressed; muscle scars
are small but deep (02). Nacre color varies from white to pink and is
often iridescent posteriorly (03). No sexual dimorphism occurs in
this species.
P. plenum belongs to a P. cordatum complex containing 4 closely
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
related species; cordatum, coccineum, rubrum, and plenum. These
species have overlapping distributions and occur together in the same
localities (04,05). Although the taxonomic status of P. plenum was
clarified (06), differentiation of these forms is difficult. The
status of species is based on the fact that identifiable specimens
occur in the same mussel beds as other species of the cordatum group,
with no apparent intergrades (02).
Detailed descriptions and photographs of this species are
presented in previous reports (01,02,07).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
Alabama; Federal Endangered
Alabama; Unofficially Listed
Arkansas; Federal Endangered
Kentucky; Federal Endangered
Kentucky; State Recognized
Tennessee; Federal Endangered
Tennessee; State Listed
Virginia; Federal Endangered
Virginia; State Recognized
West Virginia; Federal Endangered
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The rough pigtoe (Pleurobema plenum) has been designated an
Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. This species historically occurred in AL, AR, IL, IN,
IA, KS, KY, MO, OH, PA, TN, VA, and WV. However, it is listed in the
Federal Register as historically occurring only in KY, TN, and VA.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild animal
(alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
DOD (COE) -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Alabama
UNOFFICIAL LIST: Endangered, Bulletin No.2, Endangered and
Threatened Plants and Animals of Alabama,
Alabama Museum of Natural History.
STATE: Arkansas, Illinois, and Tennessee
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: (AR) Game and Fish Commission;
(IL) Department of Conservation;
(TN) Wildlife Resources Agency.
STATE STATUTES: (AR) Amendment #35 of Arkansas State
Constitution 1945;
(IL) Revised Statute 1983, Chapter 8, Section
331-340, P.A. 77-2186;
(TN) Annotated Code, Chapter 9, Section 51-901
through 51-912, also Proclamations 75-15, 76-4
and amendments.
STATE: Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, and Virginia
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: (IA) Conservation Commission;
(IN) Department of Natural Resources;
Status - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
(KS) Fish and Game Commission;
(KY) Department of Fish and Wildlife
Resources;
(MO) Department of Conservation;
(OH) Department of Natural Resources;
(PA) Game Commission;
(VA) Commission of Game and Inland
Fisheries.
STATE STATUTES: (IA) Code of Iowa, Chapter 109A;
(IN) Statutes Annotated, Chapt. 14-2-8.5-1;
310 IN Admin. Code 3-3-6;
(KS) Statutes Annotated 32-502(d), (j), 504;
(KY) Fish and Wildlife Codes, 150.183,
Importing, transporting, or possessing
endangered species of wildlife;
(MO) Wildlife Code of Missouri, 3 CSR 10-4.111;
(OH) Annotated Code 1501:31-23-01, Eff. July
11, 1980;
(PA) 58 PA Code, Sec. 147.1, 147.21, Mar. 1983;
(VA) State Code 29.230 to 29.237.
STATE: West Virginia
DESIGNATED STATUS: None.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
CITES I
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
There are no known commercial values for this species, however,
its sedentary nature and filter-feeding habits may make it useful as a
water quality indicator. It has been shown that mussels accumulate
such pollutants as heavy metals and pesticides.
74/10/17:39 FR 37078/37079 - Notice of review
75/09/26:40 FR 44329/44333 - Proposed rule
76/06/14:41 FR 24062/24047 - Final rule
76/06/16:41 FR 24367/24378 - Proposal - CITES I
77/02/22:42 FR 10484/10485 - Final - CITES I
81/02/27:46 FR 14652/14658 - Five year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 3 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - AQUATIC
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Streams and Canals
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Riverine, upper perennial UB1
Riverine, upper perennial SB1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
P. plenum is a species found in medium to large rivers with sand
and gravel substrate (01). It has been collected in muddy sand on the
Green River and in sand on the Clinch River (04). The species does
not occur in the impounded sections of rivers and is apparently quite
sedentary in the substrate. Nothing is known about specific
environmental requirements for adults or any other life stage.
Habitat of the glochidia is initially within the gills of the
female, then in the water column, and finally attached to a suitable
fish host. Any alteration of these life stage-specific habitats
during its life cycle would likely affect the long-term success of a
population. Habitat requirements or associations for the juvenile
stage are unknown.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
OMNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Detritus
General Bacteria
General Phytoplankton
General Diatoms
General Zooplankton
General Fish
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Pool areas
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
There are no known interspecific differences in feeding among
freshwater mussels (08). Glochidia are probably obligate parasites on
the gills or fins of fish. Adults are filter-feeders and consume
particulate matter suspended in the water column. Identifiable
stomach contents almost invariably include mud, desmids, diatoms,
other unicellular algae, protozoa, and zooplankters (14,15). No study
of the food habits of P. plenum has been conducted; required/preferred
foods are therefore unknown.
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
Non-territorial. The species is sedentary during its adult life
and generally occurs in rivers with others of its kind.
PERIODICITY:
No known periodicity.
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
Non-migratory.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
This species occurs in medium to large rivers with sand and
gravel substrate (01,02). It apparently occurs in a range of water
depths, since it has been hand collected and brail collected. It has
been collected at a depth of 0.8 m in the Green River and roughly 1 m
in the Clinch River (04).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
P. plenum is a flowing water species that occurs in sand and
gravel substrate in larger rivers (01). Since this species is
believed to be sedentary and movement is inconsequential, this is the
type of environment where all life history processes are carried out,
including reproduction.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
The reproductive cycle of P. plenum is presumed to be similar to
other Pleurobema spp. (16,17). During spawning, males release sperm
into the water column, and the sperm are taken in by the females
during siphoning. Eggs are fertilized in the female's suprabranchial
cavity or gills, which serve as marsupia for embryos developing to the
parasitic stage (glochidia). Glochidia are released by the female and
must attach to a suitable fish host for metamorphosis to the
free-living juvenile stage.
This species is probably a short-term breeder, based on gravid
females collected in May (18). Spawning occurs in spring and
glochidia are released in summer (01). Glochidia are probably
semicircular and hookless (16,19). Fish hosts are unknown for this
species, but fish hosts for P. cordatum and P. oviforme have been
identified (14,16,17,20).
PARENTAL CARE:
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
Except for retention of the glochidia within the gills of the
female prior to release, no parental care occurs.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
No information exists on the population biology of this species.
The species is apparently taken occasionally by commercial musselmen
(01).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
The required fish hosts for the parasitic glochidia of this
species are unknown (01). The rosefin shiner (Notropis ardens) and
the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) have indicated as fish hosts for
P. cordatum (14,16,20). However, rare mussel species such as P.
plenum may utilize a single fish host (04).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Developing/maintaining stream structures
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Regulating commercial harvest levels
Adverse Incidental Capturing/Killing
Existing Incidental Capturing/Killing
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Underground Mines
Existing Underground Mines
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Water Temperature Alteration
Existing Water Temperature Alteration
Adverse Dissolved Oxygen Reduction
Existing Dissolved Oxygen Reduction
Adverse Water Level Fluctuation
Existing Water Level Fluctuation
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Migration barriers
Existing Migration barriers
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Applying herbicides
Existing Applying herbicides
Adverse Applying pesticides
Existing Applying pesticides
Adverse Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Existing Environmental Contamination/Pollution
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse
Existing
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The mussel fauna in most streams of the Tennessee River drainage
has been impacted by dam construction, channelization, siltation, and
water pollution, which directly affect all mussel species (08). The
change from lotic to lentic conditions because of dams has also
altered the species composition of the fish community, thus
jeopardizing the reproductive success of some mussel species by
eliminating required fish hosts. The Green River dam, completed in
1969, may lead to the loss of that population. Although siltation has
been suggested as the most significant adverse affect of impoundments
on mussels (08), other detrimental factors include lowered water
temperatures, pH changes, oxygen depletion, and dewatering of mussel
beds below dams (08). Mussel deaths can occur in substrate on which
0.6 - 2.5 cm of silt has accumulated, resulting in interference with
feeding and suffocation (09). The siphoning period and metabolic rate
of mussels can also be affected by such contaminants as heavy metals
and agricultural chemicals (10).
Water pollution has probably contributed to the decline of this
species. Acid mine drainage in tributaries of the Cumberland and
Tennessee Rivers has reduced the diverse mussel assemblage that
occurred there (11). Numerous tributaries in the upper Tennessee
River drainage were polluted already by the twentieth century, and the
mussel fauna was in a decline at that time (12). Coal waste from
mining activities in both Tennessee and Cumberland River tributaries
has contributed additional particulate and chemical pollutants. In
the Green River, the freshwater mussel fauna has been almost totally
eliminated below Greensburg, KY due to oil brine pollution (13).
All of the factors mentioned above are still considered potential
threats to remaining populations of P. plenum. Other factors that may
also be affecting this species include incidental taking by commercial
musselmen, invasion of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), and the
smaller gene pool which may be approaching the minimum population size
needed for sufficient genetic variation to respond to environmental
changes.
Substantial mussel die-offs of unknown origin that have
occurred since 1982 throughout the species' range also pose
a direct threat to the species' survival.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Rough Pigtoe Pearly Mussel
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 51 pp.
Recovery actions for the rough pigtoe include:
(1) Continue to utilize existing legislation and regulations to
protect the species and its habitat.
(2) Conduct population and habitat surveys to determine the status
and range of the species.
(3) Determine present and forseeable threats to the species and
strive to minimize and/or eliminate them. These negative impacts are
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
likely to include coal mining and related pollutants, road
construction, dredging, herbicide and pesticide spraying, industrial
development, chlorinated effluents, the misuse of farm fertilizers,
and oil and gas drilling.
(4) Identify essential habitat in need or protection. Investigate
the use of Scenic River status, mussel sanctuaries, land acquisition,
and/or other means for the protection of this habitat and utilize
where feasible. Habitat restoration or improvement may be necessary
to improve conditions for survival of the species (i.e., restoration
of stream banks and channels and assuring optimal clean water flow).
(5) Determine the feasibility of introducing the species back into
its historic range and introduce where feasible. Determine the best
methods for establishing new populations (e.g., introduction of adult
mussels, juveniles, infected fish hosts, artificially cultured
individuals and/or other means. It is unlikely that removal from the
list of Federal endangered and threatened species can be achieved
without the establishment of populations in other rivers and the
expansion of populations in rivers where it already occurs.
(6) Control the unwarranted take of this species by commercial
musselmen.
Except for enforcement of regulations there are no recovery
efforts presently underway for this species.
Management Practices - 4 (DRAFT) - References
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery Plan for the Rough
Pigtoe Pearly Mussel [Pleurobema plenum (Lea, 1840)]. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 51 pp.
02 Bogan, A.E. and P.W. Parmalee. 1983. Tennessee's rare wildlife
volume II: the mollusks. Tenn. Wildl. Resour. Agency, Tenn. Dep.
Conserv., and Tenn. Heritage Prog., Univ. Tenn., Knoxville, TN.
123 pp.
03 Simpson, C.T. 1914. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, or
Pearly Freshwater Mussels. Bryant Walker, Detroit, MI. 1540 pp.
04 Clarke, A.H. 1981. Determination of the precise geographical
areas occupied by four endangered species of freshwater mollusks.
Final Rep. to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Twin Cities, MN.
226 pp.
05 Stansbery, D.H. 1965. The naiad fauna of the Green River at
Mumfordville, Kentucky, Am. Malac. Union Annu. Rep. Pp. 13-14.
06 Ortmann, A.E. and B. Walker. 1922. On the nomenclature of certain
North American naiades. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.
112:1-75.
07 Parker, W. and L. Dixon. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife
of Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. N.C.
Agric. Ext. Serv. 116 pp.
08 Fuller, S.L.H. 1974. Clams and mussels (Mollusca:Bivalvia).
Pages 215-273 In: C.W. Hart and S.L.H. Fuller (eds.), Pollution
Ecology of Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press, NY.
09 Ellis, M.M. 1931. Some factors affecting the replacement of the
commercial freshwater mussels. U.S. Bur. Fish. Circ. No.7. 10 pp.
10 Salanki, J. 1979. Behavioural studies in mussels under changing
environmental conditions. Symp. Biol. Hung. 19:169-176.
11 Neel, J.K. and W.R. Allen. 1964. The mussel fauna of the upper
Cumberland Basin before its impoundment. Malacologia 1:417-459.
12 Ortmann, A.E. 1918. The nayades (freshwater mussels) of the upper
Tennessee drainage with notes on synonymy and distribution. Proc.
Am. Phil. Soc., Phila. 57:521-626.
13 Williams, J.C. 1969. Mussel fishery investigation Tennessee,
Ohio, and Green Rivers. Final Rep. to Ky. Dept. Fish. Wildl.
Resour. Proj. No.4-19R. 107 pp.
14 Coker, R.E., A.F. Shira, H.W. Clark, and A.D. Howard. 1921.
Natural history and propagation of fresh-water mussels. Bull. U.S.
Bur. Fish. 37:77-181.
15 Churchill, E.P., Jr. and S.I. Lewis. 1924. Food and feeding in
freshwater mussels. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 39:439-471.
16 Yokley, P., Jr. 1972. Life history of Pleurobema cordatum
(Rafinesque, 1820) (Bivalvia:Unionacea). Malacologia 11:351-364.
17 Weaver, L.R. 1981. Life history of Pleurobema oviforme (Mollusca:
Unionidae) in Big Moccasin Creek, Virginia with emphasis on early
life history, species associations, and age and growth. M.S.
Thesis, VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA. 89 pp.
18 Ortmann, A.E. 1919. A monograph of the naiades of Pennsylvania.
Part 3. Systematic account of the genera and species. Mem.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
Carnegie Mus. 8:1-389.
19 Surber, T. 1915. Identification of the glochidia of freshwater
mussels. Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. Appendix V:1-9.
20 Suber, T. 1913. Notes on the natural hosts of freshwater mussels.
Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 32:110-116.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery Plan for the Rough
Pigtoe Pearly Mussel [Pleurobema plenum (Lea, 1840)]. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA. 51 pp.
02 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). 1979. Unpublished data. An
evaluation of mussel populations in the Clinch River, Tennessee and
Virginia. Div. Water Resour., Fish Aquat. Ecol. Branch, Norris,
TN. 14 pp.
03 Parmalee, P.W., W.E. Klippel, and A.E. Bogan. 1980. Notes on the
prehistoric and present status of the naiad fauna of the middle
Cumberland River, Smith County, Tennessee. Nautilus 94:93-105.
04 Clarke, A.H. 1981. Determination of the precise geographical
areas occupied by four endangered species of freshwater mollusks.
Final Rep. to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Twin Cities, MN.
226 pp.
05 Van der Schalie, H. 1939. Medionidus mcglameriae, a new naiad
from the Tombigbee River, with notes on other naiads of that
drainage. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. 407:1-6.
06 Lewis, J. 1876. Fauna of alabama. Freshwater and land snails.
Ala. Geol. Surv. Prog. Rep. Pp. 61-100.
07 Ortmann, A.E. 1918. The nayades (freshwater mussels) of the upper
Tennessee drainage with notes on synonymy and distribution. Proc.
Am. Phil. Soc., Phila. 57:521-626.
08 Ortmann, A.E. 1919. A monograph of the naiades of Pennsylvania.
Part 3. Systematic account of the genera and species. Mem.
Carnegie Mus. 8:1-389.
09 Wilson, C.B. and H.W. Clark. 1914. The mussels of the Cumberland
River and its tributaries. U.S. Bur. Fish. Doc. No.781. 63 pp.
10 Simpson, C.T. 1914. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, or
Pearly Freshwater Mussels. Bryant Walker, Detroit, MI. 1540 pp.
11 Ortmann, A.E. 1911. Monograph of the naiades of Pennsylvania.
Mem. Carnegie Mus. 4:279-347.
12 Ortmann, A.E. 1912. Notes upon the families and genera of the
nayades. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8:222-365.
13 La Rocque, A. 1966-1970. Pleistocene mollusca of Ohio. Ohio Div.
Geol. Surv. Bull. 62.
14 Stansbery, D.H. 1972. A preliminary list of the naiad shells
recovered from the Buffalo site. Pages 105-106. IN: B.J.
Broyles, A late 17th century indian village site (46 Pu 31) in
Putnam County, West Virginia. Rep. Archaeol. Invest. No.5, WV.
Geol. Econ. Surv., Morgantown, WV.
15 Ortmann, A.E. 1926. The naiades of the Green River drainage in
Kentucky. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17:167-188.
16 Baker, F.C. 1906. A catalogue of the mollusca of Illinois. Bull.
Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 7:53-136.
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species PIGTOE, ROUGH
Species Id ESIS404019
Date 13 MAR 96
17 Baker, F.C. 1905. The mollusca fauna of McGregor, Iowa. Trans.
Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 15:249-258.
18 Danglade, E. 1914. The mussel resources of the Illinois River.
U.S. Bur. Fish., Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish 1913. 48 pp.
19 Call, R.E. 1895. The Unionidae of Arkansas. Trans. Acad. Sci.
St. Louis.
20 Grier, N.M. 1915. List of the naiads of the Meramec River,
Missouri. Am. Midl. Nat. 32:257-326.
21 Utterback, W.I. 1915-1916. The naiades of Missouri. Am. Midl.
Nat. 4:41-53, 97-152, 181-204, 244-273, 311-327, 339-354, 387-400,
432-464.
References - 3