(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
OTHER COMMON NAMES - BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S; BLUE and SMITH
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Terrestrial Insects
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - ARTHROPODA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - INSECTA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - LEPIDOPTERA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - LYCAENIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - EUPHILOTES,
SPECIES AND SSP - ENOPTES, SMITHI
SCIENTIFIC NAME - EUPHILOTES ENOPTES SMITHI
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Smith's Blue Butterfly
Euphilotes enoptes smithi (Mattoni, 1977)
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Insect
PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Insecta
ORDER: Lepidoptera FAMILY: Lycaenidae
Smith's blue butterfly is small, slightly less than one inch
across with wings fully spread. The undersides are whitish-gray,
speckled with black dots and with a band of red-orange marks crossing
the hind-wings near the outer edge. Sexual differences are seen on
the upper wing surface. Males are bright lustrous blue, whereas
females are brown above with a band of red-orange marks across the
hind wings. Above, both sexes have prominently checkered fringes on
both fore-wings and hind-wings, while males have wide black borders,
and a very hairy appearance of the body and adjacent wings (02). The
subspecies is separated from others of the species by the light
undersurface ground color with prominent overlying black markings
and a faint black terminal line (01).
Accounts of Smith's blue butterfly include the original
description (02), a non-technical overview of the genus Euphilotes by
Pyle (03), a treatment and illustration by Howe (04), and papers by
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
Langston (05,06,07,08), Shields (09,10), and Arnold (01).
Specimens are housed in the Museum of the California Academy of
Science, University of California, Berkeley, and the LA County Museum
(12).
Several generic names have been attached to the group of
butterflies to which Smith's blue butterfly belongs. Mattoni (02)
originally described this subspecies as Philotes enoptes smithi. In
1975, Sheilds realigned several genera. Shijimiaeoides enoptes smithi
was the resulting name of the Smith's blue butterfly and was the name
used when the species was listed in 1976. The group has most recently
been revised by Mattoni (13) in another realignment of genera. This
resulted in a generic name change to Euphilotes, Smith's blue
butterfly has always been accepted as a valid geographic subspecies of
the enoptes group which is widespread in the Western United States
(01,04,11). Smith blue is another common name for this subspecies.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Smith's blue butterfly (Euphilotes enoptes smithi) has been
designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.11; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the State of California.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
DOD -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible for
management/recovery on Department of Defense lands.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: California
DESIGNATED STATUS: None
The California Environmental Quality Control Act (CEQA)
(PRC 2100 et seq.) recognizes Federally listed Threatened and
Endangered species as among those species requiring environmental
impact assessments be made for actions that may detrimentally affect
them. See: Guidelines for Implementation of CEQA, CA Admin. Code,
Ch. 3, Sec. 15380.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species has recreational value to naturalists and has value
as a component of California's natural heritage of biotic diversity.
75/03/20:40 FR 12691/ - Notice of review of status
75/10/14:40 FR 48139/48140 - Proposed listing as Endangered
76/06/01:41 FR 22041/22044 - Listing as Endangered
81/02/27:46 FR 14651/14658 - Five year review
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
COASTAL
SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTRY TYPES
SAF TYPE STAGE CLOSURE
Interior Ponderosa Pine young tree
Interior Ponderosa Pine mature tree
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Mixed Urban or Built-up Land
Evergreen Forest Land
Sandy Areas other than Beaches
Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits
Transitional Areas
Mixed Barren Land
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The three taxa of Eriogonum; E. parvifolium (seacliff buckwheat),
E. latifolium (coast buckwheat), and an undescribed ecotype of E.
latifolium are obligate host plants, providing food to the larvae
as well as cover. The plants also provide a layer of litter beneath
the plants where pupation occurs (01).
The primary factor that limits populations of Smith's blue
butterfly is the occurrence of host plants, seacliff buckwheat and
coast buckwheat. The presence of the host plant, however, is not
always an indication of the occurrence of the butterfly. The
occurrence of these plants is much more extensive than the
distribution of the butterfly. Age class distribution and density of
host plant patches are also important to successful colonization and
maintenance of butterfly colonies. The direct loss of preferred
habitat for this species is the largest single reason for its
status today. The butterfly occurs in 2 different habitat types;
coastal sand dunes and cliff/chaparral.
Coastal sand dunes. The obligate host plant of the Smith's blue
butterfly occur in coastal sand dunes in the Monterey Bay area.
Associated species of plants are Baccaris pilularis pilularis,
Eriophllum staechadifolium, Lupinus chamissonis, Happlopappus
ericoides, Rhamnus californica, and Rhus diversiloba. These species
are dominant in the dune scrub vegetation where the butterfly is
found. The butterfly is in or adjacent to urban development,
highways (Caltrans Highway right-of-way), recreational areas (Marina
State Beach), Fort Ord Military Reservation, and past and present
sand mining quarries (Sand City and Marina) in the coastal dunes
habitat.
Cliff/chaparral. Buckwheats often occur in monotypic stands on
cliffsides. However, in chaparral sites, Eriogonum occurs with
Adenostoma fasciculata, Arctostaphylos spp., and several Ceanothus
species. The butterfly occurs in or adjacent to steep coastal cliffs
(Big Sur area); woodlands (ponderosa pine forest ecosystem) near
Vasques Knob (USFS Los Padres NF); and U.S. Highway 1 right-of-way.
Some areas are subject to slope failure or slumping.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
HERBIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Evergreen Shrubs-Flowers/Fruit/Seed
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G Terrestrial Features: Talus
G Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
FOOD HABITS:
Larvae of Smith's blue butterfly consume flowers of the obligate
host plant Eriogonum parvifolium (seacliff buckwheat), E. laftifolium,
(coast buckwheat) and an undescribed ecotype of E. latifolium. Adults
utilize the flowers as primary nectar sources during the flight period
(01).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
The species is non-territorial.
PERIODICITY:
Adults are day flying. The flight season runs from mid-June
to early September and is synchronized with the peak bloom of the host
plant (01).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
This species is nonmigratory and also has low vagility.
Movement is generally observed to be less than 200 feet from the host
plant upon which they were initially observed (01).
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
The three taxa of Eriogonum; E. parvifolium, E. latifolium, and
the undescribed ecotype of E. latifolium are obligate host plants, and
provide food to the larvae, as well as cover and a layer of litter
beneath the plants where pupation occurs (01).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Mate location, courting, copulation and oviposition occur on the
larval host plants. The host plants occur in sandy substrates found
in the coastal sand dunes and the rocky substrates such as the
cliff/chapparal areas. Reproduction and emergence do not take place
until the buckwheat host plants are well into their blooming season
(01).
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Smith's blue butterfly has one extended flight season per year
(univoltine). Emergence generally coincides with the peak flowering
of the host plant. Males emerge first and the females emerge
about a week later. Both sexes live about a year, and females appear
to lay eggs throughout their adult life-span. Breeding is usually
from late June to early September, generally about 40 days in
duration, but can be affected severely by unseasonably cool or warm
temperatures (01,11). Pairing (copulation) in the field averages
about 1.5 to 2.5 hours (11).
PARENTAL CARE:
No parental care takes place.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Limiting factors are essentially the persistence of, and
butterfly access to suitable host plant populations for long enough
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
periods to support butterfly populations (01). Essentially no
information exists concerning the viability of colonies over time.
There appears to be a greater number of males than females in the
coastal sand dune populations (11). Sex ratios in the other habitats
have not been studied. Females generally fly farther than males, and
males appear to "hang out" around the host plants waiting for a female
to fly by (11). Recovery potential is good for this species. If
several areas are set aside and managed for native flora and fauna,
the subspecies may be recovered within a time period of 10 to 15
years. Acquisition and management programs will take at least that
long to be put in place and become functional (01).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Smith's blue butterfly is obligate on Eriogonum parvifolium,
Eriogonum latifolium, and an undescribed ecotyope of E. latifolium.
The plant used for larval food, adult nectaring, mate location,
copulation and oviposition, as well as cover and shelter for pupation.
Some lepidopterists consider the Santa Cruz County population of
Euphilotes enoptes to consist of intermediates between Smith's blue
butterfly (E.e. smithi) and Tilden's blue butterfly (E.e. tildeni).
The role of ant associations (myrmecophily) with the Smith's
blue butterfly is unclear. Larvae are known to be tended by ants
during their third and fifth instars. The larvae produce a secretion
of sugar from abdominal glands that provides food for the tending
ants. In return, the larvae are thought to derive some benefit,
possibly protection from predation or parasitism. The loss of an
obligate mutualistic relationship with an ant was crucial in the
extinction of Britian's large blue butterfly (01).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
This species goes through five instars in the larval stages,
overwinters as a pupa and emerges as an adult in the springtime (11).
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Nonnative Vegetation
Beneficial Transplanting wild animals
Adverse Artillery/Explosions
Existing Artillery/Explosions
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Food Supply Reduction
Existing Food Supply Reduction
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Shoreline modification/development
Existing Shoreline modification/development
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Suppressing wildfire
Existing Suppressing wildfire
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The primary factor that limits populations of Smith's blue
butterfly is the occurrence of host plants, seacliff buckwheat
(Eriogonum parvifolium) and coast buckwheat (E. latifolium). The
presence of the host plant, however, is not always an indication of
the occurrence of the butterfly. The occurrence of these plants is
much more extensive than the distribution of the butterfly. Age class
distribution and density of host plant patches are also important to
sucessful colonization and maintenance of butterfly colonies. The
direct loss of preferred habitat for this species is the largest
single reason for its status today. The butterfly occurs in 2
different habitat types; coastal sand dunes and cliff/chaparral.
Therefore threats to each habitat area are indeed threats to the
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
existence of the butterfly.
More than 50 percent of the Seaside-Marina dune system (coastal
sand dune) has been destroyed or altered significantly by: sand
mining; urbanization; military activities (i.e., explosions,
trampling, ORV use, etc.); construction; recreational facilities/
activities (i.e., foot traffic and hang glider use); off-road
vehicles; and the introduction of exotic species (iceplant -
Carpobrotus spp. and Holland dune grass - Ammophila arenaria) for sand
dune stabilization. Also, dynamic dune succession dominated by native
plants is necessary for maintenance of healthy, self-sustaining
coastal sand dune populations of Smith's blue butterfly (01). Because
the species is dependent on host plants whose distribution is patchy
and changes over time, enough area must be available to provide for
the small disturbances and successive stabilization that are a
integral part of natural sand dune processes (01). The iceplant and
Holland dune grass disrupt natural succession and tend to out-compete
native species; thus reducing habitat and available food plants for
the butterfly (01).
The species is also found in sites not associated with sand dunes
(i.e., cliff/chaparral) (21). The host plant, Eriogonum parvifolium,
grows on the steep slopes of coastal cliffs in the Big Sur region,
somewhat inland in the chaparral and woodland of Vasquez Knob, and in
road cuts along Cone Peak Road (22). Colonies in these areas are
subject to slope failure or slumping in unseasonably wet years, road
maintenance and rebuilding activities, and fire suppression
activities, resulting in the decline of suitable habitat for the
butterfly.
Unseasonably cool or warm weather can have an adverse effect on
breeding.
Two colonies of what was thought to be Smith's blue butterfly
were discovered (June 1983) in Zagante Sand Hills (inland dune
parkland), Santa Cruz County, and near Crystal Spring Reservoir
(serpentine grassland), San Mateo County, CA (01). Further review of
the Santa Cruz and San Mateo County specimens has resulted in these
colonies being given an intergrade status, representing a blend
between Euphilores enoptes smithi and E.e. tildeni (Tilden's blue
butterfly) (25).
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Smith's Blue Butterfly
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 87 pp.
The primary objective of the Smith's blue butterfly Recovery
Plan is to prevent extinction of the species. It could be
reclassified from Endangered to Threatened when colonies at 10
identified sites have been secured; that is, when viable
self-sustaining populations have been maintained at each site for five
years. It may be considered for delisting when colonies at 18
(the 10 sites noted above plus 8 more) have been secured through
transplanting wild individuals. Viable self-sustaining populations
must have been maintained for 10 consecutive years at all 18 sites.
In order to meet the recovery objective, the following activities
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
must be accomplished:
1) Enforcement of existing laws and regulations, including
implementation of applicable policies and monitoring of Section 7
(ESA) consultations and land use plans.
2) Management, protection, and securing of the 10 sites
(colonies) is required for reclassifying. Development and
implementation of management plans must include; a) controlling
human activities or limiting access, b) controlling off-road vehicles,
c) revegetating blow areas, d) removal of exotic plants, and e)
identifying colonies and sites for rehabilitation or maintenance.
3) Management, protection, and securing of the 8 sites
(colonies) is required for delisting. Development and
implementation of management plans must include; a) controlling
human activities or limiting access, b) controlling off-road vehicles,
c) revegetating blow areas, d) removal of exotic plants, e) identify
essential habitat, f) rehabilitate or restore habitats, and g)
possibly prescribed burns.
4) Determination of the ecological needs and taxonomic needs and
the application of the results.
5) Determination of population status, identification of threats
to habitat, and determination of priorities for securing habitats.
6) Formulating a management plan for implementation of
restoration of native vegetation.
7) Development and implementation of information and education
programs.
Though not specifically stated in the Recovery Plan,
transplanting of wild individuals to suitable habitats may be
necessary. Fort Ord Army Base maintains a preserve for the
butterfly's protection on which the Youth Conservation Corps had
removed exotics and attempts have been made to reestablish native
vegetation. Improved ORV controls have begun on Marina State Beach.
Development of local coastal plans have begun and law enforcement
patrols are maintained on some Federal, State, and local areas.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Smith's Blue Butterfly
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR.
87 pp.
02 Mattoni, R.H.T. 1954. Notes on the genus Philotes: I.
Descriptions of three new subspecies and a synoptic list. Bull.
So. CA. Acad. Sci. 53:157-165.
03 Pyle, R.M. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North
American butterflies. Alfred A. Knopf. NY.
04 Howe, W.H. (ed). 1975. The butterflies of North America.
Doubleday and Co., Inc., Garden City, NY.
05 Langston, R.L. 1963. Philotes of central coastal California
(Lycaenidae). J. Lepidopterists' Soc. 17:210-223.
06 Langston, R.L. 1965. Distribution and hosts of five Philotes in
California (Lycaenidae). J. Lepidopterists' Soc. 19:95-102.
07 Langston, R.L. 1969. Philotes of North America: Synonmic lists
and distribution (Lycaenidae). J. Lepidopterists' Soc. 23:49-62.
08 Langston, R.L. 1975. Extended flight periods of coastal and dune
butterflies in California. J. Res. Lepidoptera 13:83-98.
09 Shields, O. 1975. Studies on North American Philotes. IV.
Taxonomic and biological notes, and a new subspecies. Bull. Allyn.
Mus. 28:1-36.
10 Shields, O. 1977. Studies on North American Philotes (Lycaenidae:
Lepidoptera). V. Taxonomic and biological studies, continued. J.
Research Lepidoptera 16:1-67.
11 Arnold, R.A. 1983. Ecological studies of six endangered
butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae): Island biogeography, patch
dynamics, and the design of habitat preserves.
12 Sacramento Endangered Species Office Files. Smith's blue
butterfly.
13 Mattoni, R.H.T. 1977. The Scolitantidini. Part 1. Two new
genera and generic rearrangement (Lycaenidae). J. Res. Lepidoptera
16:223-242.
14 Powell, J.A. 1981. Endangered habitats for insects: California
coastal sand dunes. Atala 6:41-55.
15 Pavlik, B.M. 1979. Botanical studies near the Montery, San
Francisco, and San Pablo Bays. USFWS Publ. 10188.
16 Barry, W.J. 1973. Problems in dune management. Speech to the
National Science Foundation workshop on ecological succession and
land management. Ukiah, CA. April 14, 1973. Mimeo provided by CA
Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento.
17 Clark, J.C. 1977. Coastal ecosystem management. The Conservation
Foundation. Wiley Interscience, NY.
18 Vivrette, N. 1973. Mechanism of invasion and dominance of coastal
grasslands by Mesembyanthemum crystallinum. Ph.D. diss. Univ. of
CA, Santa Barbara.
19 Slobochikoff, C.N. and J.T. Doyen. 1977. Effects of Ammophila
arenaria on sand dune arthropod communities. Ecology 58:1171-1175.
20 Munz, P.A. and D.D. Keck. 1968. A California flora. Univ. of CA
Press, Berkeley. 168 pp.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species BUTTERFLY, BLUE, SMITH'S
Species Id ESIS501004
Date 13 MAR 96
21 Arnold, R.A. 1978. Status of six endangered California
butterflies. Report to the California Dept. of Fish and Game,
Nongame Wildlife Investigations, Endangered Species Program,
Sacramento.
22 Lane, John. 1984. Pers. comm. Santa Cruz City Museum of Natural
History, Santa Cruz, CA.
23 Lindenmayer, T. 1984. Pers. comm. Environmental Coordinator,
East Bay Regional Parks, Oakland, CA.
24 Sutherland, D.W.S. 1978. Common names of insects and related
organisms (1978 revision). Spec. Publ. 78-1. Entomol. Soc. of
America. College Park, MD.
25 Thomas Reid Associates. 1986. Survey of Euphilotes enoptes in
Santa Cruz County. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract
FWS1-86029. Sacramento, CA. 12 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Smith's Blue Butterfly
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR.
87 pp.
02 Thomas Reid Associates. 1986. Survey of Euphilotes enoptes in
Santa Cruz County. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Contract
FWS1-86029. Sacramento, CA. 12 pp.
References - 2