(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
OTHER COMMON NAMES - BEETLE, GROUND and DELTA GREEN
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Terrestrial Insects
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - ARTHROPODA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - INSECTA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - COLEOPTERA,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CARABIDAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - ELAPHRUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - VIRIDIS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - ELAPHRUS VIRIDIS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Delta Green Ground Beetle
Elaphrus viridis Horn, 1878
KINGDOM: Animal GROUP: Insect
PHYLUM: Arthropoda CLASS: Insecta
ORDER: Coleoptera FAMILY: Carabidae
The following is taken from the species Recovery Plan (01):
Distinguishing features of the adult are its size,
coloration and maculation patterns, lack or reduction of
circular pits on the elytra, and degree of hirsuteness.
Adults show dimorphic coloration. Some adults are a brilliant
green with bronze spots on the elytra, while others are green
but they lack bronze spots. The larvae are heavily
sclerotized with a metallic sheen.
The delta green ground beetle, Elaphrus viridis Horn
(Coleoptera:Carabidae), has been an enigma to entomologists
since it was described in 1878. Dr. George Horn named and
described the species based on a single specimen sent to him
by A.S. Fuller, a California coleopterist. The only locality
data supplied with the specimen was "California" (04).
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
Despite its spectacular and unmistakable appearance, the
beetle remained unknown until 1974, when a student from the
University of California Davis, rediscovered it in the area
now known as Jepson Prairie.
Because the animal had not been collected since its first
collection in 1878, no other common names were appended to this
species in literature.
The type specimen resides at Harvard where the Horn collection is
now housed.
Pictures and descriptions are available through:
Dr. David Kavanaugh Dr. Goulet
California Academy of Science Entomol. Biosystematics Res. Inst.
Golden Gate Park Agriculture Canada
San Francisco, CA Central Experiment Farm
Ottawa, Ontario Canada
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The delta green ground beetle (Elaphrus viridis) has been
designated a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the State of California. Critical Habitat is designated in
Solano Co., CA (50 CFR 17.95 (i)), T5N R1E West 1/2 Sec.12, SW 1/4
Sec.13, SE 1/4 Sec.14, NE 1/4 Sec.23, NW 1/4 Sec.24.
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to import,
export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any wild
animal (alive or dead including parts, products, eggs, or offspring):
(1) in interstate or foreign commerce if taken, possessed,
transported or sold in violation of any State law or
regulation; or
(2) if taken or possessed in violation of any U.S. law,
treaty, or regulation or in violation of Indian tribal law.
It is also unlawful to possess any wild animal (alive or dead
including parts, products, eggs, and offspring) within the U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in
18 U.S.C. 7) that is taken, possessed, transported, or sold in
violation of any State law or regulation, foreign law, or Indian
tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
The delta green ground beetle is not protected under California's
Endangered Species Act. The California Environmental Quality Act (PRC
2100 et seq.) recognizes Federally listed Threatened and Endangered
species as among those species requiring that environmental impact
assessments be made for actions that may detrimentally affect them.
See: Guidlines for Implementation of the California Environmental
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
Quality Act, California Administrative Code, Chapter 3, Section 15380.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
The delta green ground beetle is listed as "vulnerable" in the
IUCN Red Data Book, 1983.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None.
78/08/10:43 FR 35636/34643 - Proposed rule, Threatened w/ CH
79/03/06:44 FR 12384/ - Withdrawal of CH proposal
80/02/27:45 FR 13021/ - Rules for designation of CH
80/05/02:45 FR 29371/29373 - Reproposal of Critical Habitat
80/08/08:45 FR 52807/52810 - Final rule, listed as Threatened w/ CH
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
INLAND AQUATIC
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Cropland and Pasture
Streams and Canals
Nonforested Wetland
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Lacustrine, littoral
Palustrine EM1
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
At present the delta green ground beetle predominantly inhabits
Olcott Lake (a large vernal lake more than 36 hectares in size) and
the borders of vernal pools, all within the Jepson Prairie Preserve,
Solano Co., CA.
The following is taken from the Recovery Plan (01):
". . . the Jepson Prairie Preserve is part of a larger
area generally known as the Jepson Prairie, a restricted and
remnant ecological area. . . . Although scattered throughout
the Central Valley of California, vernal pools and vernal
lakes occur in large concentrations in Solano County. . . .
"The winter rains create two general types of
intermittent bodies of water within the Jepson Prairie.
Readily recognizable by their size and the duration of
inundation, these types exhibit several edaphic and floristic
differences. Vernal pools may be defined as small
depressions within generally level terrain. The subsurface
of this terrain, usually underlain by an impermeable layer,
prevents drainage into the lower soil profile. Amid the
rainy winter season, water inundates areas long enough to
inhibit typical grassland vegetation from developing in these
depressions. Large and shallow playa-type lakes underlain as
well by an impermeable soil horizon, exemplify the other type
of vernal body of water. These bodies, referred to as vernal
lakes, generally contain larger watersheds and hold standing
water throughout the rainy season and often into late spring.
"Small pools of only a few square meters in size are
common in the grasslands of the region. Dominated by annual
herbs and grasses, the soils of these pools are classified as
part of the Antioch soil series. Small, shallow, intermittent
streams frequently link numerous small pools into a series of
lakelets. In the few hours after a heavy rain, most of this
'hogwallow' landscape of the Jepson Prairie looks like a lake
with many small islands rising less than 25 cm above the water.
The Delta green ground beetle inhabits this 'hogwallow' area
of the preserve. . . .
"Jepson Prairie consists of alluvial material deposited
some 65,000 to 100,000 years ago (07). Ongoing soil profile
development since the deposition of the alluvial material
Habitat Associations - 1 resulted in well-differentiated soil horizons. Reprecipitated
clay materials from the near-surface layers formed an
impervious B horizon that blocks downward percolation of
rainwater.
"Vernal lakes, however, are more recent in origin, less
than 10,000 to 15,000 years in age. The clays of these lakes
settled out of even larger lakes of post-Pleistocene runoff
from the last glacial maximum (07). Soil profile development,
specifically the clays, although not well differentiated in
these soils, still serve as an effective barrier to percolation.
The water table, typically perched above this impervious
horizon, intersects low spots in the hummock-covered landscape
creating the vernal pools and lakes.
"The Solano County Soil Survey mapped the bed of Olcott
Lake as part of the Pescadero soil series (08). This soil
occurs in 40 to 50 locations in the Jepson Prairie region,
but represents only a small fraction of the total area of the
region. Some of these lakes formed over Pescadero soils may
be potential habitat for Solano grass. Many of the deeper
lakes have been significantly disturbed or modified by
draining and cattle.
"Olcott Lake fills with water each November or early
December. Clay from the lake bed becomes suspended in the
water, making the water nearly opaque. Prevailing southwest
winds cause sufficient wave action to result in considerable
erosion on the leeward shoreline and suspend much of the lake
bottom sediments. In summer, exposed rootstocks of lippia
(Lippia nodiflora var. reptans) stand 5 to 15 cm above the
soil surface; dramatic evidence of the wave-caused removal of
sediments. Wave actions probably buries and exhumes seeds of
many species, including Solano grass, growing on the lake bed.
"When the weather warms and the rain abates in mid-March
to early April, the water level of the lake recedes, finnaly
evaporating by late May to mid-July (depending on the year).
The hard-baked lake bed remains dry throughout the rainless
summer. This annual cycle of inundation and desiccation
produces conditions so severe that few plants can survive
with the vernal pools and lakes.
"The boundaries of the watershed surrounding Olcott Lake
have not been determined accurately yet, because of the
complicated microrelief of the Jepson Prairie. The water
balance for the lake needs study as well. . . .
"Past human activities have altered the hydrology of
Olcott Lake. The Sacramento Northern Railroad, shown on the
1934 soil survey of the region (09), tangentially strikes the
western edge of the lake. The raised fill under the track
becomes a barrier to water that might otherwise flow into or
out of the lake.
"Cook Lane, also shown on the 1934 soil map, extends
through the middle of Olcott Lake and disrupts the water flow
from section to section. Because the road reduces the fetch,
the waves generated by the wind on the lake are altered and
they may influence the depth of lake bottom disturbance. The
man-made shallow ditch in the southeast corner of the lake
alters the hydrology of the lake. This ditch prevents the
lake level from becoming high enough to inundate Cook Lane
during the winter. The ditch also provides drainage by
linking together a series of other small pools in the prairie.
The ditch ultimately discharges into Calhoun Cut. . . a major
drainage in the region. Small ditch systems, such as this
example, typically exist in many parts of the Jepson Prairie.
Habitat Associations - 2 Local ranchers believe that by draining away the water that
otherwise would stand on vernal pool areas they obtain
increased forage production in early spring.
"The regional climate of the Jepson Prairie is
Mediterranean, cool rainy winters and warm rainless summers.
The prevailing winds are from the southwest. Rains generally
begin by October, and pools generally fill by November or
December. Nearly two-thirds of the rain falls during December,
January and February, with an additional 20 percent falling in
the warming spring months of March, April, and May.
Temperatures begin to climb rapidly by May, evaporating all
the water from the small vernal pools. The last winter frost
usually occurs in early March, while the first frost usually
takes place by late December. The growing season is about
285 days long (10)."
Transmission lines (high voltage lines of Pacific Gas & Electric
(PG & E) and Western Area Power Association; and natural gas pipelines
of PG & E and Shell Oil 6) run through the designated Critical
Habitat, potential habitats and along the northwest edge of Olcott
Lake. Surrounding agricultural lands are used for grazing and grain
cultivation (e.g., corn and barley).
Habitat Associations - 3 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
CARNIVORE
LIFESTAGE FOOD FOOD PART
General Arthropods
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G Terrestrial Features: Depressions
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
Unless otherwise noted, the following information is taken from
the Delta Green Ground Beetle Recovery Plan (01):
FOOD HABITS:
Based on the comparative biologies of closely related Elaphrus
species, Dr. Henri Goulet (03) suggests that both larvae and adults of
the delta green ground beetle are generalized predators because they
eat many different kinds of prey. Mandibles of larvae and adults are
specialized for the capture and puncture of soft-bodied prey,
Terrestrial chironomid (Diptera) larvae may be an obvious food source
for both larvae and adults (01). Recent work by Serpa reveals that
the primary food source of the adult is springtails (Collembola). Two
common species inhabit the area, only one is eaten (01).
HOME RANGE/TERRITORY:
The species is non-territorial as far as is known.
PERIODICITY:
In general, carabids are nocturnal, but the delta green ground
beetle, and Elaphrus in general, are active during the daytime.
Preliminary observations (Arnold, Eng, and Liebherr, pers. obs.)
suggest that activity may be temperature and wind dependent. In
February and March 1982, adults were active when ambient air
temperature at 2 cm above ground was at least 23 degrees C. Most
adults were observed during 1100-1400 hours and when winds were
minimal. Larvae may be nocturnal and occur in areas slightly more
damp than adults, but further study is needed to confirm larval
behavior (01).
Elaphrus viridis is undoubtably univoltine. Collection records
since 1974 indicate that adults may be found from early February until
mid-May. Drs. H. Goulet and D. Kavanaugh (03,02) believe that adult
activity may begin considerably earlier during the winter months. The
winter activity period is unique among species of the genus Elaphrus,
in which most taxa are active as adults during May to September (05 in
01).
MIGRATION PATTERNS:
As far as is known, this species does not migrate.
COVER/SHELTER REQUIREMENTS:
Since its rediscovery, delta green ground beetle adults have been
collected at the margins of vernal pools and in bare areas along Cook
Lane and sheep trails in the surrounding pastures. The beetle's
cryptic coloring and small size hinder its detection in the field.
There is some concern among entomologists who have observed the
beetle whether the microhabitat of the delta green ground beetle has
been sufficiently defined. Adults may occur and be more numerous in
the more dense vegetation cover, but may be harder to detect there.
However, H. Goulet (03) believes that more dense vegetation may be
unsuitable for E. viridis. Microhabitats of other Elaphrus species
tend to be in more open areas with limited vegetative cover and
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
accumulation of mulch. The cryptic markings, behavior, and good
visual acuity of adults might not be necessary for hunting in dense
vegetation. This suggests that the microhabitat of adults is bare or
sparsely vegetated ground. Larvae may occur in greater numbers
amongst dense herbaceous growth, where prey would presumably be more
abundant. Arnold speculates the soft-bodied prey of the beetle are
limited to moist ground to prevent desication. During the wet winter
the prey, and thus the beetle, probably inhabit the surrounding
grasslands of Olcott Lake and other pools. The prey and beetles
probably move to moist borders of drying vernal pools and the lake
after the rains have ceased (06 in 01).
REPRODUCTIVE SITE REQUIREMENTS:
Nothing is known about this aspect of the breeding and
reproductive requirements of this species.
REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
Based on mating behavior of other Elaphrus taxa, Goulet (03 in
01) speculates that copulation is very brief, perhaps as short as 1
minute. During copulation, adults would be rather conspicuous in
their sparsely vegetated habitat, thus their brief copulatory period
is probably an adaptation to reduce predation. Such a brief
copulatory period is unusual among carabids, where other species mate
for as long as 12-72 hours (03 and 02 in 01). Both sexes may mate
several times during their lifespan. Because the insect is scarce in
its habitat the mechanism by which it encounters the opposite sex is
important but presently unknown.
Adult delta green ground beetles enter an obligate diapause in
late spring. All other Elaphrus taxa enter diapause in late summer.
It is speculated that the shift in the timing of life history events
for the beetle appear to be adaptations to take advantage of the
wetter winter and spring months in California.
Presumably oviposition occurs during the wet winter and early
spring after adults break their diapause. . . . The collection of
third instar larvae in late February 1982, suggests that egg-laying
may be completed by mid-January (03 in 01).
PARENTAL CARE:
No parental care is known for this species.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
The primary threat to the survival of delta green ground beetle
has been and continues to be loss and alteration of habitat by
agricultural conversion (plowing and leveling of land), river
channelization, dam construction, drainage and pipeline construction.
If the distribution and population numbers are as limited as they
appear, then a long-term threat may be reduced levels of genetic
heterozygosity because of inbreeding and drift. Its small population
size and range would increase the delta green ground beetle's
probability of stochastic extinction (01).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
No specific interaction of this nature is known for the delta
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
green ground beetle.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
Although flight has not been observed in the field, Goulet (03)
suggests that adults may be powerful fliers. This would be extremely
valuable for locating the widely distributed but highly localized
"islands" of vernal pools and grasslands. Other Elaphrus species
exhibit preferences for specialized microhabitats, which often are
related in part to edaphic conditions (03). The 1982 collections of
the beetle were on Pescadero Clay, a soil type that has discontinuous
distribution throughout the San Joaquin Delta Region. Goulet (03 in
01) hypothesizes that in addition to physical factors of the
microhabitat, an olfactory cue may also be essential for location by
the beetle.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Suppressing wildfire
Beneficial Prescribed/controlled burning of habitat
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Maintaining undisturbed/undeveloped areas
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Pesticide Use
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Herbicide Use
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Gas/Oil Development
Existing Gas/Oil Development
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Strip mining
Existing Strip mining
Adverse Flooding
Existing Flooding
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse
Existing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The following is from the delta green ground beetle Recovery
Plan (01):
Although the historical distribution of the delta green
ground beetle is not precisely known, the widespread
disruption of wetland and grassland habitat of the Central
Valley during the past 100 years strongly suggests that the
beetle's range has shrunk and become fragmented. . . .
The primary threat to survival of delta green ground
beetle has been and continues to be loss and alteration of
habitat by agricultural conversion (plowing and leveling of
land), river channelization, dam construction, drainage and
pipeline construction. The presence of Cook Lane through
the habitat and associated traffic is thought to threaten
the beetle (06). If the distribution and population
numbers of the delta green ground beetle are as limited as
they appear, then a long-term threat may be reduced levels
of genetic heterozygosity because of inbreeding and drift.
Its small population size and range would increase the delta
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
green ground beetle's probability of extinction.
Future threats include impacts from gas pipeline expansion,
railroad bed upgrading for a proposed coal fired power plant supply,
exploritory drilling, and further pipeline construction impacting the
soil profile permeability.
APPROVED PLAN:
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Delta Green Ground Beetle
(Elaphrus viridis) and Solano Grass (Tucloria mucronata) Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 68 pp.
The objective of the Recovery Plan is to establish and secure
three additional vigorous self-sustaining colonies of a minimum of
2,025 ha (5,000 acres) of natural vernal pool/grassland habitat
(including the 583 ha (1,439 acre) of the Jepson Prarie Preserve).
Recovery actions for the delta green ground beetle include:
1) Utilize existing laws and regulations to control take of this
species.
2) Investigate the various mortality factors, biological
requirements, population dynamics, and the effects of grazing,
prescribed burning and human use (e.g, researchers) on the
habitat.
3) Develop and implement a land protection plan which may include
eliminating the road or road access through Olcott Lake,
maintaining natural water regimes, land acquisition, obtaining
easements, fire management, and controlling visitor use and
energy development. Parts of the habitat area are zoned
agriculture and general manufacturing. This use may adversely
affect the habitat and the species. Use of herbicides and
pesticides in transportation right of ways or grazing areas may
adversely impact the species or habitat.
4) Grazing may be controlled and prescribed burning may be used to
aid in the reestablishment of native vegetation.
5) Establish additional colonies of the beetle which may require
captive propagation and translocation.
6) Enhance existing habitat and if needed rehabilitate translocation
sites.
7) Increase public awareness of this species.
Surveys for new populations and translocation sites are being
conducted. Several new populations have been found.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species BEETLE, GROUND, DELTA GREEN
Species Id ESIS501005
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. The Delta Green Ground
Beetle and Solano Grass Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Portland, OR. 68 pp.
02 Kavanaugh, D. 1984. Personal communication. Coleopterist,
California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,
CA. Conversations during preparation of Recovery Plan and in
November 1984.
03 Goulet, H. Personal observation. Coleopterist, Entomology
Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Central
Experiment Farm, Ottawa Ontario Canada. K1A 0 C 6. Consultations
given for preparation of Recovery Plan.
04 Andrews, F. 1978. Unpublished manuscript. Elaphrus viridis Horn,
1878.
05 Goulet, H. 1982. Genera of Holarctic, Elaphrini and species of
Elaphrus (Fabricus) (Coleoptera:Carabidae): Classification,
phylogeny and zoogeography. Quest Entomol. [In press.]
06 Arnold, R.A. 1983. Biological studies of the delta green ground
beetle, Elaphrus viridis Horn (Coleoptera:Carabidae) at Jepson
Prairie Preserve in 1983. Unpublished report produced for the
Nature Conservancy.
07 Begg, Gene. 1985. Personal communication. Soil Scientist, Univ.
of California, Davis.
08 Bates, L.A. 1977. Soil survey of Solano County, California.
U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
09 Carpenter, E.J. and S.W. Cosby. 1934. Soil survey of the Suisun
Area, California. U.S.D.A., Bureau of Chemistry and Soils 18:1-60.
10 U.S. Department of Commerce. 1953-1981. Climatological data,
California region. Annual Summaries No. 40-68. Washington, D.C.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. The Delta Green Ground
Beetle and Solano Grass Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Portland, OR 68 pp.
02 Robinson, A. December 1985. Personal communication. U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Office of Endangered Species, 500 NE
Multnomah St., Suite 1692, Portland, OR 97232.
References - 1