(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
OTHER COMMON NAMES -
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - LAMIALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - LAMIACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - STENOGYNE,
SPECIES AND SSP - ANGUSTIFOLIA, VAR.
SCIENTIFIC NAME - STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR.
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
(No common name)
Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia Gray
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Lamiales FAMILY: Lamiaceae
Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia is prostrate, trailing,
glabrous, the slender stems divaricately branching, with internodes 1
to 1.3 dm long. The leaves are undivided, contracted at the base into
a petiole about 1 cm long, and glabrous. The blade is coriaceous,
oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, crenulate-serrate, apically
subacute, mostly 2 to 6 cm long and 6 to 12 mm wide. Whorls are 2-
flowered. The calyx is 8 to 13 mm long, glabrous, distinctly nerved,
sub-bilabiate, the lower lobes lanceolate, acute and varying from
about one-half to just slightly less than the length of the tube. The
pedicular bract is linear and 5 to 7 cm long. The corolla is
puberulous or glabrate, yellow to dull brownish-pink, about 2 cm long,
with the upper lip nearly twice as long as the lower, the lobes narrow
lanceolate, and the acute filaments are glabrate. The nucules are
fleshy, green, drying black, smoothish, obovate, and about 4.2 to 4.4
mm in length (05,19).
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
Other varieties of this species occur on the islands of Hawai'i,
Maui, and Molokai, and can be distinguished by differences in leaf
morphology and arrangement (19).
Stenogyne angustifolia was described by Asa Gray (03) in 1862 in
the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Gray's
description was based on the U.S. South Pacific Exploring Expedition
collection in 1840 on the island of Hawai'i, Waimea District. Mann
(13,14,15) included the species in his enumerations of Sandwich Island
plants, and Wawra (21) included a description in Beitrage zur flora
der Hawai'schen Inseln. Hillebrand (08) described the species as
having three varieties, "A" on Hawai'i, "B" on Maui, and "C" on
Molokai. Drake del Castillo (01) did not recognize Hillebrand's
varieties as distinct and described the species without varieties. In
1935 Sherff (19) revised the genus Stenogyne and described 6 varieties
of S. angustifolia, recognizing Hillebrand's varieties and three
others. Variety angustifolia is accepted by Wagner, Herbst, and
Sohmer (20), in the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i; the
treatment of Stenogyne is being prepared by Stephen Weller (22) of the
University of Illinois, Chicago.
No common English or Hawaiian names are known to have been used
for this taxon.
The type of Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia is in the
U.S. National Herbarium, Washington, DC. Cotypes are in the Gray
Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, the New York Botanical
Garden Herbarium, Bronx, and in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew (04,05,19). Five specimens with confirmed identification
are deposited in the herbarium of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in
Honolulu. The species is described by Gray (03), Hillebrand (08),
Sherff (19), and St. John (17), and included by Wagner, Herbst, and
Sohmer (20) in the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. Line
drawings are found in Drake del Castillo (01). Photographs are
include in Herbst's (05) unpublished status report on the species, in
Hawaii's Vanishing Flora (11), and in Rare Endemic Plants of the
Hawaiian Islands (17). Sherff's (19) revision of the genus includes a
photograph of the cotype in Gray Herbarium. Distribution maps
accompany Herbst's (05) status report and are included in the report
on the botanical survey of Pohakuloa Training Area (07).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia (no common name) has
been designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered
Species Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16
U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever
found including the island of Hawai'i, State of Hawai'i.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
USDA/APHIS-Responsible for enforcing regulations against
importing or exporting Endangered species for
commercial purposes.
DOD -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Department lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
STATE: Hawai'i
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural
Resources, Division of Forestry and
Wildlife
STATE STATUTE: Hawai'i Endangered Species Law, Chapter 195D
Hawai'i Revised Statutes
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None known.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27924 - Notice of review for listing
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/24572 - Proposed Endangered
78/04/26:43 FR 17909/17916 - Summary of comments on proposed rule
79/10/30:44 FR 62467/62469 - Listing as Endangered
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Commercial and Services
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Evergreen Forest Land
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia occurs only in the
saddle area formed by three volcanoes; Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and
Hualalai. The largest and best known population occurs at 1555 m
in elevation in a kipuka in the U.S. Army's Pohakuloa Training Area.
(A kipuka is an isolated area formed when a lava flow divides and
flows around a hill or slight elevation on the pre-flow surface and
reunites on the downhill side. The resulting "island" is thus older
than the surrounding lava surface.) In this kipuka, the taxon occurs
in the zone of transition between the Euphorbia forest association,
which occurs in patches on rock faces and blocky lava outcroppings in
open Myoporum scrub forest, and the Dodonaea scrub association (05,07,
16).
Recently, a second population was discovered southwest of Pu'u
He'ewai, at approximately 1035 m elevation, on very old lava. The
plants were seen in four or five patches near the transition of
pastureland into the relatively bare Keamuku lava flow. The
associated vegetation was a mixture of native species with no clear
dominants. The most abundant species included; Dubautia linearis,
Bidens menziesii, Styphelia tameiameiae, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
and Chamaesyce spp. In contrast to the kipuka population, Dodonaea
was sparse in this area, and Myoporum was absent.
The species is not found in association with agriculture lands,
wetlands, or unique features except for vegetated islands.
Specific environmental requirements of this taxon are unknown.
The plant occurs under the following conditions, which are not limited
to the species' location. The plant grows in relatively flat areas
on ash-veneered lava, in full or nearly full sun, on very stony land
characterized by shallow soil and many lava outcrops. Rainfall in the
area is 38 to 75 cm per year, falling mostly during winter,
"Kona", storms.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
Shrub; vine (03,17,19).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (03,17,19,23).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (03,05,17,19).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Flowering and fruiting probably occurs during the rainy months.
Otherwise the phenology of the species is unknown (05,Asherman).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoclinous (03,17,19).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
No information is available on this subject.
SEED BIOLOGY:
No information is available on this subject.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
The population biology of this species is not well understood.
Reports on the Kipuka Kalawamauna population have varied considerably,
probably due to their small size which cause them to blend in with
surrounding vegetation and to be easily overlooked. A 1977 survey
(07) reported "a few plants spread over several square kilometers."
In 1978 (05), the population was known to comprise 30 to 60
individuals spread over approximately 4 ha, with the probability
of many more individuals occurring in the area. The plants were
sexually mature, healthy and reproducing, despite grazing by feral
animals. Current (1985) estimates (09) indicate that there are more
than 100 individuals and that the area of their occurrence is at least
40 ha.
A few dozen plants were seen during a brief survey of the new
population southwest of Pu'u He'ewai in September 1985. A few late
flowers were still present, but most plants were beyond the flowering
stage and appeared quite dry (10).
Reproduction is by seed. Flowering and fruiting periods are
unknown but probably occur during the rainy months. Dispersal
mechanisms are unknown (05).
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
The species occurs on ash-veneered lava in the saddle formed by
Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, and Hualalai volcanoes. The site is on
prehistoric lava flows formed by the Mauna Loa volcano during the Kau
Volcanic Series (11). The land is classified by the U.S. Soil
Conservation Service (17,18) as "very stony land" (code rVS), which is
a miscellaneous land type consisting of very shallow soil material and
a high proportion of lava outcrops, with slight erosion hazard.
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
The population southwest of Pu'u He'ewai occurs in an area with
two dominant soil types: Kaimu, extremely stony peat (rKED); and Puu
Pa, extremely stony very sandy loam (PVD). Both are dark brown,
stony soils underlain by fragmental a'a lava on 6 to 20 percent
slopes. The Kaimu soils are thin (7.5 cm ), with rapid
permeability, slow run-off and slight erosion hazard. This soil is
not suitable for cultivation and usually supports native woodland.
The Puu Pa soils are considerably thicker (15 to 100 cm), with
moderately rapid permeability, medium run-off, and a moderate erosion
hazard. These soils are frequently used for pasture (17).
Specific habitat and soil requirements of the taxon are unknown.
The plant grows on relatively flat areas, in transition areas between
open forest and open scrub vegetation associations. Exposure to the
sun is full or nearly full, and the annual rainfall is 38 to 75
cm (05,07).
TROPOHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic (23).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Component (05,07).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
The largest and best-known population of this species occurs
primarily in the transition area between patches of the Euphorbia
forest and the Dodonaea scrub associations. Euphorbia forest occurs
as pockets, generally on rock faces and blocky lava outcroppings in
open Myoporum scrub forest. It is dominated by trees of Euphorbia
olowaluana var. gracilis to 10 meters tall, which usually occur in
small groves, forming an open to occasionally closed canopy. Myoporum
sandwicense is a common tree, and Dodonaea and Sida are the dominant
shrubs. Dodonaea scrub is dominated by 1 to 3 meter shrubs of
Dodonaea sandwicensis with frequent Myoporum of similar stature.
Spacing is variable, and a closed scrub develops in favorable sites.
Plants immediately associated with Stenogyne are Pellea ternifolia,
Heterotheca grandiflora, Bidens menziesii var. filiformis, Pennisetum
setaceum, Bromus rigidus, and Lepidium virginicum (05,07).
The new population southwest of Pu'u He'ewai was found on very
old lava. The plants were seen in four or five patches in an area
near the transition of pastureland into the relatively bare Keamuku
lava flow. The associated vegetation was a mixture of native species
with no clear dominants. The most abundant species included; Dubautia
linearis, Bidens menziesii, Styphelia tameiameiae, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, and Chamaesyse spp. In contrast to the kipuka
population, Dodonaea was sparse in this area, and Myoporum was absent.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Domestic livestock browse on the plants foliage, especially
during dry years when range plants have dried up (05,06).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
No information is available on this subject.
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Suppressing wildfire
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Nonnative Vegetation
Beneficial Maintaining Sperm/Seed Banks
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Feral Animals
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Artillery/Explosions
Existing Artillery/Explosions
Adverse Incidental Capturing/Killing
Existing Incidental Capturing/Killing
Adverse Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Existing Harassment/Vandalism/Indiscriminate Killing
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Fire
Existing Fire
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The current status of this taxon is uncertain. In September
1985, during a week-long brush fire which destroyed more than 20,000
acres, however, the fire did not reach the Stenogyne area. The status
of the Stenogyne and other native taxa in the kipuka will be
determined by the Army Environmental Protection staff when the area is
revisited (09,23).
During the fire, a new population was discovered by Hobdy (10)
southwest of Pu'u He'ewai. A few dozen plants were seen, but the area
was not thoroughly surveyed. The size and extant of this new
population is yet unknown.
The main factors which have contributed to the status of the
species are: The destruction and alteration of habitat by feral
animals, trampling, and accidental fires; predation by feral goats and
sheep; lack of legal protection; and other natural and manmade
factors. The extirpation of historic populations of this taxon has
apparently been due to human disturbance and the impact of feral
animals and introduced "weedy" vegetation, rather than volcanic
activity (05). In 1975, this taxon was considered to be "probably
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
extinct" (02).
Suitable habitats within the confirmed range of the species have
been adversely affected by the grazing and browsing of feral sheep and
goats and by trampling by military units using the Army's Pohakuloa
Training Area. Accidental fires set by hunters or military ordnance
have also destroyed native vegetation in the area. One small
population (10 individuals) of the species is known to have been
destroyed by fire during 1977, and the others were recently threatened
by the Kipuka Kalawamauna fire. Sites disturbed by burning,
trampling, or grazing are often invaded by exotic "weedy" plants, to
the exclusion of native species.
Direct exploitation as a food source by feral goats and sheep has
undoubtedly had a serious impact on the species, as it has generally
on native plants in Hawaii.
It is possible that material of this species has been cut and
used as camouflage for military vehicles and personnel during
training maneuvers. It was common practice for vegetation to be used
indiscriminately for such purposes. The Army now prohibits the
removal of native vegetation in the Pohakuloa Traning Area (09).
Activities in the area of the Stenogyne and other rare and Endangered
taxa are further restricted, i.e., no vegetation may be cut, vehicles
must remain on jeep roads, no fires may be started, and no digging may
occur. Activities which continue are troop movements along jeep roads
and artillery firing at specified points (05,06,17).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
As of February 1986, a Recovery Plan for this species has not yet been
initiated and no target date has been set for its initiation.
Fire is probably the greatest threat to this plant. Reduction
of fire hazard by means of firebreaks, fire indexes or other means
would help perpetuate this species. An introduced exotic grass,
fountaingrass (Pennisetum setaceum), has become common in the area.
This exotic grass must be controlled as it competes with native
vegetation and is a fire hazard. Browsing by feral and domestic
animals also is a threat to this species. An animal proof fence
should be constructed around the plants essential habitat or, through
game management techniques, browsing pressure should be reduced or
eliminated. The species should be monitored and a representative
sample of its gene pool should be maintained in the form of a
cultivated population. Seeds should be placed in a seed bank.
Since this species is in a military training area, fire fighting
equipment is available to help control fires. A partial firebreak has
been constructed. The military is aware of the plant and of their
obligation not to harm it. A written agreement between the USFWS and
the Army concerning the plants protection is desireable. The Army's
commitment to the preservation of this species is reflected in their
regulations governing the use of the "kipuka" and is included in their
briefing sessions for the troops.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Drake del Castillo, E. 1892. Illustrations florae insularum Maris
Pacifici (part 7). G. Mason, Paris. P. 265, tabula XXIX.
02 Fosberg, F.R. and D. Herbst. 1975. Rare and endangered species of
Hawaiian vascular plants. Allertonia 1(1):1-72.
03 Gray, A. 1862. Characters of new or obscure plants of Monopetalus
orders in the collection of the United States South Pacific
Exploring Expedition under Captain Charles Wilkes, USN with
occasional remarks. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 5:348.
04 Hawaii Heritage Program. 1985. Element occurrence records:
Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia (PDLAM1Y021). Biological
data base maintained by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Honolulu.
(review of records and current maps in November, 1985; updates
available upon request).
05 Herbst, D. 1978. Status report on Stenogyne angustifolia Gray
var. angustifolia. On file at: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Honolulu, HI. Unpub., 10 pp.
06 U.S. Government. 1979. Endangered and threatened wildlife
and plants; determination that three Hawaiian plants are Endangered
species. Fed. Reg. 44(211):62468-62469.
07 Higashino, P.K., C.H. Lamoureux, R.L. Stemmermann, and F.R.
Warshauer. 1977. Pohakuloa Training Area. In: A report on the
botanical survey for the installation environmental impact
statement, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pac. Ocean Div., Honolulu.
Environmental Impact Study Corp. P. 40 and fig 4.
08 Hillebrand, W. 1888. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands: A
description of their phanerograms and vascular cryptogams.
Reprinted 1981, Lubrecht and Cramer, Monticello, NY. 673 pp.
09 Hirai, L. 1985. Pers. comm. Environmental Protection Specialist,
Environmental Management Office, Directorate of Facilities
Engineering, U.S. Army Support Command-Hawaii, Ft. Shafter, HI
96858-5000.
10 Hobdy, R. 1985. Maui District Forester, Division of Forestry and
Wildlife, P.O. Box 1015, Wailuku, HI, 96793. (Pers. comm.,
November 9 and 16, 1985).
11 Kimura, B.Y. and K.M. Nagata. 1980. Hawaii's vanishing flora.
The Oriental Publ. Co., Honolulu. 88 pp.
12 Macdonald, G.A., A.T. Abbott, and F.L. Peterson. 1983. Volcanoes
in the sea, 2nd ed. Univ of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
517 pp.
13 Mann, H. 1867. Enumeration of Hawaiian plants. Proc. Amer. Acad.
7:193.
14 Mann, H. 1869. Statistics and geographical range of Hawaiian
(Sandwich Islands) plants. Journ. Bot. 7:176.
15 Mann, H. 1869. Statistics and geographical range of Hawaiian
(Sandwich Islands) plants. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1(4):533-
536.
16 St. John, H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in
the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Trop. Bot. Gard., Mem. No. 1.
Lawai, HI. 519 pp.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
17 St. John, H. (C. Corn ed). 1981. Rare endemic plants of the
Hawaiian Islands, Book I. State of Hawaii, Dept. of Land and Nat.
Res., Honolulu. 68 pp.
18 Sato, H.H., W. Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and M. Takehiro, Jr.
1973. Soil survey of Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. USDA,
SCS, Washington, DC. 115 pp. and 195 maps.
19 Sherff, E.E. 1935. Revision of Haplostachys, Phyllostegia, and
Stenogyne. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 136:69-70.
20 Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. [In prep]. Manual of
the flowering plants of Hawai'i.
21 Wawra, H. 1874. Beitrage zur flora der Hawai'schen Inseln, Flora
56:8.
22 Weller, S. Stenogyne. [In prep.] In: Manual of the flowering
plants of Hawai'i. Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer ed.
23 Asherman, K.E. 1985. Unpubl. data. Hawaii Heritage Program.
The Nature Conservancy, 1116 Smith Street, Suite 201, Honolulu, HI
96817.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Hawaii Heritage Program. 1985. Element occurrence records:
Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia (PDLAM1Y021). Biological
data base maintained by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Honolulu.
(review of records and current maps in November, 1985; updates
available upon request).
02 Herbst, D. 1978. Status report on Stenogyne angustifolia Gray
var. angustifolia. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu.
Unpub., 10 pp.
03 Herbst, D. and J.J. Fay. 1979. Endangered and threatened wildlife
and plants; determination that three Hawaiian plants are Endangered
species. Fed. Reg. 44(211): 62468-62469.
04 Higashino, P.K., C.H. Lamoureux, R.L. Stemmermann, and F.R.
Warshauer. 1977. Pohakuloa Training Area. In: Environmental
Impact Study Corp. (ed). A report on the botanical survey for the
installation environmental impact statement, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Pac. Ocean Div., Honolulu. P. 40 and fig 4.
05 Hirai, L. 1985. Environmental Protection Specialist,
Environmental Management Office, Directorate of Facilities
Engineering, U.S. Army Support Command-Hawaii, Ft. Shafter, Hi
96858-5000. (Pers. comm., September 23, 1985).
06 Hobdy, R. 1985. Maui District Forester, Division of Forestry and
Wildlife, P.O. Box 1015, Wailuku, HI, 96793. (Pers. comm.,
November 9 and 16, 1985).
07 Kimura, B.Y. and K.M. Nagata. 1980. Hawaii's vanishing flora.
The Oriental Publ. Co., Honolulu. 88 pp.
08 St. John, H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in
the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Trop. Bot. Gard., Mem. No. 1.
Lawai, HI. 519 pp.
09 St. John, H. (C. Corn ed). 1981. Rare endemic plants of the
Hawaiian Islands, Book I. State of Hawaii, Dept. of Land and Nat.
Res., Honolulu. 68 pp.
10 Sherff, E.E. 1935. Revision of Haplostachys, Phyllostegia, and
References - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species STENOGYNE ANGUSTIFOLIA VAR. ANGUSTIFOLIA
Species Id ESIS701005
Date 13 MAR 96
Stenogyne. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 136:69-70.
11 Stemmermann, L. 1985. Botanist. P.O. Box 308, Volcano, HI,
96785. (Pers. comm., November 21, 1985).
12 Wagner, W. 1985. Botanist. Dept. of Botany, Bishop Mus., P.O.
Box 19000-A, Honolulu, HI, 96819. (Pers. comm., November 21,
1985).
13 Asherman, K.E. 1985. Unpubl. data. Hawaii Heritage Program.
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