(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
OTHER COMMON NAMES -
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - RHAMNALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - RHAMNACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - GOUANIA,
SPECIES AND SSP - HILLEBRANDII,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
(No common name)
Gouania hillebrandii Oliver
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Rhamnales FAMILY: Rhamnaceae
Gouania hillebrandii is a shrub, decumbent or erect and forming
a rounded clump, which ranges in height from 0.2 to 2.0 m tall and
becomes well branched. The branchlets are brown and pilosulous. The
leaves are alternate, with stalks 8 to 35 mm long. Leaf blades are
1.7 to 5.9 cm long and 3.0 to 3.8 cm wide, papery, elliptic, glabrous
above, and below at first appressed pilosulous and later sparsely so.
The inflorescences are cymose, axillary, 15 to 45 mm long, and
pilosulous. The flower stalks are 1 to 6 mm long. Flowers are 3 to
10 in number, at first crowded, fragrant, with apical flowers bisexual
and lateral flowers staminate. The calyx tube is 2 mm long, densely
hirsutulous; the 5 calyx lobes are 2.0 to 2.5 mm in length, triangular
egg-shaped; the 5 petals are 1.5 mm long, white membranous inrolled
around the stamens. The capsules are 5 to 7 mm long and wide,
3-sided, and 3-winged. Seeds are 3.5 to 3.8 mm long, ellipsoid,
compressed, symmetric or broader at one end, smooth, brown, and
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
shining (11,16).
The taxonomic history of Gouania hillebrandii is summarized in
Holt's (11) status report on the species. Gouania hillebrandi was
first described by Oliver (08) in Hillebrand's "Flora of the Hawaiian
Islands", published in 1888. The species was named in honor of
William Hillebrand (14) and became the fourth described Hawaiian
species of Gouania. In 1896, Weberbauer (01) published the new genus
of Pleuranthodes, separating G. hillebrandii and G. orbicularis from
the other Gouania species as P. hildebranti and P. orbiculare,
respectively. Both of Weberbauer's specific epithets were in error.
He apparently confused the name of the lesser known W. Hillebrand with
the well known German botanist Johann Maria Hildebrant (14). In the
second edition of Engler and Prantl's (02) "Die Naturlichen
Pflanzenfamilien", the genus Pleuranthodes was retained by
Suessenguth, but the epithet hildebrandti was corrected to
hillebrandii. Pleuranthodes is distinguished from Gouania as having a
2-lobed rather than 3-lobed style; disk with 5 short broad lobes in
front of the calyx rather than a disk mostly produced into one lobe in
front of each calyx lobe; fruit 2-4 celled and 2-4 winged rather than
3-celled and 3-winged; inflorescence a cyme rather than a spike or
panicle; leaves entire rather than entire or toothed; and plants as
erect shrubs rather than as vines, or, if shrubs, the fruit wingless
(14). Suessenguth concluded that P. orbiculare and P. hillebrandii
are perhaps connected by intermediate forms. In his 1969 monograph of
Hawaiian species of Gouania, St. John (14) discredits Suessenguth's
depreciation of P. orbiculare and P. hillebrandii, stating that no
specimens of either species were examined and that Suessenguth cited
no evidence to support his opinions. Further, in reviewing the stated
diagnostic characters between Gouania and Pleuranthodes, St. John
found the fundamental characters of flowers and fruit to be identical,
and "since the only actual differences are overlapping ones of habit,"
he reduced Pleuranthodes Weberb. to synonymy with Gouania Jacq.
Gouania hillebrandii was first collected in 1870. Since that
time it has only occasionally been collected (1910, 1943, 1955, 1965,
1966, 1978, 1979, 1980). All collections prior to 1979 were probably
from the dry ridges and gulches behind Lahaina, West Maui (14).
Although the type specimen is labeled "Maui! gulches of Kula and
Lahaina," no collections from the Kula region (East Maui) have been
verified as G. hillebrandii. Of the five species of Gouania known
from Maui, only G. hillebrandii has been seen since the 1870's (06,07,
11).
As originally described by Oliver (08), Gouania hillebrandi was
based on three collections: one from Lahaina, West Maui, one from
Kula, East Maui, and a third from "Maui" with no other locality
designation. From these specimens St. John (14) formed two new
species. The "Maui" specimen has lanceolate, larger blades, sparse
inflorescences but no fruit. This specimen is the basis for the new
taxon G. pilata. Another of the collections, published by Hillebrand
(08) as unnamed variety B from Kula, East Maui, forms St. John's G.
lydgatei, distinguished from G. hillebrandii by densely pilose abaxial
blade surfaces and longer peduncles. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (17)
include G. lydgatei as a synonym of Gouania hillebrandi in the "Manual
of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i". Other synonyms for the
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
scientific name G. hillebrandii include: G. cucullata, G. fauriei,
G. mannii, G. pilata, G. remyi, G. sandwiciana, G. thinophila, and
Isodendrion fauriei.
The currently accepted name of this species is Gouania
hillebrandii. Use of the lower case for a specific epithet which
honors an individual is as recommended by the International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature. Oliver and St. John's use of a single "i"
to end the epithet is considered to be an error of orthography.
No common English or Hawaiian names are known for this species.
However, archaeological sites in the vicinity of present day
populations and the highly developed botanical knowledge of the
Hawaiians before European contact indicate that a Hawaiian name
probably did exist but has been lost (11).
The type specimen is in the herbarium of the Bernice P. Bishop
Museum, Honolulu. The lectotype is in Berlin. Other specimens with
confirmed identification are also at Bishop Museum. Two specimens,
one from a plant in cultivation, are in the herbarium of the
University of Hawai'i Botany Department, Honolulu (05,11,14). The
species is described by Oliver in Hillebrand's "Flora of the Hawaiian
Islands" (08), by St. John (14) and in the "Manual of the Flowering
Plants of Hawai'i" (17). Line drawings are included in St. John's
monograph of the genus Gouania (14). Photographs are included in
Holt's unpublished report on the species (11), in "Rare Endemic Plants
of the Hawaiian Islands" (16), and in "Hawaii's Vanishing Flora" (12).
Distribution maps are found in Holt's status report (11), in Hobdy's
unpublished species action plan (09), and in the Federal Register (06,
07).
Taxonomy - 3 (DRAFT) - Status
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
Gouania hillebrandii (no common name) has been designated an
Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540),
as amended. The species has this status wherever found including the
State of Hawaii. Critical Habitat has been designated in 2 zones on
Maui, Hawai'i: 1 at Pa'upa'u Zone, Ahupua'a of Kuia; and the other at
Lihau Zone, Ahupua'a of Kuia (50 CFR 17.96(a)).
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS, is responsible for
enforcing regulations against importing or exporting endangered
species for commercial purposes. No commercial activities are
expected for this plant.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Hawai'i
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: State Department of Land and Natural
Resources, Division of Forestry and
Wildlife.
STATE STATUTE: Hawai'i Endangered Species Law; Hawai'i Revised
Statutes, Chapter 195D.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None known.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27924 - Notice of review
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/24572 - Proposed rule
78/04/26:43 FR 17909/17916 - Summary of comments on proposed rule
79/10/20:44 FR 62470/62471 - Withdrawal of proposed rule
83/09/07:48 FR 40407/40411 - Reproposed as Endangered
84/11/09:49 FR 44753/44757 - Final rule, listed as Endangered
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Evergreen Forest Land
Bare Exposed Rock
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Gouania hillebrandii presently occurs only on dry, exposed ridge
tops and slopes on the West Maui Mountain's arid west- to
southwest-facing slopes at elevations ranging from 245 to nearly
490 m. The Pa'upa'u habitat is severely eroded due to heavy grazing
by cattle throughout the area and a broad cattle track along one of
the three ridge tops.
Specific environmental requirements of this species are unknown.
The plant occurs under the following conditions, which are not limited
to these sites. The habitat is seasonally very dry from mid-spring to
late fall (late March-November), with full exposure to frequent winds
and intense insolation. Both trade winds and southerly storm winds
sweep the habitat. Mean annual rainfall is 470 mm. Mean annual
temperature is about 24 degrees C, with an annual range of only 4
degrees C. The terrain is one of steeply eroded west- to
southwest-sloping ridges. Adjacent gulches are drained by
intermittent, storm-fed streams. Surface erosion is severe in
disturbed sections such as at Pa'upa'u. Both population areas are
characterized by shallow rocky soils of igneous material and frequent
rock outcrops. Habitat may be contiguous with outcropping trachyte,
most obvious at the widely eroded Pa'upa'u location.
Gouania hillebrandii occurs in dry scrubland and grassland of
mixed native and exotic species. At Pa'upa'u the species grows in
association with two vegetation types: a moderately closed forest
(60 to 80% cover) of the exotic tree Grevillea robusta on the
north-facing ridge slopes, and a scattered shrubland with occasional
trees on the eroded ridge tops. The Lihau population occurs in a
native grassland/shrubland usually less than 2 m in height; the
vegetation is less disturbed than at Pa'upa'u and largely native in
character. Shrub layer cover in Lihau ranges from 15-30% on the ridge
tops to 50-85% in the gulches. Herb cover varies between 60-90%,
except on rock outcrops, ridge crests, and the most exposed slopes
(11).
The species is not found in association with agricultural lands,
wetlands, or unique features other than trachyte outcrops.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Coastal Features: Vegetated offshore islands
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
Gouania hillebrandii is a shrub ranging 0.2 to 2 m in height (08,
11,14).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (08,11,14).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Presumably it reproduces only by sexual means (09,11).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Phenology is generally unknown. Flowering, fruiting, and
vegetative growth occur most profusely during the wet months of winter
and early spring (11).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoclinous (14). St. John (14) states that Gouania
hillebrandii, like several other members of the genus, is polygamous
or functionally dioecious.
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Unknown (11).
SEED BIOLOGY:
Little is known of the seed biology of Gouania hillebrandii.
Seed production is probably very limited in this species (14). St.
John's prolonged and careful search in the field was rewarded with
only a few seemingly infertile and immature fruits, each of which
contained a single good seed. Propagation attempts on Maui by Hobdy
resulted in no germination when apparently mature capsules were sown
on sterile medium under mist (11). Young seedlings had been observed
by Herbst (18) in 1985 in the Pa'upa'u population, but these were
uncommon.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Pa'upa'u population:
The Pa'upa'u population was estimated in 1980 to consist of
750-1000 individuals in an area of at least 15 acres. The plants
occurred in scattered groups, less dense on ridge tops than on slopes.
Approximately a third of the plants were seedlings less than 10 cm
tall. In 1980 most of the plants (50-65%) were between 15 cm and 1 m
tall; and about 40 individuals were as tall as 1.5-2 m. The 1980
total count is considerably larger than the 517 reported in 1966, and
the 25 reported for only part of the area in 1978 after an extremely
dry period lasting several years. Also, observations in 1985 by
Herbst (18) indicated that young seedlings were uncommon. The large
number in 1980 is attributed to: 1) a more complete survey; and
2) two preceding exceptionally wet winters which could have led to
increased germination of soil-stored seed. Nevertheless, subjective
observation by St. John between 1955 and 1969 indicate an overall
decline in cover, density, range, and absolute numbers of the plant in
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
this area.
This population is considered in imminent danger of serious
reduction, if not extirpation, by grazing pressures. It is also
heavily infested with Pinnaspis strachani (hibiscus snow scale) with
nearly all individuals other than small seedlings affected. A number
of plants were found dead with stems white with the insect. This pest
is definitely killing some individuals (11).
Lihau population:
The Lihau population was discovered in 1979 and estimated to
include 200 to 400 individuals (09). A 1980 survey reported an
estimated 950 to 1100 individuals in an area less than 20 acres. This
population consisted largely of mature plants between 30 cm and 1.5 m
in height. A number of small seedlings were also present, though
seedlings were not as numerous or densely associated as in the
Pa'upa'u population. Plants were generally evenly scattered, but less
dense on ridge tops than on slopes.
The Lihau population is healthy and does not appear to be
seriously threatened at present. Lihau is not presently frequented by
cattle, and few (if any) feral goats survive in the area. Pinnaspis
strachani infestation is also very low in this population. Population
maintainence is very likely, if grazing animals continue to be
excluded from the area by natural and man-made barrier (10,11).
Pu'u Hipa population:
The Pu'u Hipa population was also discovered in 1979, when about
16 individuals were seen. It was not resurveyed in 1980 and no
comparably thorough population estimate is available for this area.
Its condition is believed to be similar to that of the Lihau
population (11).
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
The sites on which Gouania hillebrandii occurs were formed during
the Honolua Volcanic Series which overlay the basaltic flows of the
Wailuku Volcanic Series. Honolua lavas are mostly trachyte and
benmoreite, and a little hawaiite; most flows are 'a'a lava (13).
Gouania hillebrandii occurs on the upper slopes of minor narrow
ridges usually less than 200 m wide at their crests and dropping
steeply on either side into gulches from 9 to 61 m deep. Habitat
slope varies from nearly level on ridge and hill tops to 40 - 50% on
ridge sides. Plants are found mostly on upper slopes or ridge tops
with west- or north-sloping aspect, rarely on south facing slopes.
Both population areas are drained by intermittent, unnamed streams.
The Pa'upa'u habitat is severely eroded due to heavy grazing by cattle
throughout the area and a broad cattle track along one of the three
ridge tops. Elevational range is from 335 - 455 m at Pa'upa'u and
from 245 - 480 m on the slopes of Lihau (10,11). The few plants at
Pu'u Hipa occur at 305 m elevation.
Both population areas occur on land classified by the U.S. Soil
Conservation Service (03) as "rock land--rough mountainous land
association: very shallow, steep and very steep." The Pa'upa'u
population is generally limited to a band of outcropping trachyte, a
grey/white mineral of mostly orthoclase feldspar which weathers easily
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
into a white powdery material. This band, running along a contour
from about 305 to 470 m on Pa'upa'u, lies within the "Lahaina series":
well-drained with medium runoff and moderate erosion hazard, developed
in material weathered from basic igneous rock. In places most of the
surface layer and part of the subsoil have been removed by erosion.
These Lahaina series soils blend into areas of rockland, a soil type
which also covers most of the Lihau population area. Exposed basaltic
and anesitic rock covers 25-30% of the surface. Soils are very
shallow and typically sticky clays. In the higher sections of the
Lihau area exposed bedrock covers up to 90% of the surface. Litter
layer is thin but present in these areas except on the eroding
trachyte of Pa'upa'u, where it is nearly absent. A trachyte outcrop
exists at Lihau but is not so prominent as at Pa'upa'u, due perhaps to
less drastic erosion at Lihau. Other edaphic details are unknown
(11).
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic (08,14).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Component (11).
Pa'upa'u population: On the north-facing slope of the
northernmost of the three ridges where G. hillebrandii occurs, cover
by this taxon reaches 10 - 15 percent. These areas are limited to a
few hundred square meters, and they include the bulk of the Pa'upa'u
population. Cover by G. hillebrandii in the remainder of the Pa'upa'u
area is negligible (11).
Lihau population: G. hillebrandi is scattered, with cover less
than 5%, along the very tops of the ridges. On the north-facing
slopes of these ridge crests, the species may cover 10 - 30% of the
area. These population areas are limited to a few dozen hectares
(11).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
Pa'upa'u population: Two vegetation types occur in the Pa'upa'u
area, a moderately closed forest of the exotic Grevillea robusta on
the north-facing ridge slopes and a scattered shrubland with
occasional trees on the eroded ridge tops. On the slopes the
tree layer (60 - 80% cover) is from 2 - 10 m tall, underlain by a
shrub layer (0.5 - 2.5 m) of native and exotic sp. with 50-70 pct.
cover; the herb layer (40 - 60% cover) comprises exotic grasses and
herbs with a few native herbs. The ridge tops are largely barren
eroded trachyte where Gouania occurs, with scattered native shrubs to
1.5 m, fewer exotic shrubs, herbs, and grasses than on the slopes,
and widely scattered, unhealthy exotic trees. A few solitary native
trees occur on the ridge crests. On the ridge top above and below the
Gouania habitat and on the south-facing slopes, the scrubby vegetation
becomes very thick and is largely of exotic species.
On the north-facing slope of the northernmost of the three ridges
where G. hillebrandii occurs in a total area of a few hundred square
meters, cover by the species is 10 - 15 percent. In the remainder of
the Pa'upa'u area, the Gouania cover is negligible. G. hillebrandii
is frequently associated with the native species Dodonea eriocarpa,
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
Heteropogon contortus, Scaevola gaudichaudi, Sida fallax, and
Waltheria americana, and with Lantana camara and several other exotic
species, forming the understory of a Grevillea robusta stand.
Lihau and Pu'u Hipa populations: Gouania hillebrandii occurs in
a native grassland/scrubland in which, except for isolated groups of
trees and tall shrubs on shaded east-facing walls, the vegetation
rarely exceeds 2 m in height. Shrub layer cover is 15 - 30% on the
ridge tops and 50 - 85% in the gulches. The herb layer is largely of
native grasses and herbs, with several exotic species present. Herb
layer cover is 70 - 90% except on rock outcrops, the most exposed
slopes, and ridge crests. Under heavy shrub cover, the herb cover
decreases to about 60%. Barren rock outcrop is significant,
especially on ridge tops, covering 10 - 25% of these areas.
Gouania hillebrandii is scattered, with cover less than 5%, along
the very tops of the ridges. On north-facing slopes of these ridge
crests it may cover 10 - 30% of the area. Population areas are
limited to a few dozen hectares. Frequently associated species
include Bidens mauiensis var. lanaiensis, Dodonea eriocarpa,
Eragrostis grandis, E. monticola, Heteropogon contortus, Sida fallax,
Waltheria americana, and a number of other native and exotic species
with small cover (11).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
The introduced insect Pinnaspis strachani (hibiscus snow scale)
infests at least half of all known plants. Many heavily infested
plants have died. In 1981, the Pa'upa'u population was heavily
infested, with nearly all individuals other than small seedlings
affected by the insect. Cattle trample and browse the plant's
foliage. Chewing insects may also afflict this species. Other
biological interactions are unknown (06,07,09,11).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Suppressing wildfire
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Nonnative Vegetation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Invertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Feral Animals
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
Adverse Fire
Existing Fire
Adverse Forest Alteration
Existing Forest Alteration
Adverse Harvesting
Existing Harvesting
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The main factors which have contributed to the current status of
Gouania hillebrandii are habitat alteration and destruction by feral
and domestic animals and forestry practices, forest alteration during
predation by grazing animals and herbivorous insects, lack of legal
protection, and other natural or man-made factors.
Feral and domestic livestock (cattle and goats) probably have
been the greatest threat historically to the species' habitat. They
have browsed and trampled this taxon, along with other native taxa of
the dry lowlands. Trampling also promoted erosion and compacted
soils, while destroying vegetation and litter important to soil-water
relations. Cutting of native trees and subsequent reforestation
attempts have further altered the habitat at Pa'upa'u. Domestic
cattle continue to graze and trample the Pa'upa'u habitat, promoting
erosion, especially along ridge-top paths, and favoring the survival
of less palatable introduced plant species over native species, scale
and chewing insects. The Lihau population is regarded as not
threatened by grazing at this time. However, a recent grazing lease
issued for lands below the Lihau Natural Area Reserve may impact this
population if the boundary is not adequately fenced (10).
Pinnaspis strachani has infested nearly every plant of G.
hillebrandii above seedling size at Pa'upa'u, and is present on a few
plants at Lihau. This insect pest is definitely killing some
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
individuals. In addition, specimens as early as 1955 show evidence of
widespread damage to leaf margins by unknown chewing insects.
The genus Gouania has not survived well in Hawai'i. Of 15
species described in Hawai'i, all but three are considered to be
extinct or probably extinct; the others are very rare, very localized
and endangered (04). The limited distribution of the species and its
seasonally very dry habitat make it vulnerable to destruction by fire.
A large portion of a population could be destroyed by a single fire
originating in nearby pastureland (grazing land). Exotic plant
species, especially matted grasses and trees, may compete with Gouania
for space and moisture. Other factors of probable importance, such as
the availability of pollinating organisms, need additional study
before they can be identified (06,07,09,11,16).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Agency Draft. Gouania
hillebrandii Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Portland, OR. 42 pp. The contact person is Peter Stine, (808)
546-7530.
The prime objective of any management action for Gouania
hillebrandii would be to protect the natural populations from the
threats of browsing and trampling by cattle and other feral or
domestic livestock, from infestation by insects, from competition with
exotic plants, from fire, and from other detrimental factors that
may become important in the future. This can be accomplished by:
1) Acquiring management rights for lands essential to the continued
existence of the shrub.
2) Terminating grazing leases on this land.
3) Fencing the area and removing domestic and feral livestock.
4) Removing competing exotic plant species.
5) Controlling insect predators.
6) Monitoring the population.
7) Preventing and controlling fires.
Ongoing recovery actions include the develoment of a plan by the
State Div. of Forestry and Wildlife for the protection and recovery
of the species.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1896. Die naturalichen pflazenfamilien,
3(5):Rhamnaceae, by A. Weberbauer, pp. 393-427. Leipzig.
02 Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1953. Die naturalichen
pflanzenfamilien, 2nd ed. (H. Harms, ed.). 20d: Rhamnaceae,
by K. Suessenguth, pp. 1-173. Berlin.
03 Foote, D.E., E.L. Hill, S. Nakamura, and F. Stephens. 1972. Soil
survey of the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai.
U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Soil Consevation Service, Washington, D.C.
04 Fosberg, F.R. and D. Herbst. 1975. Rare and endangered species of
Hawaiian vascular plants. Allertonia 1(1):1-72.
05 The Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i. August, 1985. Hawai'i Heritage
Program (Data Base); Element Occurrence Records: Gouania
hillebrandii (PDRHA07060). (Review of records and current maps;
updates available upon request).
06 U.S. Government. 1983. Endangered and Threatened wildlife and
plants; proposed Endangered status and Critical Habitat for Gouania
hillebrandii. Fed. Reg. 48:40407/40411.
07 U.S. Government. 1984. Endangered and Threatened wildlife and
plants; final rule to list Gouania hillebrandii as an Endangered
species and to designate its Critical Habitat. Fed. Reg.
49(219):44753/44757.
08 Hillebrand, W. 1888. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands: A
description of their phanerograms and vascular cryptogams.
Lubrecht and Cramer Reprinted, Monticello, N.Y. 1981. 673 pp.
09 Hobdy, R. 1980. Threatened and endangered species action plan for
Gouania hillebrandi. Unpublished report available from: Maui
Dist., State of Hawai'i Div. of Forestry and Wildlife. 6 pp.
10 Hobdy, R. November 1985. Personal communication. Maui District
Forester, Hawai'i Div. of Forestry and Wildlife, P.O. Box 1015,
Wailuku, HI 96793.
11 Holt, R.A. 1981. Status report for Gouania hillebrandi. Research
Corporation of the Univ. of Hawai'i under Contract
14-16-0001-79096. Unpublished report available from: U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Honolulu. 40 pp.
12 Kimura, B.Y. and K.M. Nagata. 1980. Hawaii's vanishing flora.
The Oriental Publ. Co., Honolulu, HI. 88 pp.
13 Macdonald, G.A., A.T. Abbott, and F.L. Peterson. 1983. Volcanoes
in the sea, 2nd ed. Univ. of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. 517 pp.
14 St. John, H. 1969. Monograph of the Hawaiian species of Gouania
(Rhamnaceae), Hawaiian plant studies 34. Pacific Sci.
23(4):507-543.
15 St. John, H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in
the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Tropical Bot. Gard. Mem. No.1,
Lawai, HI. 519 pp.
16 St. John, H. (C. Corn, ed.). 1981. Rare ednemic plants of the
Hawaiian Islands, Book I. Hawai'i Dept. of Land and Nat. Res.,
Honolulu. 68 pp.
17 Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. [In prep.] Manual of
the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species GOUANIA HILLEBRANDII
Species Id ESIS701009
Date 13 MAR 96
18 Herbst, D. June 1986. Personal communication. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Office of Environmental Services, P.O. Box 50167,
Honolulu, HI 96850.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 The Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i. August, 1985. Hawai'i Heritage
Program (Data Base); Element Occurrence Records: Gouania
hillebrandii (PDRHA07060). (Review of records and current maps;
updates available upon request).
02 U.S. Government. 1983. Endangered and Threatened wildlife and
plants; proposed Endangered status and Critical Habitat for Gouania
hillebrandii. Fed. Reg. 48:40407-40411.
03 U.S. Government. 1984. Endangered and Threatened wildlife and
plants; final rule to list Gouania hillebrandii as an Endangered
species and to designate its Critical Habitat. Fed. Reg.
49(219):44753/44757.
04 Hobdy, R. 1980. Threatened and endangered species action plan for
Gouania hillebrandi. Unpublished report avialable from: Maui
Dist., State of Hawai'i Div. of Forestry and Wildlife. 6 pp.
05 Hobdy, R. November 1985. Personal communication. Maui District
Forester, Hawai'i Div. of Forestry and Wildlife, P.O. Box 1015,
Wailuku, HI 96793.
06 Holt, R.A. 1981. Status report for Gouania hillebrandi. Research
Corporation of the Univ. of Hawai'i under Contract
14-16-0001-79096. Unpublished report available from: U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Honolulu. 40 pp.
07 St. John, H. 1969. Monograph of the Hawaiian species of Gouania
(Rhamnaceae), Hawaiian plant studies 34. Pacific Sci.
23(4):507-543.
08 St. John, H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in
the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Tropical Bot. Gard. Mem. No.1,
Lawai, HI. 519 pp.
09 St. John, H. (C. Corn, ed.). 1981. Rare ednemic plants of the
Hawaiian Islands, Book I. Hawai'i Dept. of Land and Nat. Res.,
Honolulu, HI. 68 pp.
10 Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. [In prep.] Manual of
the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i.
References - 2