(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
OTHER COMMON NAMES - BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH;BIRDS BEAK and SALT MARSH
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - SCROPHULARIALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - SCROPHULARIACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - CORDYLANTHUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - MARITIMUS, SSP.
SCIENTIFIC NAME - CORDYLANTHUS MARITIMUS SSP.
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Salt Marsh Bird's-beak
Cordylanthus maritimus Nutt. ex Benth. ssp. maritimus
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Scrophulariales FAMILY: Scrophulariaceae
Chuang and Heckard's (01) description of Cordylanthus maritimus
ssp. maritimus follows:
"Plants 15-30 cm tall, diffusely and usually much
branched, the lateral branches laxly spreading-ascending or
decumbent, usually exceeding the central spike; herbage pale
to grayish green, occasionally purplish, villous or
short-pilose to puberulent or glabrescent, sparsely glandular.
Leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 5-20 mm long,
2-5 mm broad, the apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence of
loose to dense spikes. Floral bracts oblong or occasionally
lanceolate, usually with a pair of short teeth near apex.
Corolla 1.5-2.0 (-2.3) cm long, cream-white with pale yellow
galea and lower tube, the apex of lower lip tinged with
purplish red or pale brownish red that often continues as
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
dots along 3 main veins of pouch. Seeds ca. 2 mm long,
15-20 in each capsule.
Habitat and distribution: Salt marshes along the coast
from northern Baja California to Carpinteria, Santa Barbara
Co., California; flowering May to October."
Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus has been previously known
as:
Cordylanthus maritimus Nutt. ex Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10:598 1846 (01);
Adenostegia maritima (Nutt. ex Benth.) Greene, Prittonia 2:181 (01);
Chloropyron maritimum (Nutt. ex Benth.) Heller, Muhlenbergia 3:133
(01) 1907 (12).
Some literature (08,10) cite this subspecies as Cordylanthus
maritimus subsp. maritimus or C. m. maritimus.
Except for Jepsen, who treated Cordylanthus maritimus as one
species with two varieties (var. canescens and var. parryi, with var.
canescens encompassing the salt marsh bird's-beak), all others
(Ferris, Pennell, Mason and Munz) have separated it into two species
(Cordylanthus maritimus and C. canescens) (01). Chuang and Heckard
(01) pointed out that the morphological criteria used to separate the
species are not absolute. Since there is much variation and overlap
between groups, they treated them as one species (maritimus) with
three subspecies (maritimus, palustris, and canescens) based on
geographical distribution and morphological characteristics. They
describe Cordylanthus maritimus as consisting of "a complex of three
geographically and, to a lesser extent, morphologically separable
entities with ssp. palustris at one extreme and ssp. canescens at the
other, bridged by a more variable third entity, ssp. maritimus, which
approaches but does not completely resemble the others in its
morphological variation" (01). Old collections (from San Bernardino
Co.-San Bernardino Valley, Parish collection from 1880-1889; San Diego
Co.-Oak Grove, Hall 206 in 1895) were assigned to subspecies maritimus
by Chuang and Heckard (01), but were judged by them to be intermediate
toward subspecies canescens. No collections from either of these
locations have been made in this century and the plants are presumed
extinct (08).
Variations in morphological characteristics of Cordylanthus
maritimus ssp. maritimus have been observed. Fox noted clinal
differences in flower color, phenological development, branching
patterns, population densities and seed production (04). Differences
in flower color were described by Dow (08) with those at Pt. Mugu,
Ventura Co. Game Preserve, Ormond Beach (Ventura Co.) and Carpenteria
(Santa Barbara Co.) having conspicuous purple tri-lobed floral bracts
while those farther south were pale cream with faint purple lines.
Phenological development is generally thought to occur earlier in
the southern populations. Growth form is usually of two types:
1) large and profusely branched, and 2) erect, compact and scarcely
branched (08). Plants in the northern part of the range (Santa
Barbara Co.) are generally more dense and larger than in the south
(San Diego Co.) (08).
The holotype for Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus is at Kew
Royal Botanic Gardens, England (01). Other representative specimens
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
can be found at:
Herbarium of Pomona College, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden,
Claremont, CA (01);
Herbarium Dept. of Botany, U.C. Berkeley, Berkeley CA (01); and
Dudley Herbarium of Stanford U., San Francisco CA (01).
Illustrations showing differences in morphological
characteristics of the three subspecies of Cordylanthus maritimus can
be found in Chuang and Heckard (01).
Taxonomy - 3 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Non-consumptive recreational
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The salt marsh bird's-beak has been designated an Endangered
species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 (50 CFR
17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended.
This listing includes populations in California and Mexico (Baja
California), however, the species is protected wherever found.
Critical Habitat has not been designated.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This subspecies is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS - Has primary responsibility for the management/recovery,
listing, and law enforcement/protection of this plant.
DOD - Is responsible for cooperation in the management/recovery
and protection of the salt marsh bird's-beak where it
occurs on DOD lands.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: California
DESIGNATED STATUS: Endangered
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: California Department of Fish and Game
STATE STATUTE: California Endangered Species Act; Fish and Game
Code, Chapter 1.5, Article 1, Section 2050. Also,
California Plant Protection Act of 1977, as
amended, Chapter 10.
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
The salt marsh bird's-beak is valued as a rare plant by botanists
and plant enthusiasts.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27924 - Acceptance of Smithsonian Report
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/ - Proposed rule, list as Endangered
78/09/28:43 FR 44810/44812 - Final rule, listed as Endangered
83/12/08:48 FR 55100/55102 - Five-year review
85/07/22:50 FR 29900/29901 - Notice of 5-year review completion
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
COASTAL
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Mixed Urban or Built-up Land
Bays and Estuaries
Nonforested Wetland
Sandy Areas other than Beaches
Transitional Areas
Mixed Barren Land
NATIONAL WETLAND INVENTORY CODES
NWI NWICLS NWIMOD NWISPEC
Palustrine FL3
Palustrine EM1
Palustrine EM
Estuarine, intertidal FL
Estuarine, intertidal EM6
Estuarine, intertidal EM5
Estuarine, intertidal EM3
Estuarine, intertidal EM2
Estuarine, intertidal EM1
Estuarine, subtidal UB2
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus is found exclusively in
coastal salt marshes from Santa Barbara Co. south. Many of these
marshes are small in size and are adjacent to urbanized areas. The
species typically occurs between mean high water and extreme high
water (08), which falls in a zone commonly dominated by Salicornia
(01). In addition to the importance of that specific area, associated
habitats which help maintain the conditions normally found there are
also critical to C. m. ssp. maritimus survival (08). These associated
habitats include the lower marsh and the estuary mouth which maintain
tidal influence, upstream areas and the watershed which could effect
inflow of fresh water, and adjacent upland areas which have been
suggested as possible habitat for pollinators (08).
Although there has been some work on elevation preferences and
associated vegetation density, little is known about the specific
habitat needs of the salt marsh bird's-beak or why it is both
spatially and temporally patchy. The following information on habitat
preferences is generally based on observations from a specific marsh
and may not be true for the subspecies throughout its range.
C. m. ssp. maritimus is found in low lying areas, berms,
roadsides (09) and in freshwater seeps (08) at Pt. Mugu, and in
depressions caused by vehicular traffic at Ormond Beach (09). The
species may be found infrequently behind barrier dunes, on dunes,
mounds and old oyster-shell dredge spoil (08).
Soils have been reported as typically not well drained (09), but
also as well-drained, well-aerated and generally dry during summer
(08). Data collected at Mugu show a soil pH range from 7.9-9.6, water
salinity from 15-132 ppt, electrical conductivity from
3.4-34.0 mmhos/cm (15 mmhos = 34 ppt) and no clear habitat preferences
in values for calcium, manganese, sodium and potassium, although
potassium largely dominated all plots (09). Soils on which C. m.
Habitat Associations - 1 maritimus occurs at Mugu range from silty clays to sandy loams, with
sandy loams predominating (09).
Water levels and salinity appear to be important factors for
C. m. ssp. maritimus survival. Germination occurs in spring when soil
salinities are low and soil moisture is high (09). Although tidal
influence has been suggested as an important factor, this species
is found in areas not influenced by tides (09). Unseasonal high water
has resulted in early death (09).
C. m. ssp. maritimus is assumed to be absent from the lower marsh
because it has no aerenchyma in its roots and therefore is intolerant
of constant flooding by tides (Purer as cited in 08). It usually
occurs along a narrow elevational band within each marsh (Fox pers.
obs. as cited in 08). At Tijuana Estuary the colonies studied were
found to inhabit an elevational gradient of only 0.9 ft (from 6.3' to
7.2' above mean lower low water) (03). Mean elevation at Mugu is
0.52 m above mean sea level (0.03-1.18 m MSL) (09).
Newman, Ferguson and Dow observed that C. m. ssp. maritimus is
associated with sparse to moderate vegetation cover (08). At Mugu,
removal of perennial vegetation appeared to promote an increase in
C. m. ssp. maritimus (Vanderweir pers. comm. as cited in 08). Dunn
(03) also observed higher seedling densities in open areas but
suggested that continued survival may be lower.
Soil moisture, water salinity and competition with surrounding
perennial vegetation appear to be the most critical factors in
determining its distribution at Mugu (09).
On State lands colonies are known from State park land at Tijuana
River Estuary and California Dept. of Fish and Game land at Upper
Newport Bay (08).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G Coastal Wetlands: Mangrove swamps
G
G
G
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
The salt marsh bird's-beak is an herb (05).
LIFE CYCLE:
Annual (05).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus reproduces by sexual means
(05).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Germination dates are March (Ferguson pers. comm. as cited in 08)
through April (11). Budding occurs in May (11). Anthesis occurs from
May through June (01). Fruiting occurs from June through July (11).
Seed is dispersed beginning in mid-Sept. at Mugu (09) and in July at
Tijuana Estuary (11).
Timing of germination, flowering, and senescene probably depends
on yearly weather patterns. In general plants in the southern part of
the range will precede those farther north in each stage. Most of the
dates noted above are specific to those areas studied and may reflect
only one season of observation (01,08,09,11).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoclinous (05).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Three possible pollinators were observed at Mugu: leaf cutter
bees (Anthidium), sweat bees (Lasioglossum) and Sonoran bumble bee
(Bombus sonoras) (09). Modification of upland areas adjacent to salt
marshes could destroy habitat that may support C. m. ssp. maritimus
pollinators (08).
It is proposed that seed is dispersed by water and animals (08).
SEED BIOLOGY:
Chuang and Heckard (01) report 15-20 seeds ca. 2 mm long in each
capsule. Seed production per plant is not known, but may be decreased
from predation by leaf roller moth larvae and deleterious impacts
from lepidopteran larvae and locusts (08). Seed production can be
eliminated if plants are infected with a pathogenic fungus in late
spring and early summer (Newman pers. comm. as cited in 08).
Germination can occur as soon as seeds are shed from the capsule,
but rate and percent germination are enhanced after two years of dry,
dark storage (09). Rate and percent germination are also enhanced by
stratification at 7 degrees C for 35 days or seed coat scarification
(09). Fresh seed germinates better under illumination, but after
storage needs less light (09). Germination is inhibited by
temperatures greater than 27 degrees C (09) and salinity above 12 ppt
(Newman as cited in 08). Dunn (13) observed soil salinities from
9-16 ppt during gemination at Tijuana Estuary, but noted that
salinities above 8 ppt begin to inhibit germination.
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Little is known about the population biology of this species.
At Mugu it is found in dense monotypic stands (09), but at Tijuana
Estuary salt marsh bird's-beak is found mostly in small patches
interspersed with other vegetation.
C. m. ssp. maritimus is both temporally and spatially patchy with
some patches failing to germinate each season (03). Ferguson (pers.
comm. as cited in 03) attributed colony failure at Tijuana Estuary to
flooding, but Dunn (03) suggests a lack of rain, which is needed to
lower soil salinity for germination.
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
Populations of C. m. ssp. maritimus from Seal Beach south occur
on Xerorthants with Xeralfs and Xerolls (07). Those to the north are
on Xeralfs with Xerolls, Xerorthants, and Xererts (07). At Mugu,
C. m. ssp. maritimus is found on silty clays to sandy loams, with
sandy loams predominating (09). Occasionally it occurs behind barrier
dunes, reported as being both typically well drained (08) and not well
drained (09). At Mugu Lagoon, it occupies low lying areas, berms,
roadsides and depressions from vehicular traffic (09). Fox observed
that it occurs only within a narrow elevational band in each marsh
(08). Germination was shown to be more likely in patches where
perennial vegetation had been removed (09). Greater germination in
open areas was also observed by Dunn (03), but he suggests that
survival may not be high in those areas.
TROPHIC STATUS:
As with other species of Cordylanthus, C. m. ssp. maritimus is
phototrophic and hemi-parasitic (02). Evidence suggests that this is
what allows Cordylanthus to stay green and flower after other annuals
have fruited and died (06). The roots of C. m. ssp. maritimus produce
haustoria, enlarged structures with vascular connections to the hosts
roots (02). Chuang and Heckard (02) found that other species of
Cordylanthus were facultative rather than obligative parasites and
could grow without a host under favorable greenhouse conditions. This
was also found to be true for C. m. ssp. maritimus (01). C. m. ssp.
maritimus is found in association with Salicornia virginica, Jaumea
carnosa, Frankenia grandifolia, Limonium californica and Cressa
truxillensis, but Distichlis spicata is the only species at Mugu
Lagoon with which it is always present (01). Chuang and Heckard (02)
suggest Distichlis spicata as host for other Cordylanthus species.
However, at Tijuana Estuary C. m. ssp. maritimus occurs without
Distichlis spicata (03) and in experiments was found to form haustoria
with a species not found in salt marshes (01). It is therefore
thought to be non-host specific (01).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
The salt marsh bird's-beak is a component of its vegetative
community (05,08).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
C. m. ssp. maritimus occurs in higher marsh areas above Spartina
foliosa, and typically in the zone dominated by Salicornia (08).
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
Other plants found in association with it are Monanthochloe
littoralis, Distichlis spicata, Frankenia grandifolia and Limonium
californica (03, Newman 1981 as cited in 08). A sparse canopy, or
areas with open patches may be beneficial for its growth, as
vegetation removal at Mugu Lagoon resulted in C. m. ssp. maritimus
growth where there had been none previously (09).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
See Trophic Status above.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial
Beneficial Developing/maintaining/protecting wetlands
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Controlling pollution [thermal, chemical, physical]
Beneficial Maintaining Sperm/Seed Banks
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Beneficial Disease Control Measures
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Invertebrates
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Gas/Oil Development
Existing Gas/Oil Development
Adverse Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Existing Rural Residential/Industrial Areas
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Siltation
Existing Siltation
Adverse Salinity alteration
Existing Salinity alteration
Adverse Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Existing Draining wetlands, marshes, ponds, lakes
Adverse Strip mining
Existing Strip mining
Adverse Water Level Stabilization
Existing Water Level Stabilization
Adverse Flooding
Existing Flooding
Adverse Groundwater drawdown
Existing Groundwater drawdown
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Dredging
Existing Dredging
Adverse Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Existing Developing/maintaining stream bank vegetation
Adverse Shoreline modification/development
Existing Shoreline modification/development
Adverse Applying herbicides
Existing Applying herbicides
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The main reason for the endangered status of Cordylanthus
maritimus ssp. maritimus is loss of its southern California coastal
salt marsh habitat. In addition to this, remaining marshes have been
altered to various extents. Salt marsh habitat has recently been used
for marina and industrial development, beach recreational facilities,
and housing (08). Changes to hydrologic processes (e.g., closure to
tidal flushing and other adverse changes to water level fluctuations)
have been shown to affect both the composition of salt marsh
vegetation and the processes occurring within the marsh (08). Because
of this, any alteration of tidal circulation or changes in the estuary
mouth such as: shoreline, bank and channel modification (with
associated heavy equipment); wetland filling; or freshwater influence
(i.e., reservoirs, water diversion, surface drainage, erosion,
groundwater drawdown, flooding, siltation, and resultant changes in
salinity levels) could adversely affect this species.
Other factors with adverse effects include oil development within
the estuaries and the introduction of exotic species. The
introduction of Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark tree) to a portion
of the Tijuana Estuary caused the loss of the salt marsh bird's-beak
and its host plant in that area (14). In addition, changes in upland
habitat could not only affect the hydrology of the marsh and directly
destroy plants and seed, but also could destroy habitat that may
support C. m. ssp. maritimus pollinators (08). In areas where salt
marsh habitat is being preserved, C. m. ssp. maritimus still may
receive adverse impacts which are typical for high marsh areas such as
trampling by humans, vehicular traffic, herbicide application along
railroad rights-of-ways (08), and refuse dumping (03).
It has been suggested that the lack of any C. m. ssp. maritimus
populations in Los Angeles Co. may contribute to inbreeding (08).
Since little is known of this species biology, factors which are
currently unknown could easily be a major influence on its present and
future status.
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Salt Marsh Bird's-beak
Recovery Plan (Cordylanthus maritimus subsp. maritimus). U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 92 pp.
The primary objective for reclassifying the salt marsh
bird's-beak is the protection and management of secure and sufficient
habitat. In order to reclassify to threatened status, at least 8
marshes (each containing 15 acres of habitat) supporting
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
self-maintaining populations must be conserved for 8 years. For
delisting, at least 12 (total) marshes (each containing 20 acres of
habitat) supporting self-maintaining populations must be conserved for
10 years.
Existing populations and colonies of the salt marsh bird's-beak
need potection on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lands through
development and implementation of marsh management plans. These plans
will protect high marsh habitat by excluding unauthorized vehicles,
imposing visitor restrictions, and avoiding conversions of high marsh
to low marsh. Fresh and salt water influences will be maintained by
preventing destructive flooding of marshes, alleviating deleterious
effects of sewage effluent, preventing channelization of water passing
though the marshes, preventing salt water intrusions into the aquifers
of the marshes, and protecting all shallow water impoundment systems
in the marshes.
Marsh management programs need to be developed to protect
colonies and habitat on military lands, on State lands, and on other
lands (owned by cities, counties, and private concerns). Colonies in
marshes of Baja California, Mexico, also need to be protected. For
instituting emergency actions, a plan for storing seed from each
population needs to be implemented; exotic insect or disease
infestations need to be treated; and colonies which suffer seed or
plant losses need to be reestablished.
Criteria for downlisting or delisting need to be revised; these
criteria consist of genetic exchange and host requirements. Dynamics
of seed production and loss, seed germination/dormancy, and dispersal
mechanisms need to be investigated. The boundaries for managing each
marsh need to be determined, and effects of salt and fresh water upon
colonies need to be investigated. Pollination and herbivory need to
be examined. Autecological studies of associated species need to be
conducted to determine effects on survival. Identification and
treatment of exotic insect infestations or other diseases are
recommended if appropriate.
The salt marsh bird's-beak needs to be reestablished by sowing
seed in suitable marshes within its historical range, including
Mexico. Acreages, boundaries, and ownership of each marsh need to be
determined. Habitat of all colonies and marshes, including those in
Mexico, need to be biennially monitored to detect changes in
distribution and abundance of the salt marsh bird's-beak. Ecological
changes in marshes also need to be monitored in those marshes where
the species is not extant.
Laws, regulations, and policy need to be enforced. Law
enforcement efforts and Section 7 consultations need to be evaluated
and new regulations or revisions should be promulgated as appropriate.
Public education and awareness programs for preserving the
species and its marsh ecosystems need to be developed and implemented.
The current recovery activities consist of a study (last phase
of a two year contract) to assess the success of transplanting (from
seed) the species into other suitable habitats.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Chaung, T.I. and L.R. Heckard. 1973. Taxonomy of Cordylanthus
subgenus Hemistegia (Scrophulariaceae). Brittonia 25:135-158.
02 Chuang, T.I. and L.R. Heckard. 1971. Observations on
root-parasitism in Cordylanthus (Scrophulariaceae). Am. J. Bot.
58(3):218-228.
03 Dunn, P. 1981. Field observations of Cordylanthus maritimus
ssp. maritimus at Tijuana Estuary, California. Draft Report. U.S.
Dept. of the Navy, San Diego, CA. 17 pp.
04 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Area Manager. July, 1981. [Letter
to Commander Hartman, North Island Naval Air Station, San Diego,
CA]. On file at: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento, CA.
05 Munz, P.A. 1974. A flora of southern California. Univ. of Calif.
Press, Berkeley.
06 Piehl, M.A. 1962. The root parasitism of Cordylanthus and some
of its ecological implications. Am. J. Bot. 53:622.
07 Soil Conservation Service. Soil Taxonomy: A basic ystem of soil
classification for making and Interpreting soil surveys. USDA-SCS
Agriculture Handbook No. 436.
08 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Salt Marsh Bird's-Beak
Recovery plan, Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland,
OR. 91 pp.
09 Vanderwier, J.M. 1983. A study of Cordylanthus maritimus ssp.
maritimus at Mugu Lagoon, Ventura County, CA. Unpublished report.
Available at: Nat. Res. Mgmt. Off., Code 6230-2, Pacific Missile
Test Center, Point Mugu, CA 93042.
10 Vanderwier, J.M. 1984. Observations of haustoria and host
preference in Cordylanthus maritimus subsp. maritimus
(Srophulariaceae) at Mugu Lagoon. Madrono 31(3):185-186.
11 Zedler, J.B. 1984. Salt marsh restoration: A guidebook for
southern California. California Sea Grant Report No. T-CSGCP-009,
La Jolla, CA.
12 Pennell, F.W. 1951. IN: Illustrated flora of the Pacific states
3. L.R. Abrams. Stanford University Press.
13 Dunn, P. 1981. Unpublished data. U.S. Dept. of the Navy, San
Diego, CA.
14 Zedler, J.B. 1986. Personal communication. Biology Department,
San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 California Dept. of Fish and Game. July, 1985. Ca. Natural
Diversity Data Base: printout on reported locations of
Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus. Endangered Plant Prog.,
Calif. Dept. of Fish & Game, 1416 Ninth St., Sacramento, CA 95814.
02 Jorgensen, Paul. 1985. Personnal communication. Tijuana River
Natl. Estuarine Sanctuary, Calif. Dept. of Parks and Rec., 3990
Old Town Ave., Suite 300-C, San Diego, CA 92110.
03 Newman, Judith. 1985. Personal data.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species BIRD'S-BEAK, SALT MARSH
Species Id ESIS701013
Date 13 MAR 96
04 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Salt Marsh Bird's-Beak
Recovery Plan, Draft. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Portland, OR.
91 pp.
05 Vanderwier, J.M. 1985. Personal communication. Botanist, Natural
Resources Mgmt. Office, Code 6230-2, Pacific Missile Test Center,
Point Mugu, CA 93042.
06 Zembel, D. 1985. Personal communication. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Laguna Niguel, CA.
07 Chaung, T.I. and L.R. Heckard. 1973. Taxonomy of Cordylanthus
subgenus Hemistegia (Scrophulariaceae). Brittonia 25:135-158.
References - 2