(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
OTHER COMMON NAMES - EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO; PRIMROSE, EVENING- and SAN BENITO
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - MYRTALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - ONAGRACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - CAMISSONIA,
SPECIES AND SSP - BENITENSIS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - CAMISSONIA BENITENSIS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
San Benito Evening-primrose
Camissonia benitensis Raven
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Myrtales FAMILY: Onagraceae
Camissonia benitensis is a villous annual herb of the family
Onagraceae. Its stem is leafy from the base, 3 to 18 mm tall. Leaves
are narrowly elliptic, 0.5 to 2.0 cm long, tips acute, serrulate.
Inflorescence is not crowded, glandular-pubescent and villous.
Flowers are matinal with four sepals, 3 to 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide,
reflexed in pairs; four bright yellow petals, 3 to 4 mm long, 3 mm
wide with small red spots near base; eight stamens; style 2 to 3 mm
long; stigma discoid, surrounded by anthers at anthesis; hypanthium
1.2 mm long. The capsule is dehiscent, subterete, sessile, often
coiled. Seeds are naked, shiny, in one row per locule, under 1 mm
long; very rarely with more than 10 percent of the pollen four-pored.
The plant is tetraploid, with 14 pairs of chromosomes at meiotic
metaphase I (01,02).
The species is difficult for the lay person to distinguish from
closely related Camissonia species such as Camissonia contorta (02).
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
The most critical taxonomic differences involve chromosome numbers,
proportions of pollen that is four-pored, and subtle differences in
the types of pubescence (02). Collections from the serpentine
alluvial terraces in the vicinity of San Benito Mountain have largely
been determined to be C. benitensis (02,03,04) and thus plants from
this area which fit the morphological description are generally
treated as such.
The question of whether Camissonia benitensis is truly a separate
species has been brought up in response to the difficulty in field
identification. It was addressed in the Federal Register notice of
"Determination of threatened status for Camissonia benitensis" (05).
The critical characters cited above were felt to be valid
justification for its status as a distinct species by Raven, the
taxonomic authority for the genus (01,05).
The type specimen (P.H. Raven 15084) is deposited in the Dudley
Herbarium of Stanford University (now housed at California Academy of
Sciences) with an isotype deposited at the U.S. National Museum (01).
Other specimens are deposited in the herbarium at the Hollister
Resource Area of the Bureau of Land Management in Hollister,
California. Photographs of the plant and habitat are on file in
Hollister.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The San Benito evening-primrose (Camissonia benitensis) has been
designated an Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the State of California.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: California
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Threatened
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: California Dept. of Fish and Game
STATE STATUTE: California Endangered Species Act; Fish and
Game Code Chapter 1.5, Article 1, Section 2050
(Cooperative agreement).
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None
80/12/15:45 FR 82480/82569 - Notice of review
83/02/15:48 FR 06752/06753 - Review completed
83/10/31:48 FR 50126/50128 - Proposal
85/02/12:50 FR 05758/05759 - Final rule, Threatened
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Evergreen Forest Land
Bare Exposed Rock
Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Camissonia benitensis is found only on serpentine alluvial
terraces in the San Benito Mountain/Clear Creek region (01,02,03,04,
05,06,07,08,09,14). This region is mined for gravel, asbestos, and
minerals. Areas which are presently mined for asbestos are not known
to support or to have supported C. benitensis but are adjacent to
areas of possible occurrence (07,08). It grows in loose alluvial
soil in openings in chaparral, under the sparse understory of the odd
San Benito forest, or in relatively barren deposits of alluvial
gravel. The serpentine chaparral generally lacks sufficient forage to
support cattle grazing (except at the San Carlos Creek site). The
species dependence on riparian influence seems to relate mainly to the
deposition of alluvial soil and talus rather than on the aquatic
habitat itself. Camissonia is not found in damp areas along streams
but occasionally grows in dry soils immediately adjacent to streams
(06,07,08,09).
The San Benito forest is a unique combination of Pinus sabiniana
(digger pine), Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine), Pinus coulteri (Coulter
pine), and Calocedrus decurrens (Incense cedar) (17). Along alluvial
terraces, the forest tends to be sparse, blending in with serpentine
chaparral. Throughout the serpentine area, it forms a complex mosaic
with chaparral and barren talus slopes.
Information on specific environmental parameters required by this
species comes only from a posteriori observations of conditions under
which it has been found growing. An ecological study to
experimentally determine some of its environmental requirements for
reproduction and growth is currently planned by the Bureau of Land
Management (12,13).
The climate in the San Benito Mountain/Clear Creek area is hot
and dry in the summer and cool and wet in the winter (12). Most of
the precipitation occurs as rain, with most of it concentrated between
November and May (12,16). Average rainfall is about 16 to 17 inches
per year (12,16). Temperatures exhibit a wide range over the year,
frequently falling below freezing in the winter and occasionally
exceeding 100 degrees Farenheit (often reaching 90 degrees Farenheit)
in the summer (12).
C. benitensis has been found at elevations ranging from
approximately 2,500 to 4,600 feet (760 to 1,340 meters) (06,07,08).
It seems to prefer relatively flat terraces with slight (0 to 20
degree) to moderate (20 to 40 degree) slope (06,07,08). Aspect tends
to be flat but at some sites is slightly south or north facing (06,07,
08). C. benitensis grows in open areas, with often full sun exposure
throughout the day (06,07,08).
The environmental feature with undoubtedly the most significant
influence on plant distribution in this region is the sterile
serpentine soil (12,17). The serpentine outcrop is three to five
miles wide and 14 to 15 miles long. The exposed rock is highly
sheared and largely made up of small chips and plates, with some areas
only moderately fractured. Soil materials derived from the serpentine
Habitat Associations - 1 rock, such as those deposited on alluvial terrace Camissonia habitat,
have been classified as Henneke soils (12,16). They are high in
asbestos, prone to severe water erosion, and low in fertility due to
nutrient imbalance (serpentine soils are particularly low in
available calcium and high in magnesium). The Henneke soil profile
comprises 0 to 3 inches of fine gravelly loam and 3-11 inches of very
gravelly clay loam (16). Field observations indicate Camissonia seems
to perform better in areas with somewhat loose soils as opposed to
hard-packed soils (08). Chain fences or pipe barriers have been
installed around all of the populations on BLM lands to prevent
vehicle trespass (09).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G Terrestrial Features: Talus
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
G Availability of fence rows: roadside ditches and grassy
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
The San Benito evening-primrose is an herb (01).
LIFE CYCLE:
Annual (01). The species life cycle is limited to the period
from late winter/early spring (Feb. - Mar.) through early-mid summer
(June - July) (06,07,08).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (01).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Information concerning germination and leafing of this species
are unknown. Budding occurs from mid-March to early May. Flowering
occurs from mid-April to early June. Fruiting occurs from late April
to mid-June. Seed and fruit dispersal occurring from late May to July
(01,02,03,06,07,08,09).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoecious (01).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Pollen dissemination agents are not known at this time. Seed
dissemination is unknown, but flooding may be an agent (09).
SEED BIOLOGY:
Virtually no information is known about the seed biology of
Camissonia benitensis at this time. Griffin (02) has postulated that
it probably has only a moderate reproductive capacity, even under
favorable conditions. Annual field surveys indicate this seems to be
the case (06,07,08,09). The Bureau of Land Management plans to
conduct an ecological study of this species, focusing in part on
questions relating to seed production, seed viability, and longevity,
percent germination, and germination requirements (12,13).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Very little is known about the population biology of Camissonia
benitensis. A limiting factor in a large sense is availability of
suitable habitat, but the presence of potential habitat which does not
support C. benitensis populations (07,08) indicates other factors such
as seed dispersal or moisture requirements may also be involved. No
information is available on survival/mortality rates, but this issue
will be examined in the BLM's planned ecological study of this species
(12,13).
Rough estimates of population density have been made in
conjunction with annual field monitoring estimates (07,08). A
maximum estimated density of approximately 30 individuals per square
meter was calculated in May 1984 (18). Observations of population
size and vigor over several years indicate substantial variability
over time (06,07,08,09,14). Large populations of robust individuals
tend to occur during years with relatively heavy rainfall, especially
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
with late spring rains, but this is not consistent. Years with very
little rainfall generally support very few Camissonia or other annual
plants. Inadequate moisture appears to be one cause of premature
mortality (18) but other causes are not known.
An indication of recovery potential is provided by comparison of
Camissonia populations at sites initially subject to ORV disturbance
after barriers were installed to prevent vehicle trespass. Field
observations (06,07,08,14,19,20) indicate an increase from less than
70 individuals to several thousand individuals occurred within five
years.
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
Camissonia benitensis is found only on serpentine alluvial
terraces in the San Benito Mountain/Clear Creek region (01,02,03,04,
05,06,07,08,09,14). The serpentine outcrop in this region is three to
five miles wide and 14 to 15 miles long (12). It is of Jurassic age,
rimmed outside the habitat area by older Jurassic Franciscan group
rocks, the younger Cretaceous Panoche formation sedimentary rocks, and
recent sediments (12). The exposed rock is highly sheared and largely
made up of small chips and plates (12). In localized areas, there are
residual blocks of ultramafic rocks which have been only moderately
fractured (12). The serpentine rocks contain significant amounts of
asbestos, small amounts of silica-carbonate rock, and minor amounts of
magnesite and chromite (12).
Soil materials derived from the serpentine rock, such as those
deposited on alluvial terrace Camissonia habitat, have been classified
as Henneke soils (12,16). They are high in asbestos, prone to severe
water erosion, and low in fertility due to nutrient imbalance
(serpentine soils are particularly low in available calcium and high
in magnesium). The Henneke soil profile comprises 0 to 3 inches of
fine gravelly loam and 3-11 inches of very gravelly clay loam (16).
C. benitensis grows in the dry serpentine soil on alluvial
terraces, occurring in openings in chaparral, under the sparse
understory of the odd San Benito forest, or in relatively barren
deposits of alluvial gravel. The species' dependence on riparian
influence seems to relate mainly to the deposition of alluvial soil
and talus rather than on the aquatic habitat itself. Camissonia is
not found in damp areas near streams but does occur in dry soils
immediately adjacent to streams. Field observations indicate
Camissonia seems to perform better in areas with somewhat loose soils
as opposed to hard-packed soils (08).
Information on specific environmental parameters required by this
species comes only from a posteriori observations of conditions under
which it has been found growing. An ecological study to
experimentally determine some of its environmental requirements for
reproduction and growth is currently planned by the BLM (12,13).
The climate in the San Benito Mountain/Clear Creek area is hot
and dry in the summer and cool and wet in the winter (12). Most of
the precipitation occurs as rain, with most of it concentrated between
November and May (12,16). Average rainfall is about 16 to 17 inches
per year (12,16). Temperatures exhibit a wide range over the year,
frequently falling below freezing in the winter and occasionally
exceeding 100 degrees Farenheit (often reaching 90 degrees Farenheit)
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
in the summer (12).
C. benitensis has been found at elevations ranging from
approximately 2,500 to 4,600 feet (760 to 1,340 meters) (06,07,08).
It seems to prefer relatively flat terraces with slight (0 to 20
degree) to moderate (20 to 40 degree) slope (06,07,08). Aspect tends
to be flat but at some sites is slightly south or north facing (06,07,
08). C. benitensis grows in open areas, with often full sun exposure
throughout the day (06,07,08).
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic (01,02).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Component (02,06,07,08). A diminuitive annual species, it
functions as a community component rather than a dominant or
subdominant.
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
Camissonia benitensis occurs in openings in serpentine chaparral,
the unique San Benito forest, and areas of relatively barren gravel
(01,02,03,04,06,07,08,09,14).
Common plant associates in the serpentine chaparral include Pinus
sabiniana (digger pine), Eriodictyon californicum (yerba santa),
Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise), Arctostaphylos glauca (bigberry
manzanita), Cercocarpus betuloides (mountain mahogany), Chrysothamnus
nauseosus ssp. mohavensis (rabbit brush) and Quercus durata (leather
oak) (01,02,03,06,07,08,09). The weedy, introduced annuals, Bromus
rubens (red brome) and Bromus mollis (soft chess), and the native
perennial, Sitanion jubatum (big squirreltail), are common grasses.
Small herbaceous associates include Epilobium minutum (willow herb),
Cryptantha mariposae (cryptantha), Eriogonum gracillimum (wild
buckwheat), Mimulus subsecundus (monkey flower), Monardella benitensis
(San Benito coyote mint), and Streptanthus insignis (jewel weed).
The rare Layia discoidea (rayless tidy tips) sometimes occurs with
C. benitensis.
The San Benito forest is a unique combination of Pinus sabiniana
(digger pine), Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine), Pinus coulteri (Coulter
pine), and Calocedrus decurrens (incense cedar) (17). Along alluvial
terraces, the forest tends to be sparse, blending in with serpentine
chaparral. Throughout the serpentine area, it forms a complex mosaic
with chaparral and barren talus slopes.
The sterile serpentine soil conditions discourage rapid plant
growth and thus suggest a tendency for relatively stable plant
communities over time under natural conditions. In a historical
review of this area, Griffin (17) describes the impacts of mining and
associated logging on the forest and summarized early botanical
descriptions. He suggests that the forest initially had a larger
proportion of incense-cedar and Jeffrey pine trees, that the area of
barren slopes has probably increased but has always been prominent,
and that the amount of chaparral may well have increased as the forest
was disturbed. In recent times, off-road vehicle use has probably
exerted the strongest influence on plant communities, killing trees,
shrubs, and herbs and disturbing the soil (14,17,18).
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
None.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 4 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Maintaining Sperm/Seed Banks
Beneficial Transplanting Wild Eggs/Wild Seeds
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Hiking/Camping
Existing Hiking/Camping
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
The Federal listing of Camissonia benitensis (San Benito
evening-primrose as threatened was because a significant portion of
the limited range of this species is subject to gravel mining and
disturbance by off-road vehicles (ORV) and associated use (05).
The species is restricted to alluvial terraces of serpentine
origin in the region of San Benito Mountain and Clear Creek. This
region is mined for gravel, asbestos, and minerals. Gravel mining
currently threatens a known C. benitensis population on private land
(06,07,08,09). Areas which are presently mined for asbestos are not
known to support or to have supported C. benitensis but are adjacent
to areas of possible occurrence (07,08). Recent designation of the
Clear Creek Area of Critical Environmental Concern by the BLM will
help to protect major populations of C. benitensis on public land from
mining threats through a proposed protective withdrawal from mining
activity for the Clear Creek Canyon and San Benito Mountain Natural
Area (10,11,12,13). However, there is no guarantee that this
withdrawal may be obtained (12,13).
The Clear Creek Management Area is subject to seasonally heavy
use by off-road vehicles and associated impacts of camping (10,11,12,
13). Much of the barren serpentine slopes are available as
"free play" areas for ORVs (12,13). Alluvial terraces are prime areas
for vehicle access to slopes and for visitor camping, and several of
the known populations of C. benitensis have been found in areas
subject to such disturbance (03,06,07,08,09,14).
The Bureau of Land Management has taken steps to protect the
Camissonia populations on public land. Chain fences or pipe barriers
have been installed around all of the populations to prevent vehicle
trespass (09). Populations at some of these sites have shown
substantial recovery, with one of the largest populations now
occurring in an area previously heavily impacted by ORVs
(06,07,08,09). Informational signs and ranger patrols also serve to
discourage disturbance to these areas. The BLM plans to rehabilitate
two sites with potential C. benitensis habitat, perform annual
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
monitoring of existing populations and potential habitat, conduct an
ecological study of the species to assist recovery and other mangement
efforts, and develop campsites outside the canyon to reduce impacts to
alluvial terraces (12,13).
While these measures contribute substantially to protection of
known populations, they do not guarantee protection. The close
proximity of camp sites, ORV trails, and ORV free play areas to fenced
Camissonia sites along Clear Creek makes protection of the species
heavily dependent upon voluntary user compliance (15). Threats remain
from ORV users who do not respect the exclosures. Areas of possible
occurrences are not fully protected, although the BLM will provide
protection when Camissonia populations are found (12,13).
Future threats to C. benitensis are likely to be similar to
existing threats, with the additional possibility of interspecific
competition from other plants. Areas which were previously disturbed
and are now recolonized by Camissonia have been observed to also be
colonized by other plant species (e.g., introduced grasses) (06,07).
The ability of C. benitensis to compete under these conditions is not
known.
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
Currently, a recovery plan draft is being formulated. The draft has
not been made available.
The management actions recommended for the recovery of the San
Benito evening-primrose include the following:
1) monitoring the current populations;
2) searching for potential suitable habitat which may
contain new populations;
3) rehabilitation of present habitat areas that have been
impacted by human access and ORV use;
4) restriction of habitat areas from humans and ORV's, (by use
of fences, barriers, and patrols);
5) research studies to determine life history, germination
information, and interactions with other plant species;
6) re-seeding of suitable habitat areas to promote primrose
growth.
Currently, the Bureau of Land Management has contracted to
determine the life history and ecological factors which will help
determine the chances of successfully transplantion of seeds. The
interrelationships of the San Benito evening-primrose have not been
determined as of yet. This is being studied presently to aid in
understanding any potential threats from competing grasses which have
flourished in primrose habitats as a result of the protective
measures. These protective measures include the Bureau of Land
Managements efforts to restrict off-road vehicle use and human access
by using fences and barriers. Rehabilitation of the current habitat
has been done to some extent by controlling the erosion that resulted
from the ORV traffic. Seed collecting has been done but no plans have
been made for reseeding until more information is known about the
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
species life-history.
In 1986, recovery efforts were slow. Upcoming efforts and
studies are still being planned along with the recovery plan itself.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Raven, P. 1969. A revision of the genus Camissonia (Onagraceae).
Cont. U.S. Natl. Herb. 37:332.
02 Griffin, J.R. 1977. California native plant society rare plant
status report, Camissonia benitensis. 3 pp.
03 Griffin, J.R. 1978. California native plant society rare plant
status report, Camissonia benitensis. 2 pp.
04 Griffin, J.R. 1978. Survey of rare and endangered plants, Clear
Creek Rec. Area, San Benito-Fresno Co. Sept. 1978 Unpubl. rept.
Bur. of Land Mgmt. 6 pp.
05 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Determination of threatened
status for Camissonia benitensis (San Benito evening-primrose)
Fed. Reg. 50:5755-5759.
06 Kiguchi, L.M. 1983. Sensitive plant survey: Clear Creek Rec.
Area, San Benito Mt. Natl. Area. Unpubl. rept. Bur. of Land Mgmt.,
Hollister Resour. Area. 38 pp.
07 Kiguchi, L.M. 1984. Sensitive plant survey: Clear Creek Mgmt.
Area, San Benito Mt. Natl. Area. Unpubl. rept. Bur. of Land Mgmt.,
Hollister Resour. Area. 45 pp.
08 Kiguchi, L.M. 1985. Sensitive plant survey: Clear Creek Rec.
Area, San Benito Mt. Natl. Area. Unpubl. rept. Bur. of Land Mgmt.,
Hollister Resour. Area. 33 pp.
09 Florence, S. and L.M. Kiguchi. 1986. Sensitive plant survey:
Clear Creek Rec. Area, San Benito Mt. Natl. Area. Unpubl. rept.
Bur. of Land Mgmt., Hollister Resour. Area.
10 Bureau of Land Management. 1983. Draft Hollister planning area
resource management plan and environmental impact statement. U.S.
Dept. of the Int., BLM, Bakersfield District, Hollister Res. Area.
11 Bureau of Land Management. 1984. Final Hollister planning area
resource management plan and environmental impact statement. U.S.
Dept. of the Int., BLM, Bakersfield District, Hollister Res. Area.
100 pp.
12 Bureau of Land Management. 1985. Draft Clear Creek management
plan and environmental assessment. U.S. Dept. of the Int., BLM,
Bakersfield District, Hollister Res. Area. 105 pp.
13 Bureau of Land Management. 1986. Clear Creek management plan and
decision record. U.S. Dept. of the Int., BLM, Bakersfield Dist.,
Hollister Res. Area. 82 pp.
14 Marcus, D. 1979. Rare plant project status report: Camissonia
benitensis.
15 Bureau of Land Management. 1982. Implementation plan for ORV
designations in the Clear Creek Rec. Area. Unpubl. rept. U.S.
Dept. of the Int., Bur. of Land Mgmt., Bakersfield District
Hollister Resour. Area.
16 Isgrid, D. 1969. Soil Survey of San Benito Co., CA. USDA Soil
Conservation Serv.
17 Griffin, J.R. 1974. A strange forest in San Benito County.
Fremontia 2:11-15.
18 Kiguchi, L.M. 1983, 1984, 1985. Pers. observ. Botanist, BLM,
Hollister Res. Area. Hollister, CA.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species EVENING-PRIMROSE, SAN BENITO
Species Id ESIS701031
Date 13 MAR 96
19 Florence, S. 1983-1986. Pers. observ. Resource mgmt spec. BLM,
Hollister Res. Area. Hollister, CA.
20 Lehmann, D. 1983-1986. Pers. observ. Outdoor Rec. Planner. BLM,
Hollister Res. Area. Hollister, CA.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Raven, P. 1969. A revision of the genus Camissonia (Onagraceae).
Cont. U.S. Natl. Herb. 37:332.
02 Griffin, J.R. 1977. California native plant society rare plant
status report, Camissonia benitensis. 3 pp.
03 Griffin, J.R. 1978. California native plant society rare plant
status report, Camissonia benitensis. 2 pp.
04 Griffin, J.R. 1974. A strange forest in San Benito Co. Fremontia
2:11-15.
05 Marcus, D. 1979. Rare plant project status report: Camissonia
benitensis.
06 Kiguchi, L.M. 1983. Sensitive plant survey: Clear Creek Rec.
Area, San Benito Mt. Natural Area. Unpubl. rept. Bur. of Land
Mgmt., Hollister Resour. Area. 38 pp.
07 Kiguchi, L.M. 1984. Sensitive plant survey: Clear Creek Mgmt
Area, San Benito Mt. Natl. Area. Unpubl. rept. Bur. of Land
Mgmt., Hollister Resour. Area. 45 pp.
08 Kiguchi, L.M. 1985. Sensitive plant survey: Clear Creek Rec.
Area, San Benito Mt. Natl. Area. Unpubl. rept. Bur. of Land
Mgmt., Hollister Resour. Area. 33 pp.
09 Florence, S. and L.M. Kiguchi. 1986. Sensitive plant survey:
Clear Creek Rec. Area, San Benito Mt. Natl. Area. Unpubl. rept.
Bur. of Land Mgmt., Hollister Resour. Area.
10 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Determination of threatened
status for Camissonia benitensis (San Benito evening-primrose).
Fed. Reg. 50:5755-5759.
11 Bureau of Land Management. 1986. Clear Creek management plan and
decision record. U.S. Dept. of the Int., Bur. of Land Mgmt.,
Bakersfield District, Hollister Resour. Area. 82 pp.
12 Bureau of Land Management. 1985. Draft Clear Creek management
plan and environmental assessment. U.S. Dept. of the Int., Bur. of
Land Mgmt., Bakersfield Dist., Hollister Resour. Area. 105 pp.
13 Bureau of Land Management. 1983. Draft Hollister Planning Area
resource management plan and environmental impact statement. U.S.
Dept. of the Int., Bur. of Land Mgmt., Bakersfield District,
Hollister Resour. Area.
14 Bureau of Land Management. 1984. Final Hollister Planning Area
resource management plan and environmental impact statement. U.S.
Dept. of the Int., Bur. of Land Mgmt., Bakersfield Dist., Hollister
Resour. Area. 100 pp.
References - 2