(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
OTHER COMMON NAMES - BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS; BLAZING-STAR, ASH MEADOWS; STICK-LEAF, ASH MEADOWS;MENTZELIA and WHITE-LEAFED
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - VIOLALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - LOASACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - MENTZELIA,
SPECIES AND SSP - LEUCOPHYLLA,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - MENTZELIA LEUCOPHYLLA
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Ash Meadows Blazing Star
Mentzelia leucophylla Brandegee
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Violales FAMILY: Loasaceae
Mentzelia leucophylla Brandegee is a biennial or short-lived
perennial plant with one to several white stems from a short tap root
(04). It can attain a height of 5 dm (20 in) (04). The whitish-green
basal leaves of this species are linear-oblong with a waxy margin and
6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.2 in) long (04). The stem leaves are similar but
proportionately wider and about 4 cm (1.6 in) long (04). The leaves
are densely clothed on both surfaces with short, rigid, upwardly
barbed hairs and with minute barbed bristles along the margin (04).
The upper stem leaves have a cordate-clasping base (04).
The flowers of M. leucophylla are bright yellow on 1 to 8 mm
stalks in an open, broad inflorescence (04). The narrow triangular
sepals are 6 mm long and are exceeded by the 1 cm spatulate petals
which are slightly pubescent at the tip (04). The nearly spherical
capsule is 8 to 10 mm long and produces flat, narrowly margined seeds
(04).
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
The taxonomic status of M. leucophylla has been confused for
several years (01). When Darlington (1931) monographed the genus, she
included within her species concept specimens which represented not
the type of the species but another species, M. oreophila (01).
Jepson (1934) was either unaware of Darlington's monograph or was
unable to alter his concept of M. leucophylla prior to publication
when he treated the genus for California (01). He found the Death
Valley specimens to be less pubescent but otherwise in agreement with
the type from Nevada (01).
Abrams (1951) divided up the two species (01,03). He found that
M. oreophila was closely related to M. leucophylla, but the two
species posessed a few consistent differences (01,03). M. leucophylla
has only been found in Nevada while M. oreophila is located in
California as well (01,03). The two species can be differentiated by
their size (at 15 cm M. oreophila is smaller), their leaves
(M. oreophila has narrower leaves with longer petioles among the lower
ones), and their stems (M. oreophila`s stems are more slender and
somewhat crooked) (01,03).
Munz and Keck (1959) reduced M. oreophila to synonomy under M.
leucophylla (01). The range for M. leucophylla was thought to be both
in Nevada and California (01). This remained the taxonomic status of
these two species until 1968 when true M. leucophylla was rediscovered
in the field and studied in the herbarium by James Reveal (01). Henry
J. Thompson of UCLA, the authority on the genus Mentzelia has studied
the specimens collected by Reveal and Beatley from 1968 to 1971;
however, Thompson has not made a formal declaration on his findings
(01). In a treatment of the genus for southern California in 1974,
Munz, Thompson and Roberts recognized M. oreophila but did not mention
M. leucophylla (01) (perhaps due to its Nevada distribution).
The Federal Register common name for this species is Ash Meadows
blazing star (02) (an alternative spelling is blazing-star). In other
sources it has been referred to as the Ash Meadows stick-leaf (01) and
the white-leafed Mentzelia (04).
The type specimen is located at NY; isotypes are at BRY, RSA, and
UTC. For a description refer to Barneby, R.C. Madrono 20:395-398,
1970 (11).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Ash Meadows blazing star (Mentzelia leucophylla) has been
designated a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the States of Nevada and California. Critical Habitat has
been designated in portions of sections 15, 21, 22, 23, 28, 35, and
36, T17S, R50E, and sections 1, 2, 11, and 12, T18S, R50E, Ash Meadows
Nye County, NV (50 CFR 17.96(a)).
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire or purchase any wild
plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or possessed in
violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in violation of
Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Nevada
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Threatened
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Nevada Department of Forestry
STATE STATUTE: Protection and Propagation of Selected Species of
the Native Flora Act, Nev. Rev. Stat. 527.260-
527.300); Protection of Trees and Flora Act, Nev.
Rev. Stat. 527.050.
STATE: CALIFORNIA
DESIGNATED STATUS: Recognized Threatened
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: California Dept. of Fish and Game
STATE STATUTE: California Endangered Species Act; Fish and Game
Code Chapt. 1.5, Article 1, Sec. 2050.
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
None.
78/04/28:43 FR 17909/ - Proposed rule Threatened w/ Crit. Hab.
83/10/13:48 FR 46590/46597 - Proposed rule
84/04/10:49 FR 14152/14153 - Reopening of comment period
85/05/20:50 FR 20777/20794 - Listing as threatened w/ Crit. Hab.
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Cropland and Pasture
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Dry Salt Flats
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
The only known habitat of Mentzelia leucophylla is located on
the eastern edge of Ash Meadows along the western and northern slopes
of an unnamed limestone mountain above Devils Hole, in southwestern
Nye County, Nevada (01). This species occurs along canyon washes and
near spring areas, on sandy or saline clay soils (03). This habitat
can be generally categorized as warm desert scrub. The shrub
vegetation is of a Atriplex-Haplopappus type. M. leucophylla is
usually associated with Atiplex confertifolia, Enceliopsis nudicaulis
var. corrugata, Haplopappus acradenius, Crytantha confertiflora, and
Astragalus phoenix (01,03).
In Ash Meadows the rainfall averages 3 to 5 inches per year. It
falls mainly in the autumn and winter with some sporadic summer rains
(08). Summers are hot and winters cool (08). Daily temperature
ranges are extreme year round (08). No specific data are available on
the local moisture regime or climate for the areas that M. leucophylla
inhabits (08).
M. leucophylla is found at elevations between 670 and 700 meters
(2240-2300 feet) along flat and gentle west-facing bajadas of
approximately 20 degree slope. M. leucophylla is associated with
upland alkaline soils found in arroyos and on knolls only within the
more xeric portions of Ash Meadows (02). This species is edaphically
restricted which is a major factor governing its distribution (01).
At the Longstreet site the soil has a flat surface and is primarily a
heavy alkaline clay. The "Collins Ranch" site is more rocky due to
the limestone gravel from the nearby mountain (01).
This species is found in open places without any vegetation cover
(01). M. leucophylla is commonly associated with Atriplex (01).
Cropland development occurs in the Ash Meadows blazing star habitat
and is partly responsible for the greatly reduced population sizes
(02). The primary crops were hay, wheat, potatoes, and beets.
Information regarding air and water quality requirements, soil
profile, percentage ground cover, cover height, etc. is not available.
Habitat Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Aquatic Features: Springs [flowing]
G
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
The Ash Meadows blazing star is an herb (01,04).
LIFE CYCLE:
Biennial (01,09).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (01). Mentzelia leucophylla probably outbreeds but
specific data are lacking (01). Inbreeding is probably uncommon (01).
Asexual reproduction (segmentation) is unknown in this species (01).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Germination, leafing, budding, anthesis dates are unknown.
Fruiting date is June through August and September (01). Seed/fruit
dispersal dates are unknown also.
No winter observations have been made of this species (01).
Observations made in early spring indicate that individuals of this
species do not overwinter, and no new growth had been noted from
previous years (typical of a biennial) (01). Sufficient rain is
probably necessary to allow flowering but no data on water
requirements for flowering or germination are available (01). No data
are available on the requirements of the basal rosette for
overwintering (01). Prolonged frost might possibly damage the
survival of such rosettes (01).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoecious (07).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
There is no data available for dissemination of pollen, spores,
and/or seeds.
Mentzelia leucophylla is apparently sensitive to disturbance or
habitat alteration as this species is not found on any disturbed sites
either as seedlings or as established plants (01). The dispersal of
this species' seeds is restricted to the sides of gullies and on
raised knolls of the flats and lower foothills in the area of the
existing populations (01). The present-day fragmentation of the two
sub-populations probably is due to the loss of intermediate sites over
time (01).
SEED BIOLOGY:
Each Mentzelia leucophylla plant produces several capsules, each
or which contains several seeds (01). Populations of mature plants
vary greatly from year to year, thus the total number of seeds
produced varies also (01). (Mature plants produce approximately the
same number of seeds (01).) Seed viability, longevity and dormancy
are unknown (01). No exact data on moisture requirements for
germination are available (01).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
According to one report completed 1978, the total number of
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
mature Mentzelia leucophylla plants in existence is approximately 100
(01). The principle population of the species is located at the
"Collins Ranch" site where less than 100 individuals were present at
that time (01). At the Longstreet Spring site less than 25
individuals were in existence (01).
Scattered over the two sites in the Ash Meadows region, the total
population occupies less than 1 square mile (01). The density of the
population at the "Collins Ranch" site is low while at the Longstreet
site it is very low (01).
The age class distribution of these populations is difficult to
document (01). Most members of the Bartonia section of Mentzelia are
perennials (M. leucophylla may also be a perennial though only
biennials have been observed in the field), but they often flower in
their first year (01). Basal rosettes have rarely been observed (01).
Yearly fluctuations in the species' population have been noted
(01). In 1968, approximately 50 plants were observed while in 1976
only three were counted (01). Fluctuations of this type are not
unusual in a desert biennial (01). No data was available on the
survivorship and nature of mortality at each life stage (01).
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
Mentzelia leucophylla occurs along canyon washes and near spring
areas on sandy or saline clay soils (04). At the Longstreet Spring
site the soils are heavy, clay and alkaline whereas at the "Collins
Ranch" site the soil is more rocky because of the accumulation of
rocks from a nearby limestone mountain (01). No specific information
is available on the local moisture regime, though in Ash Meadows
rainfall averages 3 to 5 inches per year falling mainly in the autumn
and winter with some sporadic summer rains (01). This species is
found in open places without any vegetation cover (01). It grows
between 680 and 700 meters (2240-2300 feet) of elevation along flat
and gentle west-facing bajadas of 20 degree slope (01).
M. leucophylla appears to be limited to an undisturbed edaphic
condition so that any loss of habitat is critical (03). Any activity
that disturbs the soil such as agriculture, off-road vehicles use,
trampling and grazing by free-roaming horses etc. is detrimental to
species survival (03).
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic.
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Component (10). Mentzelia leucophylla is found most commonly in
open places without any vegetation cover (01). This species is often
associated directly with Atriplex confertifolia (01).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
The plant community associated with Mentzelia leucophylla
includes Atriplex confertifolia, Haplopappus acradenius, Artomecon
merriamii, Cryptantha confertiflora, and Enceliopsis nudicaulis var.
corrugata (04). M. leucophylla community represents a "climax" type
relative to the Ash Meadows area and its overall environment (01).
The vegetative cover is naturally sparse and this type of condition
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
may be important to the species survival (01).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Mentzelia leucophylla is in phytosociological groups with
Atriplex confertifolia and Haplopappus acadenius and it is not found
outside these associations (01). Because this species requires
undisturbed sites for its survival, weedy species would seriously
threaten M. leucophylla (01). This species is not known to carry out
any obligate or facultative symbiosis (01). No native herbivores,
parasites, predators, diseases or pests are known to presently effect
this species (01). Grazing done by feral and domestic animals is the
only predatory action known.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Maintaining/Controlling Water Flow
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Land Acquisition
Beneficial Water Right Acquisition
Beneficial Reforestation
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Nonnative Vegetation
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Feral Animals
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Incidental Capturing/Killing
Existing Incidental Capturing/Killing
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Climate Alteration
Existing Climate Alteration
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Existing Soil compaction by heavy equipment in mine areas
Adverse Groundwater drawdown
Existing Groundwater drawdown
Adverse Irrigating
Existing Irrigating
Adverse Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Existing Exotic/Feral/Introducted Species
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Vegetation Composition Changes
Existing Vegetation Composition Changes
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
In May of 1985, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designated
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
Mentzelia leucophylla as well as six other rare plant species Ash
Meadows as threatened or endangered and designated Critical Habitat
(02). The Service took this action because the species are restricted
to the Ash Meadows region and were facing intensifying threats (02).
Recent loss of habitat due to agricultural (cropland) and municipal
development activities, land clearing for road construction,
groundwater removal, surface spring diversion, and local mining
activities all threaten the species habitat and ultimately their
survival (02).
Because of the availability of free-flowing potable water from
more than 20 springs as well as the plains-like nature of the land,
Ash Meadows appears to have agricultural possibilities (10). For over
a century attempts have been made to farm in this region, but these
efforts have failed because the saline, clay soils are unsuitable for
crops (10). The early homesteaders abandoned their agricultural
endeavors before they had seriously modified the region (08,10).
Ash Meadows remained largely intact until 1967 when an out-of-
state corporation purchased large tracts (approximately 20 square
miles) in the northern and eastern regions (10). The corporation in
its attempt to farm the land plowed large areas of land and installed
pumps at the springs (10). These alterations virtually obliterated
the natural features of the area including Carson Slough and its
surrounding vegetation (10). This attempt at agriculture also failed
(10). It was abandoned in 1975 before the corporation was able to
launch a cattle feeding project which would have further exploited the
water resources of Ash Meadows (10). Existing populations of the
blazing star have been greatly reduced, from those known even 15 years
ago, from habitat disturbances during road construction, cropland
development and peat mining in Carson Slough (02).
Although Ash Meadows was not subject to heavy visitation, off-
road vehicles have been a concern in the past. Off-road vehicle use
is now prohibited in this region, but the possibility of illegal off-
road activity still exists (01).
Today the single most important factor endangering M. leucophylla
is the large-scale destruction of habitat over large portions of Ash
Meadows (01). This species' distribution is limited to undisturbed,
mineral-encrusted soils (01). Any further loss of this habitat as a
result of development or off-road vehicle activity would be
detrimental to the species (01).
The construction of roads is also detrimental to M. leucophylla
(02). This species is presently threatened by elimination during road
building as well as the alteration of drainage patterns in arroyos
resulting from road construction (02).
Trampling and grazing by both feral and domestic horses also
threaten M. leucophylla (01). The horses, protected by the Wild
Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act of 1971, are allowed to roam free in
areas they can access (01).
A pronounced change in the climate from the Pleistocene to the
present, is one existing threat to this species that man can do little
about (01). M. leucophylla is a biologically vulnerable species for
it requires two "good" years to survive and flower (01). The first
year may be good climatically but then the second may be unfavorable
(01). This could result in the death of many one year old individuals
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
prior to reproduction, as well as an overall suppression of seed
output in the survivors (01). A poor first year with a good second
year would result in little germination and thus few plants available
to reproduce in the second (01). Perhaps for these reasons, a
biennial habit is not all that common among desert plants (01).
According to one report completed 1978, the total number of
mature Mentzelia leucophylla plants in existence is approximately 100
(01). Yearly fluctuations in the species' population have been noted
(01). In 1968, approximately 50 plants were observed while in 1976
only three were counted (01). Fluctuations of this type are not
unusual in a desert biennial (01). No data was available on the
survivorship and nature of mortality at each life stage (01).
Because so few individuals of this species are known to exist,
M. leucophylla is even threatened by research activities (collection
for botanical specimens, population monitoring programs, etc.).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1986. Recovery Plan for the
Endangered and Threatened Species of Ash Meadows, NV. Agency Draft.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 169 pp.
The primary objective of the "Recovery Plan for the Endangered
and Treatened Species of Ash Meadows, Nevada" is to reclassify the
endangered-threatened populations to non-listed status by restoring
and protecting habitat which can support viable, self-sustaining
populations. The size and extent of populations need to be determined
for most species, and the habitats of all species except the spring-
loving centaury occur within the Ash Meadows essential habitat.
Reclassification of the Ash Meadows blazing star may be considered
when threats have been removed and when habitats/populations have
been restored for a period of ten years and to specified levels
(as determined through research).
The general criteria for reclassifying/delisting the Ash Meadows
blazing star is summarized as follows:
A) Determine historic distribution and population size by
surveying existing and potential habitats, and reviewing the
literature;
B) Rehabilitate and protect habitat (from surface mining) to
support populations throughout its native range. The extent
of this habitat and size of colonies to be determined by
research;
C) Secure habitat and water rights within Area of Management
Concern and include within Ash Meadows NWR, and protect the
essential habitat from deleterious activities by controlling
and restricting development, road construction, grazing and
access by feral and domestic animals, ORV use and any
activities which might disrupt water flow or water table;
D) Eliminate introduced plant species;
E) Enforce State and Federal laws and regulations;
F) Implement a public information and education program; and
G) Restrict collection and noncommercial harvest of the species.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species BLAZING STAR, ASH MEADOWS
Species Id ESIS701034
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Reveal, J.L. 1978. Mentzelia leucophylla Brandegee (Ash Meadows
stick-leaf). Status rep. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Nevada.
30 pp.
02 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Final rule for seven plants
and one insect in Ash Meadows Nevada and Califoria. Vol. 50,
No. 97. 20777-20794 pp.
03 Monzingo, H.N. and M. Williams. 1980. Threatened and endangered
plants of Nevada. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. and Bur. of Land
Mgmt.
04 Niehaus, T. 1977. Mentzelia leucophylla. California Native Plant
Society Rare Plant Status Report. The Nature Conserv. NV Heritage
Program. Carson City, NV.
05 Ackerman, T. et al. 1979. (Unpubl. data) Mentzelia leucophylla.
Northern Nevada Native Plant Society Sighting Report. The Nature
Conserv., Heritage Program. Carson City, NV.
06 Nature Conservancy Nevada Heritage Program. (Unpubl. data)
Mentzelia leucophylla. Carson City, NV.
07 Abrams, L. 1951. Illustrated flora of the Pacific states. Vol.
III. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA 135 pp.
08 Reveal, James L. 1978. Astragalus phoenix Barneby (Ash Meadows
milk-vetch). Status rep. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. 30 pp.
09 Brandegee, T.S. 1899. New Species of Western Plants. Botanical
Gazette. 27:441-457.
10 Beatley, J.C. 1978. Ash Meadows: Nevada's unique oasis in the
Mohave Desert. Mentzelia The Journal of The Northern Nevada Native
Plant Society. 3:20-24.
11 Barneby, R.C. 1970. A new Astragalus (Fabaceae) from Nevada.
Madrono 20:395-398.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Reveal, J.L. 1978. Mentzelia leucophylla Brandegee (Ash Meadows
stick-leaf). Status Rep. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. 30 pp.
02 Niehaus, T. 1977. Mentzelia leucophylla. California Native Plant
Society Rare Plant Status Report. The Nature Conserv., NV Heritage
Program. Carson City, NV.
03 Ackerman, T. et al. 1979. (Unpubl. data) Mentzelia leucophylla.
Northern Nevada Native Plant Society Sighting Report. The Nature
Conserv., Heritage Program. Carson City, NV.
References - 1