(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
OTHER COMMON NAMES - BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM; BUCKWHEAT, WILD and GYPSUM
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - POLYGONALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - POLYGONACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - ERIOGONUM,
SPECIES AND SSP - GYPSOPHILUM,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - ERIOGONUM GYPSOPHILUM
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Gypsum Wild-buckwheat
Eriogonum gypsophilum Wooton and Standley
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Polygonales FAMILY: Polygonaceae
Eriogonum gypsophilum is a small perennial herb which grows to a
height of 1 to 2 decimeters. It arises from a thick, woody,
cespitose base, with a conspicous cluster of basal leaves. The
leaves are oval to rotund (rarely reniform) in shape. They are
entire, 1 to 2 cm long and 2 to 3 cm wide, and are somewhat thickened
and succulent. The petioles are 3 to 5 cm long and are slender and
somewhat tapered near the base. The infloresence is branched into a
trichotomous cyme which reaches a height of 10 to 15 centimeters. It
has numerous campanulate involucres which are glabrous, 4 to 5 toothed
and contain 6 flowers. The perianth of each flower is broadly
campanulate with ovate segments. Each segment is bright yellow with
a conspicous greenish midrib. The pedicels are 1 mm long or less.
The flowers are 1 to 2 mm long, finely pubescent along the bases
without and glabrous within. The stamens are slightly exerted,
ranging from 1.8 to 2.2 mm in length (01,02,03,04,05).
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
There is not at present, nor has there ever been any disagreement
as to the taxonomic validity or uniqueness of this species. There are
no other synonyms in the literature and there are no other common
names for this taxon (01,02,04,05,07,08,09). However, the common name
wild-buckwheat is spelled wild buckwheat in the species recovery plan
(14).
The type specimen is housed at the U.S. National Herbarium in
Washington, DC (No. 564576). Photographs and additional specimens are
available at the New Mexico State University Herbarium, at the
University of New Mexico Herbarium. An excellent drawing is available
in the Handbook of Rare and Endemic Plants of New Mexico (03,07,08,
13).
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
Non-consumptive recreational
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The gypsum wild-buckwheat (Eriogonum gypsophilum) has been
designated a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the State of New Mexico. Critical Habitat has been
designated in Eddy County, NM (50 CFR, Sec. 17.96(a)) in portions of
T20S R25E, Sec. 19 and T20S, R24E, Sec. 24 gypsum soils.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands.
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
STATE: New Mexico
DESIGNATED STATUS: Protected
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: New Mexico Department of Natural
Resources
STATE STATUTE: New Mexico Statutes Annotated 1978, Endangered
Plant Species Program
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species may be of value for some of its yet undetermined
phytochemical products and it has value as a component of New Mexico's
natural heritage of biotic diversity.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27924 - Notice of Review, 1700 species
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/24572 - Proposed Threatened
79/12/10:44 FR 70796/70798 - Withdrawal of proposed rule
80/07/25:45 FR 49853/49857 - Proposed Threatened
81/01/19:46 FR 05730/05733 - Listing as Threatened w/ Critical Habitat
81/08/06:46 FR 40025/40026 - Deferral of eff. dates for Final Rules
84/01/27:49 FR 03543/ - Emergency Closure of Public land
87/07/07:52 FR 25523/25528 - Notice of review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Mixed Barren Land
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Eriogonum gypsophilum occurs in the Chihuahuan Region of the
Desert Scrub Formation (15). In the Brown, Lowe and Pase system the
predominant vegetation type is Chihuahuan Desert Scrub, Creosote
Bush-Tarbush Series 153.21. The association is an edaphically
controlled composite of species that have been designated the Rhus
microphylla - Bouteloua breviseta gypsum association, 153.215 (07,16).
This association is composed of several dominant species that are
normally unrelated. However, due to the edaphic factors imparted on
the gypsum substrate, these taxa occur together as a coherent
association. The dominants include: Rhus microphylla; Nerisyrenia
linearis; Fallugia parpdoxa; Anulocaulis gypsogenus; Coldenia
hispidissima and Bouteloua breviseta (01,07,08).
The specific habitat type for Eriogonum gypsophilum occurs in the
Seven Rivers Gypsum Hills. Geologically these gypsum beds are part of
the Permian Whitehorse Group. Typical sections of this formation are
composed of gypsum beds 1 to 5 feet thick, interbedded and
interlaminated with red shales and siltstones. Many of the gypsum
beds are composed of white, high purity gypsum. Others are laminated
with thin laminae composed of orange to reddish brown, less pure
gypsum components. In all, the Whitehorse Formation is approximately
20 feet thick at the Eriogonum gypsophilum locality, with
approximately 80 percent of the substrate being pure gypsum. A
chemical analysis of some 20 different gypsum deposits of the state
revealed a remarkable similarity of composition among the different
localities. As an average they contained 33 percent CaO (calcium
oxide), 46 percent SO3 (sulfide), 20 percent H2O (water), 0.1 percent
Fe2O3 (iron oxide) and AL2O3 (aluminum oxide), 0.2 percent SiO2
(silican dioxide), 0.16 percent MgO (magnesium oxide) and 0.55 percent
CO2 (carbon dioxide). In combined form CaSO4 (calcium sulfate) makes
up approximately 78 percent of the formation (07,12).
Eriogonum gypsophilum occurs on the eroded hillsides and tops of
the gypsum hills, as well as on the gypsum colluvial fans at the base
of the hills. This area is situated at an elevation of 3300 feet
(1015 m). The slope of these hills varies from 0 to 45 percent with
Eriogonum gypsophilum occurring throughout. The population is
distributed on all exposures of the hillside with little or no
apparent exposure preference (01,04,07,08,14). Although there seems
to be no prediliction to slope or exposure, there is a definite
correlation between surface disturbance and plant density. It appears
that density of this plant increases when the tough surface crust of
the gypsum is broken. Hence, Eriogonum gypsophilum is often more
abundant adjacent to erosion channels on the hillsides, and roadways
along the base (07,11).
To date, data is not available on factors of pH, percentage of
ground cover, canopy cover or cover height.
Eriogonum gypsophilum occurs along 300 linear feet of U.S.
Highway 285 fenced right-of-way. The species also occurs along the
trails leading to a culvert under the highway. The Brantley Dam
Reservoir could impact the species through access to the reservoir for
Habitat Associations - 1 livestock watering, high water levels, or vegetative changes in the
immediate area.
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G
G Availability of fence rows: roadside ditches and grassy
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
Herb (02,03,05).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (02,03,05). This taxon is a small herbaceous
perennial, arising from a persistent woody root crown (02,03).
Repeated observations indicate that this species lives longer than 5
years (070.
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (01,02,03,05,08).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Germination and leafing dates are unknown. Budding dates are in
early May. Anthesis dates are from mid May to early July. Fruiting
occurs in late July to early August and seed dispersal dates are
unknown but probably occur in August (02,03,05,07,08,13).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoclinous (02,03,05).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Pollen and seed dissemination agents are unknown (01,02,03,07).
The seed is small enough (1 to 1.8 mm) that any number of biological
or environmental factors could be responsible for dissemination (07).
SEED BIOLOGY:
At present nothing is known about annual seed production, seed
viability, longevity, percent of germination, or dormancy requirments.
The recovery plan recommends these subjects for future study. Within
the category of germination requirements nothing is known as to
scarification, temperature needs, light or moisture requirements.
However, since this plant has never been observed (even in seedling
stage) off of the gypsum deposit, it is logical to assume that gypsum
soils play some role in germination. Seedlings are of a much greater
density adjacent to or within disturbed areas where the surface soil
crust has been broken. It appears that the seeds have a very low
capacity for germination on the cemented gypsum surface, and require
the broken surface crust to establish themselves within the gypsum
(07).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
At present little is known about the population biology of this
species. The predominant limiting factor to the species appears to be
the extent of gypsum deposits on which to grow. However, there is a
large segment of Seven River Hills gypsum immediately to the west of
the population site, on which Eriogonum gypsophilum does not occur
(07,08). Since the entire Seven River Hills Region has been subjected
to the same impacts since the arrival of Europeans, it is unlikely
that the present population of Eriogonum gypsophilum was more
widespread in the Seven River Hills and was subsequently extripated.
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
It is more likely that this species is relatively new, and has not
fully filled its potential range (07). It has been recently noted
that the population appears to be expanding, and spreading over a
wider portion to the Seven River Hills (11).
At present nothing is known about recovery potential, survival/
mortality rates, population density, or causes of mortality (aside
from trampling by cattle and ORV destruction).
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
By definition gypsum is not a soil, but a parent material. It
differs from soils in that it is composed wholly of soluable
materials, which are not suspended in water but actually disolved.
Its texture is highly variable, within the same formation it can take
on several different mineral forms. These forms range from
translucent crystals, to porous rock, to exceedingly fine powder.
From its distribution it is apparent that Eriogonum gypsophilum is
restricted to the gypsum parent material of the Seven River Hills.
This material is of Permian origin and forms an element of the
Whitehorse Geologic Formation (12). This formation is approximately
20 feet thick at the Eriogonum gypsophilum locality, and it is often
capped by extensive limestone deposits. The SCS refers to the
limestone cap as LT Limestone Rock Land Complex. Permian gypsum has
been designated GC Gypsum Land-Cottonwood Complex (17).
The Eriogonum gypsophilum location is situated at 3300 feet in
elevation. Plants occur on slopes from 0 to 45 percent. Although
they occur on all exposures, there is a slight preference for north
facing slopes (01,06,07,14). The mean minimum temperature is 24
degrees (F), the mean maximum temperature is 92 degrees (F) (18). The
average rainfall is approximately 14 inches per year (14). Although
disturbance tends to damage older plants, it seems to be beneficial to
the establishment of new plants. Density of plants increases adjacent
to drainages and road scrapes (07,11). It appears that juvenile
plants are much more easily established where the cemented crustose
surface of the gypsum has been broken (07). This species has been
found only on these gypsum outcrops on hills covered with a limestone
cap (14).
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic.
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Subdominant (01,07,08). There are no taxa at the Eriogonum
gypsophilum site which by means of number, coverage, or size have a
major influence upon the environmental conditions within the
vegetation type. As such, there are no dominants on the site. Within
most communities the vegetation occupies, and by its presence
modifies, the environment. However, on many extremely dry land
associations the vegetation reacts to the substrate and has little or
no modifying influence on it. In the case of Eriogonum gypsophilum,
there are perhaps a dozen common associated species (01,14). Taken
together these associates and Eriogonum gypsophilum would provide an
extremely low coverage of their habitat (07). The overall
microregional series surrounding the gypsum hills on which Eriogonum
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
gypsophilum occurs can be characterized in the Brown, Lowe and Pase
system as Chihuahuan Desert Scrub, Creosote Bush-Tarbush Series 153.21
(16).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
The surrounding microregional community is the Chihuahuan
Desert Scrub. The series immediately adjacent to the Eriogonum
gypsophilum locality is Creosote-Tarbush Series 153.21 (16). There is
no designated association level which fits gypsum communities, but by
utilizing the Brown, Lowe and Pase system it is designated Rhus
microphylla - Bouteloua breviseta gypsum association. Rhus
microphylla was selected because it is the largest vegetative
component in the association, and Bouteloua breviseta in that it is
common on all gypsum deposits in southern New Mexico. This
association is composed of several dominant species that are normally
unrelated. However, due to the edaphic factors imparted on the gypsum
substrate, these taxa occur together as a coherent association. The
dominants include: Rhus microphylla; Nerisyrenia linearis; Fallugia
parpdoxa; Anulocaulis gypsogenus; Coldenia hispidissima and Bouteloua
breviseta (01,07,08). This community appears to be stable as long as
the gypsum is not impacted. There is little data available on
successional trends but it appears in areas of surface disturbance,
Eriogonum gypsophilum establishes itself rapidly and forms a
successional element (07,11).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
There is no apparent causal relationship known at this time that
has a direct impact on Eriogonum gypsophilum in interaction with any
other plant species (07).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling water levels
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human use of habitats
Beneficial Maintaining Early Stages of Succession
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Climate Alteration
Existing Climate Alteration
Adverse Gas/Oil Development
Existing Gas/Oil Development
Adverse Flooding
Existing Flooding
Adverse Reservoirs
Existing Reservoirs
Adverse Competition
Existing Competition
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
Eriogonum gypsophilum is an extermely rare plant. It is
restricted to one locality of approximately 600 acres in size, with an
estimated population of 10,000 plants at this site (14). With such a
limited distribution this species is sensitive to both limited scale
projects as well as those of regional impact (07). The present
threats to this species include ORV use, oil and gas exploration, and
excessive grazing of cattle.
ORV use has damaged plants and habitat in the past. As a result,
the BLM has taken steps to stop this activity by closing the area to
ORV use (14).
Cattle pose a threat to this species if they are present in
excessive numbers. Large numbers of bovines would increase trampling
and browsing of Eriogonum gypsophilum. However, there is some
indication that Eriogonum gypsophilum does better when the surface
crust of the gypsum is broken. As such, light cattle use may be
beneficial to the plant (07,11,14).
At present there are no active oil or gas exploration sites
within the Critical Habitat zone. However, there are five leases
occurring on the site and a potential for future drilling exists (14).
In addition to existing threats, the proposed construction of
Brantley Reservoir could present an additional source of concern for
this species. Aside from the potential innundation of a small segment
of the population, the presence of a large body of water adjacent to
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
the Critical Habitat zone could promulgate a variety of secondary
effects. These include; highway construction to relocate the highway
from the rising waters; dissolution of subterranean pockets and
pillars of gypsum which could cause slumping and distruption of the
type locality; wave action from the proposed reservoir which would
erode the surface of the gypsum; microclimate changes which could
raise the humidity and increase the frequency and velocity of daily
winds; habitat modification which would allow the intrusion of weedy
species such as salt cedar which could compete with Eriogonum
gypsophilum (01,04,07,08,11,14).
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Gypsum Wild-buckwheat Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
34 pp.
The primary objectives of the Recovery Plan are to protect
Eriogonum gypsophilum and its Critical Habitat from degradation due to
human activity and to maintain the population of 10,000 individuals
in its natural habitat. This habitat is limited due to the
specialized substrate requirements of the species. Concerns have
centered on ORV use, grazing, reconstruction of U.S. 285 adjacent to
occupied habitat, and impacts of water levels when Brantley Reservoir
is filled. Designation of a BLM Area of Critical Environmental
Concern is recommended, as well as the development and implementation
of a Habitat Management Plan.
Specific recommendations concerning grazing are:
1) To monitor the long term effects of the present grazing
regime on the species.
2) Prevent a change in that regime until completion of a
study.
3) Regulate livestock access to the reservoir so that
trampling and habitat destruction do not occur.
Recreational use should be regulated especially by controlling
ORV use of the occupied habitat. With the filling of Brantley
Reservoir, monitoring should be implemented on the effects of;
1) any flooding which might submerge the species,
2) wave action on the gypsum hills,
3) the raised water table on the stability of the gypsum which
may soften or disolve the deposits, and
4) the effects of salt cedar growth on the species.
Finally, the development of public appreciation and support for
the preservation of the species is needed.
Current recovery activities include; a FWS contracted graduate
study of several biological aspects of E. gypsophilum (New Mexico
State University), and the BLM has established plots for monitoring
the species on Bureau land.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Spellenberg, R. 1977. A report on the investigation of Eriogonum
gypsophilum and Happlopappus spinulosus subspecies laevis in the
vicinity of Brantley Reservoir, Eddy County, NM. (Unpubl).
02 Reveal, J.L. 1977. Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Arizona and New
Mexico. Phytologia 34:409-484.
03 Wooton, E.O. and P.C. Standley. 1913. Descriptions of new plants
preliminary to a report upon a flora of New Mexico. Contributions
from the U.S. Nat. Herb. 16:109-196.
04 Wagner, W.L. and D.G. Sabo. 1977. Status report for Eriogonum
gypsophilum. Unpublished report on file at: USFWS, Albuquerque,
NM.
05 Martin, W.C. and C.R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico. J.
Cramer. Hirschberb, Germany. XIII 2591 pp.
06 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Agency/Review Draft, Gypsum
Wild Buckwheat, Eriogonum gypsophilum Woot. and Standl. Recovery
Plan. USFWS, Albuquerque, NM.
07 Knight, P.J. 1984. Pers. comm. Star Route, Box 929; Corrales, NM
87048.
08 Spellenberg, R. 1984. Pers. comm. Biology Dept., NM State Univ.
Las Cruces, NM 88001.
09 Fletcher, R. 1978. Eriogonum gypsophilum supplement. USDA, USFS.
In house document. (Unpubl).
10 U.S. Government. 1981. 46:5730. On file at USFWS, Washington,
D.C.
11 Jeun, J. 1984. Pers. comm. BLM, Carlsbad Resource Area, Federal
Building, Room 163, PO Box 1778, Carlsbad, NM 88220.
12 Weber, R.H. and F.E. Kottlowski. 1959. Gypsum resources of New
Mexico. NM Bur. of Mines and Minerals Bull. No. 68. 68 pp.
13 Fletcher, R., W. Issacs and P. Knight et al. 1984. A handbook of
rare and endemic plants of New Mexico. Univ. of NM Press.
Albuquerque, NM. 291 pp.
14 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery Plan for Gypsum
Wild Buckwheat (Eriogonum gypsophilum). USFWS, Albuquerque, NM.
34 pp.
15 Donart, G.B., D.D. Sylvester and W.C. Hickey. 1978. Potential
natural vegetation - New Mexico. NM Interagency Range Comm. Rept.
No. 11. SCS, Portland, OR.
16 Brown, D.E. 1982. Biotic communites of the American Southwest -
United States and Mexico. Desert Plants, Vol. 4: No.'s 1-4, pp 1-
342.
17 Chuqq, J.C., et al. 1971. Soil survey Eddy area, NM. USDA, SCS.
151 pl., 82 pp.
18 Tuan, Yi-Fu, C.E. Everard and J.G. Widdison. 1969. The climate
of New Mexico. NM State Planning Off., Santa Fe, NM. 169 pp.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Spellenberg, R. 1977. A report on the investigation of Eriogonum
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species BUCKWHEAT, WILD-, GYPSUM
Species Id ESIS702002
Date 13 MAR 96
gypsophilum and Happlopappus spinulosus subspecies laevis in the
vicinity of Brantley Reservoir, Eddy County, NM. (Unpubl).
02 Reveal, J.L. 1977. Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Arizona and New
Mexico. Phytologia 34:409-484.
03 Wooton, E.O. and P.C. Standley. 1913. Descriptions of new plants
preliminary to a report upon a flora of New Mexico. Contributions
from the U.S. Nat. Herb. 16:109-196.
04 Wagner, W.L. and D.G. Sabo. 1977. Status report for Eriogonum
gypsophilum. Unpublished report on file at USFWS, Albuquerque, NM.
05 Martin, W.C. and C.R. Hutchins. 1980. A flora of New Mexico. J.
Cramer. Hirschberb, Germany. XIII 2591 pp.
06 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. Agency Review Draft, Gypsum
Wild Buckwheat, Eriogonum gypsophilum Woot. and Standl. Recovery
Plan. USFWS, Albuquerque, NM.
07 Knight, P.J. 1984. Pers. comm. Star Route, Box 929; Corrales, NM
87048.
08 Spellenberg, R. 1984. Pers. comm. Biology Dept., NM State Univ.
Las Cruces, NM 88001.
09 Fletcher, R. 1978. Eriogonum gypsophilum supplement. USDA, USFS.
In house document. (Unpubl).
10 U.S. Government. 1981. 46:5730. On file at USFWS, Washington,
D.C.
11 Jeun, J. 1984. Pers. comm. BLM, Carlsbad Resource Area, Federal
Building, Room 163, PO Box 1778, Carlsbad, NM 88220.
References - 2