(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
OTHER COMMON NAMES - GROUNDSEL and SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - ASTERALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - ASTERACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - SENECIO,
SPECIES AND SSP - FRANCISCANUS,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - SENECIO FRANCISCANUS
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
San Francisco Peaks Groundsel
Senecio franciscanus Greene
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Asterales FAMILY: Asteraceae
Senecio franciscanus is a dwarf perennial alpine plant, 3 to 7 cm
(1.25 to 4 in) tall. Stems arise singly from the upturned ends of
creeping rhizomes, or are sometimes loosely clustered, giving the
plant a subcespitose aspect. The lower parts and often the
involucral bracts are purplish. The basal leaves are petiolate; the
leaf blades are deeply lobed with the terminal lobes 3 to 19 mm (0.12
to 0.75 in) wide and about as long, the others much smaller, upper
leaves much reduced. One to 2 to 6 flower heads occur on peduncles
19 mm (.075 in) long. Involucre 6 to 9.5 mm (0.25 to 0.38 in) high
and about 9.5 to 12 mm (0.38 to 0.5 in) wide when flower is blooming.
The flower heads have 8 to 13 yellow ray flowers and the seeds are
glabrous (01,13).
Edward L. Greene first discovered this species on July 10, 1884.
He noted that it was "plentiful, but scarcely yet in flower at the
date of its discovery" (09). The type specimen was collected by
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
Greene in 1889 (11). There are no synonyms (16). Elbert L. Little
(12) collected the plant in 1938 and included it in his collection of
the alpine flora and the first description of vegetation above the
timberline on the San Francisco Peaks. Since then several botanists
have studied the alpine flora (14,15,20,21) but San Francisco Peaks
groundsel is still unknown outside of the alpine zone of the San
Francisco Peaks.
The type specimen is deposited at the United States National
Herbariom (US) (01,05,16). A designated isotype is at New York (NY)
(01,05,16). There are several published descriptions of the species
(01,09,13). The most complete and accurate original descriptions are
those of Barkely (01) and McDougall (13).
Some reports (03,07,19) have photographs of the species and its
habitat. A drawing is located at the USFWS, Albuquerque, NM.
Specimens have been deposited at herbaria at the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, Arizona State University, California Academy
of Sciences, Coconino National Forest, Gray Herbarium, Kansas State
University, Missouri Botanical Garden, Museum of Northern Arizona, New
York Botaniical Garden, Northern Arizona University, Rancho Santa Ana
Botanic Garden, United States National Herbarium, the University of
Arizona and the University of California, Berkeley.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
T: Federal Threatened
Commercial
Non-consumptive recreational
Ceremonial/Cultural
Ornamental
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The San Francisco Peaks groundsel (Senecio franciscanus) has been
designated a Threatened species pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the State of Arizona. Critical Habitat has been designated
in Coconino County, AZ (50 CFR 17.96(a)).
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Arizona
DESIGNATED STATUS: Protected
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Arizona Commission of Agriculture and
Horticulture
STATE STATUTE: Arizona Revised Statutes, Chapter 7, Sec 3-901B
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
None.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species may have horticultural value and possibly medicinal
value for some of its yet undetermined phytochemical products. It has
ceremonial/cultural value because it occurs within a "sacred" area of
Native Americans and is a component of Arizona's natural heritage of
biotic diversity.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27924 - Notice of Review
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/24572 - Proposed Threatened
79/12/10:44 FR 70796/70798 - Withdrawl of proposal
82/11/22:47 FR 52483/52569 - Proposed Threatened
83/11/22:48 FR 52743/52747 - Listing as Threatened w/ Critical Habitat
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Tundra Land: Bare Ground
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
San Francisco Peaks groundsel grows as a primary succession
species on talus slopes in the alpine fellfield on the San Francisco
Peaks. San Francisco Peaks, a Pleistocene-age strato-volcano, rises
abruptly from a basal elevation of approximately 2130 m (7000 ft) on
the Colorado Plateau to an elevation of 3852 m (12,633 ft). Located
just north of Flagstaff, AZ, this is the highest point in the
southwestern United States and the second most southerly located
alpine tundra, the only true alpine in Arizona (07).
The crest line of the mountain is divided into three principle
peaks which project above timberline: Humphreys Peak, Agassiz Peak and
Fremont Peak; and several minor ones (07). The parent rock on the
San Francisco Peaks consists of basalt, rhyolite and andesite (03).
The soils fall under the rock outcrop and barren talus slopes of the
Sponseller-Baldy-Sizer association (23). A complete description of a
soil pit is on file at the Forest Supervisor's Office, Coconino
National Forest (08).
The alpine fellfield has soils of cinders on loose substrate,
that are very gravelly sandy loams; with a pH of 6.6 (19). The
ground surface is gravelly and boulders present are more rounded with
better lichen development than in the boulder field (07). The plant
was found to be common in areas of fine to medium grain soils and
slopes from moderate to 60 percent (03). With the exception of one
small population, aspect ranged from 45 degrees (NE) to 315 degrees
(NW). The largest populations and greatest densities occur on slopes
with aspects ranging from 180 (S) to 270 degrees (W) (03). Plants
occur from 3445 to 3780 m (11,300 to 12,400 ft), and are common on
every major peak above 3476 m (11,400 ft) (03).
The average annual precipitation is 84 to 102 cm (33 to 40 in)
(12). Precipitation during summer thunderstorms occurs when moist air
moves northwestward over the state from the Gulf of Mexico. Arizona
winter storms develop from frontal advances originating in the Pacific
Northwest and much of the moisture is lost over the high mountainous
terrain as snow (22).
The growing season occurs from June to September, when the mean
air temperature is 9 degrees C (48 degrees F). The average frost free
season is 102 days (12). The mean growing season air temperature is
often close to freezing but the ground level microenvironment may be
much warmer: 32 to 38 degrees C (90 to 100 degrees F) on warm sunny
days (07). Average wind speeds of 32 to 48 km/h (20 to 30 mph) are
common during the winter and spring and wind speeds exceeding 96 km/h
(60 mph) are not uncommon. Summer winds are not as strong but are
constant (07).
San Francisco Peaks groundsel occurs in the bare ground tundra
land use/land cover association, specifically in the alpine ecosystem.
The vegetation is of low stature (less than 30 cm (12 in) tall) and
very sparse, characterized by herbs and grasses, occasional shrubs and
dwarf trees (Krummholz) at timberline (07,21).
San Francisco Peaks groundsel occupies a minimum of 131 ha (325
ac) within the approximately 486 ha (1200 ac) of alpine habitat (03).
The alpine fellfield is dominated by San Francisco Peaks groundsel and
it does not occur in the other two alpine habitats of alpine boulder
Habitat Associations - 1 field and alpine meadow except in instances where conditions are
similar to the fellfield. Frequently the species is the only
flowering plant present for dozens of meters and is remarkably
constant within its suitable habitat. Cover over large areas is
generally between a trace and 2 percent. In localized relatively
stable areas with well developed colonies, cover can reach 10 percent
or higher.
The plants grow in exposed, sunny situations. Generally snow
accumulation is light and the microclimate is typical fellfield.
Severe frost action is a limiting factor for most species. Senecio
franciscanus is adapted to natural soil movement due to frost action
and gravity on the steep slopes of the Peaks. Mature plant colonies
are found tucked near rocks where they are better protected from harsh
elements (03). Soil moisture is the most important factor controlling
distribution and growth of alpine plants (07). Wind also plays a
significant role by influencing moisture patterns, producing
mechanical abrasion of plants, reducing air and leaf temperatures, and
influencing pollination. Along ridges and high exposed areas fine
soil particles are removed leaving only coarse material, causing
desiccation of exposed root zones after plants are trampled (07).
Associated plants are: Whipple's beardtongue (Pensemon
whippleanus), gooseberry currant (Ribes montigenum), spreading
wheatgrass (Agropyron scribneri), alum root (Heuchera versicolor),
mouse-ear chickweed (Cerastium beeringianum), sandwort (Arenaria
lanuginosa), dandelion (Taraxacum sp.), fescue (Festuca ovina var.
brachyphylla), wild candytuft (Thalaspi montanum var. fendleri),
brislecone pine (Pinus aristata), Engelmann spruce (Picea
engelmannii), corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica),
sneezewood (Helenium hoopesii), sedges (Carex spp.), blue grass (Poa
spp.), bromegrass (Bromus ciliatus) and fragile bladder fern
(Cystopteris fragilis) (19). The flora of the alpine tundra consists
of 82 species (12,21).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Terrestrial Features: Talus
G Terrestrial Features: Rock outcrops
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
Herb (01,03,09,10,11,13,16).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (01,03,09,10,11,13,16).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual and vegetative (10,03,09,11,13,16). San Francisco Peaks
groundsel develops as small clones propagating vegetatively from the
intricately branched rhizomes. Frost action and gravitational
movement break up the clones which further spread, develop and in turn
break up. It reproduces sexually as well from mature achenes (10,16,
19).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Germination dates are unknown, however, germination occurs in
mid-April under greenhouse conditions (02). Leafing dates are
unknown, but the usual growing season in the alpine is June to
September (12). Budding dates are unknown. Anthesis dates are August
to early-September and fruiting occurs in mid-September with seed
dispersal in the same season (02,16,19).
San Francisco Peaks groundsel is noted as one of the last alpine
species to begin flowering (09,16).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoclinous (16).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Seed dissemination agents are unknown (16). Insects were seen
disseminating pollen but were not identified (16).
SEED BIOLOGY:
Amount and variation in annual seed production, seed viability
and longevity are unknown. Germination has been observed at 33
percent (02). The following information is obtained from a
propagation and revegetation study of tundra plants conducted by
Coconino National Forest (02).
Seeds of San Francisco Peaks groundsel were collected in August
and cold hardened in a freezer for two months. They were planted in
mid-April in a 50:50 mixture of vermiculite and habitat soil or in
pure vermiculite. The vermiculite gave the best results for
transplanting due to more rapid root development. The soil was
watered as needed. Within one week germination had occurred. A
nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer (20-16-0) was added when chlorosis
appeared. Plants were transplanted in June to a prepared bed or the
tundra, and seed were produced by the plants in September (02).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Limiting factors for the San Francisco Peaks groundsel include
gravelly and bouldery substrate; amount of precipitation and snow
drift patterns; slope; aspect; frost activity; wind; and short growing
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
season. The plants grow in exposed, sunny situations. Generally snow
accumulation is light and the microclimate is typical fellfield.
Senecio franciscanus is adapted to natural soil movement due to frost
action and gravity on the steep slopes (07,08,10,16).
This species appears to be in a healthy reproductive state (03,
10,16). Fletcher (03,10) estimates that there are probably greater
than 100,000 clones of San Francisco Peaks groundsel on the Peaks (and
this estimate may be low). At least 325 of the approximately 1200
acres of the alpine are inhabited by the species (03,10). Erosion,
avalanches and adverse climatic conditions cause natural mortality
(08,16). Without the adverse impacts caused by man, San Francisco
Peaks groundsel appears to have stable, viable populations and
therefore favorable recovery potential (10).
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
San Francisco Peaks groundsel grows as a primary sucession
species on talus slopes in the alpine fellfield on the San Francisco
Peaks. The parent rock on the San Francisco Peaks consists of basalt,
rhyolite and andesite (03). The soils fall under the rock outcrop
and barren talus slopes of the Sponseller-Baldy-Sizer association
(23).
The alpine fellfield has soils of cinders on loose substrate,
that are very gravelly sandy loams with a pH of 6.6 (19). The
ground surface is gravelly and boulders present are more rounded with
better lichen development than in the boulder field (07). The plant
was found to be common in areas of fine to medium grain soils and
slopes from moderate to 60 percent (03). With the exception of one
small population, aspect ranged from 45 degrees (NE) to 315 degrees
(NW). The largest populations and greatest densities occur on slopes
with aspects ranging from 180 (S) to 270 degrees (W) (03). Plants
occur from 3445 to 3780 m (11,300 to 12,400 ft), and are common on
every major peak above 3476 m (11,400 ft) (03).
The average annual precipitation is 84 to 102 cm (33 to 40 in)
(12), in the form of summer thunderstorms and winter storms when much
of the moisture is lost over the high mountainous terrain as snow
(22). The growing season occurs from June to September, when the mean
air temperature is 9 degrees C (48 degrees F). The average frost free
season is 102 days (12). The mean growing season air temperature is
often close to freezing but the ground level microenvironment may be
much warmer: 32 to 38 degrees C (90 to 100 degrees F) on warm sunny
days (07). Average wind speeds of 32 to 48 km/h (20 to 30 mph) are
common during the winter and spring and wind speeds exceeding 96 km/h
(60 mph) are not uncommon. Summer winds are not as strong but are
constant (07).
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic (01,07,09).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Component (03,10). San Francisco Peaks groundsel occupies a
minimum of 131 ha (325 ac) within the approximately 486 ha (1200 ac)
of alpine habitat (03). The alpine fellfield is dominated by San
Francisco Peaks groundsel and it does not occur in the other two
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
alpine habitats of alpine boulder field and alpine meadow except in
instances where conditions are similar to the fellfield. Frequently
the species is the only flowering plant present for dozens of meters
and is remarkably constant whithin its suitable habitat. Cover over
large areas is generally between a trace and 2 percent. In localized
relatively stable areas with well developed colonies cover can reach
10 percent of higher.
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
San Francisco Peaks groundsel grows as a primary succession
species on talus slopes in the Alpine Tundra (04). The vegetation is
of low stature (less than 30 cm (12 in) tall) and very sparse,
characterized by herbs and grasses, occasional shrubs and dwarf trees
(Krummholz) at timberline (07,21). No quantitative data are available
on the associated community.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
No information is available for this species on the subject of
species interrelationships.
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Adverse Hiking/Camping
Existing Hiking/Camping
Adverse Recreational development
Existing Recreational development
Adverse Erosion
Existing Erosion
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
At the time of listing as a Threatened species, perceived threats
to Senecio franciscanus were (05,16,24): trampling and habitat
destruction by hikers, with possible increase due to proposed Snow
Bowl ski area expansion, and inadequate regulation of off-trail
hiking.
Throughout the tundra a multiple system of trails have been
caused by dispersed recreationists (07). Recreationists traversing
the steep slopes of suitable groundsel habitat caused excessive soil
movement ranging from displacement of a footprint-size to rockslides
several meters wide and 30 meters long. With this type of traffic,
soil movement becomes excessive and the rhizome system of the San
Francisco Peaks groundsel may be broken into fragments too small to
sustain the plant. Intensive use between the ski terminal on Agassiz
and the false summit as well as building of the lift landing and
recreation in the immediate vicinity of the landing, destroyed some
habitat (10).
Closure of the alpine to off-trail use was established in 1984.
A hiking trail was constructed in 1984 from the upper Snow Bowl Lodge
at 2900 m (9500 ft) to the saddle north of Agassiz Peak and the
Westherford trail down the backside of Agassiz. Trail routes were
carefully selected from aerial photographs, followed almost exactly
already impacted trails and bypassed all San Francisco Peaks
groundsels possible (any plants in the path were transplanted). In
mid-July 1985 the alpine on Agassiz Peak was closed to trail hiking
with a split-rail fence (08,10,18). Appropriate signs inform hikers
to stay on trails to protect the alpine habitat and the San Francisco
Peaks groundsel. Public announcements, handouts and monitoring for
closure compliance are in progress (08,10,17,18). It is estimated
that 95 percent of the visitors will obey travel restrictions (18).
The existing Snow Bowl road will be widened and paved in the
future, a project which will result in an increase in summer use of
the alpine area (06,10). However, the above actions, completed by the
U.S. Forest Service to protect the fragile tundra environment and the
San Francisco Peaks groundsel habitat, should prevent future impacts
on this species (08,18).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Agency Draft. Recovery Plan
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
for San Francisco Peaks Groundsel. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Albuquerque, NM. 33 pp.
The major threat to Senecio franciscanus is trampling and habitat
destruction by summer hikers. Climbing to the summit of Humphrey's
Peak (12,633 ft) is a popular summertime activity. S. franciscanus
colonizes gravelly (eroded) slopes and heavy, unregulated foot traffic
can destroy plants and the habitat.
S. franciscanus was listed as Threatened with Critical Habitat in
1983. At that time there were portions of the "trail" to the peak
that were a network of paths, many starting from the upper terminal of
existing chairlift on Agassiz Peak, a Humphrey's Peak subpeak. Some
of these paths were impacting S. franciscanus by destruction of the
plants and disturbance of the habitat. Hikers leaving the paths were
also damaging plants and the habitat. The 1984 U.S. Forest Service
Alpine Tundra Interim Management Plan called for construction of a
single well-marked trail, avoiding most of the Senecio inhabited areas
and a closure of all non-permitted off-trail hiking use to elimate
these impacts on the species. Needed off-trail use for scientific
study or to allow native Americans access to religious sites will be
adequately controlled through the issuance of permits. Most of the
expansion planned for the Snow Bowl ski area would not effect this
species or its habitat. The old trail from the chairlift terminal up
Agassiz Peak (and through S. franciscanus areas) was to be closed, and
a barrier and explanatory sign was placed at the terminal. All
existing adverse impacts to S. franciscanus were expected to be
negated by these actions. The U.S. Forest Service Alpine Tundra
Interim Management Plan was submitted to the USFWS under the
consultation processes of Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act.
The new trail construction, old trail closure, the new barriers and
signing have been completed and the impacts to S. franciscanus appear
to have been alleviated. However, monitoring of the population will
continue to evaluate the effectiveness of management and to maintain
vigilance for any new threats.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - References
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Barkley, T.M. 1968. Taxonomy of Senecio multilobatus and its
allies. Brittonia 20:267-284.
02 Boucher, P. 1984. Propagation of alpine plants on the Coconino
National Forest. Unpublished report on file at: USDA/FS, Coconino
NF.
03 Boucher, P. and G. Goodwin. 1984. San Francisco Peaks alpine
tundra survey results for Senecio franciscanus Greene in Elden and
Flagstaff Districts. Report prepared for USDA Forest Service,
Coconino National Forest.
04 Brown, D.E., C.H. Lowe and C.P. Pase. 1980. A digitized
systematic classification for ecosystems with an illustrated
summary of the natural vegetation of North America. USDA/FS
General Tech. Rept. RM-73. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp.
Sta., Ft. Collins, CO.
05 Fletcher, R. 1978. Status report on Senecio franciscanus.
Prepared for USDA/FS, Region 3.
06 Fletcher, R., G. Goodwin, P. Boucher, and M. Reid. 1984.
Biological assessment for Senecio franciscanus. On file at:
USDA/FS, Region 3.
07 Goodwin, G. 1978. An assessment of impacts created by past and
present development on the alpine tundra zone of the San Francisco
Peaks. Report prepared for USDA Forest Service, Coconino National
Forest.
08 Goodwin, G. 1985. Pers. comm. Wildlife Biologists, Coconino
National Forest; Forest Supervisor's Office, 2323 E. Greenlaw Lane,
Flagstaff, AZ 86001.
09 Greene, E. 1889. New or noteworthy species VI. Pittonia 2:13-24.
10 Holden, T., G. Goodwin, R. Fletcher and P. Boucher. 1984. Alpine
tundra interim management plan for Senecio franciscanus Greene,
Flagstaff and Elden Ranger Districts, Coconino Natinal Forest.
Report prepared for USDA Forest Service, Region 3.
11 Kearney, T.H. and R.H. Hill. 1964. In: Peebles and et al.
Arizona flora, 2nd ed. with suppl. by: J.T. Howell, E.
McClintock and collaborators. Berkeley: Univ. of CA Press.
12 Little, E. 1941. Alpine flora of San Francisco Mountain, Arizona.
Madrono 6:65-96.
13 McDougall, W.B. 1973. Seed plants of Northern Arizona. The
Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.
14 Moore, T.C. 1965. Origin and disjunction of the alpine tundra
flora on the San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. Ecology 46:860-864.
15 Paulik, L.A. 1979. A vascular flora of the sub-alpine spruce-
fir forest of the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona.
16 Phillips, A.M., III and E.M. Peterson. 1980. Status report:
Senecio franciscanus Greene. On file at: USFWS, Albuquerque, NM.
17 Reid, M. 1984. Memo outlying peaks closure/trail construction,
Flagstaff Ranger District. May 21, 1984.
18 Reid, M. 1985. Pers. comm. District Ranger, Flagstaff Ranger
District, 1100 North Beaver, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.
19 Rominger, J.M. 1976. Senecio franciscanus habitat study notes.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species GROUNDSEL, SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
Species Id ESIS702008
Date 13 MAR 96
Unpubl. field notes prepared for the USDA/FS, Coconino NF.
20 Rominger, J.M. and L.A. Paulik. 1983. A floristic inventory of
the plant community of the San Francisco Peaks Research Natural
Area. USDA/FS Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-96, Rocky Mountain Forest and
Range Exp. Sta., Ft. Collins, CO.
21 Schaack, C.A. 1970. A flora of the arctic-alpine vascular plants
of the San Francisco Mountain, Arizona. MS Thesis, Northern
Arizona Univ., Flagstaff.
22 Sellers, W.D. and R.H. Hill. 1974. Arizona climate 1931-1972.
The Univ. of AZ Press, Tuscon.
23 USDA/SCS. 1972. General soil map, Coconino County, AZ.
24 U.S. Government. 1983. Endangered and Threatened wildlife
and plants; final rule to determine Senecio franciscanus (San
Francisco Peaks groundsel) to be a Threatened species and
determination of it Critical Habitat. Federal Register 48:52743/
52747.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Boucher, P. and G. Goodwin. 1984. San Francisco Peaks alpine
tundra survey results for Senecio franciscanus Greene in Elden and
Flagstaff Districts. Unpublished report on file at: USDA Forest
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