(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
OTHER COMMON NAMES - CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA; CACTUS, BARREL, GOLDEN; HEDGEHOG and GIANT CLARET-CUP
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CARYOPHYLLALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CACTACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - ECHINOCEREUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - TRIGLOCHIDIATUS, VAR.
SCIENTIFIC NAME - ECHINOCEREUS TRIGLOCHIDIATUS VAR.
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Arizona Hedgehog Cactus
Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus (Rose) L. Benson
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Caryophyllales FAMILY: Cactaceae
Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus is a dark green
cactus, normally having more than one stem, each with 10 tuberculate
ribs. The stems range in height from 22.5 to 40 cm (8.9 to 15.7 in)
and in diameter from 7 to 10 cm (2.8 to 3.9 in). The largest of the
central spines (1 to 3) is deflexed and the radial spines (5 to 11)
are slightly curved. Flowers burst through the sides of the stem and
are a brilliant red. They are broad, about 5 cm (2 in) in diameter
and 7 cm (2.8 in) long (04).
This taxon was first collected by Charles Russell Orcutt between
the Arizona towns of Miami and Superior in July 1922 (03). The plant
was first named as Echinocereus arizonicus by J.N. Rose in 1926 (03).
In 1940 Lyman Benson (01) placed the taxon in synonymy with
Echinocereus polyacanthus Engelm. (also spelled polycanthus in some
official documents). This treatment was followed by Earle (09) (also
spelled polyancanthus is some official documents), although by this
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
time Benson (02) had placed the polyacanthus entity (with E.
arizonicus in synonomy) as a variety of E. triglochidiatus. This
treatment was followed by Kearney and Peebles (14). At one point
Benson (03) also held the polyacanthus in synonymy with Echinocereus
triglochidiatus var. neomexicanus (11). In 1969 Benson (03) described
the taxon Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus, the rank which
it holds today (04,10).
However, several people believe that the taxonomic status of this
entity has not been completely resoved (04,05,08,12). Many of the
thinner-spined individuals of var. arizonicus are similar in
appearance of the more robust var. neomexicanus. The variety may also
intergrade with var. melanacanthus. Difficulties in interpreting the
taxon lie at the extremes of character variation where plants more
closely resemble the other two varieties, primarily along the fringes
of is distribution. Brack (05) believes that this taxon is only one
step along a cline of variation from southwestern New Mexico into
central Arizona, and that it belongs with Echinocereus coccinea rather
than E. triglochidiatus. Crosswhite (08) believes the taxon may be a
polyploid and that it is a good entity that should perhaps even be
recognized at the specific level again. The typical plant of variety
arizonicus is distinctive and in an attempt to prevent confusion only
the populations considered "classical" var. arizonicus, those between
Miami and Superior, AZ, were listed as Endangered (12,17). Synonyms
for the common name Arizona hedgehog cactus include the giant claret-
cup cactus and the golden barrel cactus.
The lecto type is deposited at the herbarium of the New York
Botanical Garden (NY), with a duplicate at the United States National
Herbarium (US) (03,04). There are several descriptions of the taxon
(03,04,09,10,12,15). The most complete and accurate original
descriptions are those of Benson (03,04).
Photographs occur in: 03,04,10 and at the Pomona and the U.S.
National Herbaria. A drawing is located at the USFWS/OES,
Albuquerque. Specimens have been deposited at herbaria at New York
Botanical Garden, Pomona College, U.S. National Herbarium, University
of Arizona and the University of New Mexico.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Commercial
Non-consumptive recreational
Ornamental
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Arizona hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var.
arizonicus) has been designated an Endangered species pursuant to the
Endangered Species Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat.
884; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status
wherever found including the State of Arizona.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
USFS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Forest Service lands. The
Forest Service is responsible for integrating
management, protection, and conservation of Federally
listed species into the Forest Planning process
(36 CFR 219.19 and 219.20).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Arizona
DESIGNATED STATUS: Protected
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Arizona Commission of Agriculture and
Horticulture
STATE STATUTE: Arizona Revised Statutes, Chapter 7, Sec 3-901B
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
This species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species has horticultural value and is commercially
available from cactus and succulent dealers. It's rarity makes it
particularly desirable to collectors. It may be of value for some of
its yet undetermined phytochemical products and it has value as a
component of Arizona's natural heritage of biotic diversity.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27924 - Notice of review
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/24572 - Proposed Endangered
79/10/25:44 FR 61556/61558 - Listing as Endangered
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review
Status - 2 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Bare Exposed Rock
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Arizona hedgehog cactus grows in a mixture of Interior Chaparral
and Madrean Evergreen Woodland (06). It prefers open slopes or the
understory of a more open canopy, rather than the dense shrub
overstory of typical chaparral (12). Ouantitative data on the
percentage of ground, canopy closure and cover height are not
available.
The terrain throughout virtually the entire range is rugged with
steep-walled canyons and boulder-pile ridges and slopes (12). The
cactus is scattered on open slopes, in narrow cracks between boulders
and in the understory of shrubs. No detailed soil survey has been
made for this area but geologic parent materials consist of volcanic
tuff, dacite and granite (12). The orthoclase-rich granite which has
many veins of mineralization and is of late-Cretaceous age. The
dacite is mid-Tertiary (19). The tuff and granite are acidic in
nature. Dacite is thought of as basic but is actually more neutral in
comparison with basic basalt or acidic granite. The pH ranges from 5
to 6, slightly acidic (12,15,19). Elevation of the preferred habitat
ranges from about 1050 to 1600 m (3445 to 5248 ft) (04,12,15).
The soil texture is sandy where the surface is not bedrock;
slopes range from 0 to 100 percent (15). The cactus requires the
stability of protected rock cracks, ledges and flat spots for
establishment (12). Some plants have been found exposed and lying on
the ground surface in eroded areas (12).
Climatological data are for Superior, located about 19 km (12 mi)
west of the population areas and 150 m (492 ft) lower in elevation
(16). Average annual precipitation is 48 cm (19 in). Greatest
rainfall occurs in July and August when afternoon thunderstorms
develop from the moist tropical air which invades Arizona from the
Gulf of Mexico. In winter, middle latitude cyclones advance across
Arizona from the Pacific Ocean producing widespread, but gentle
showers which may continue intermittently for several days. Only a
small part of the winter precipitation falls as snow. The average
number of frost-free days is 239. The average daily temperature is
above 27 degrees C (80 degrees F) in summer, and readings above 38
degrees C (100 degrees F) occur quite often. Mid-day temperatures in
winter are often in the 60's (degrees F).
The Arizona hedgehog cactus occurs in the Shrub and Brush
Rangeland Land use/land cover Association, specifically in the
Chaparral-Mountain Shrub Ecosystem. The vegetation is of medium
stature (2 to 4 m) tall, characterized by shrubs and small trees (12,
15). Its geographic distribution extends along a corridor
approximately 11.2 km (7 mi) long and 6.4 km (4 mi) wide along U.S.
Highway 60 between Miami, southwestern Gila County, toward Superior,
northeastern Pinal County (01,03). This corridor includes a
right-of-way for utilities.
Associated plants are: shrub live oak (Quercus turbinella),
Emory oak (Q. emoryi), point-leaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens),
mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), beargrass (Nolina
microcarpa), desert spoon (Dasylirion wheeleri), single-needled pinyon
Habitat Associations - 1 (Pinus monophylla), alligator-bark juniper (Juniperus deppeana),
Juniperus erythrocarpa, squawbush (Rhus trilobata), sugar sumac (R.
ovata), silktassel (Garrya wrightii), cane cholla (Opuntia spinosior),
century plant (Agave chrysantha) and bullgrass (Muhlenbergia
emersleyi) (07,11,12,13,15). Many other species are listed in the
Recovery Plan (12).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
Succulent (03,04).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (03,04).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (15).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Germination occurs in mid-summer (08), budding dates are April to
May (08), anthesis occurs in late-April to mid-May and fruiting dates
are May to June (08,12,15). Weather can hasten, prolong or inhibit
flowering by a couple of weeks (08).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoclinous (03,04,12,15).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Pollen dissemination agents are bees and hummingbirds (08).
Seed dissemination agents are unknown however, animals eat the seeds
but it is unknown if the seeds are viable afterward (08).
SEED BIOLOGY:
Approximately 100 seeds are produced per fruit (08) and many
flowers occur per plant. Amount and variation in annual seed
production, seed viability and longevity are unknown. Germination has
been observed at 17 percent (08) and 90 percent (05).
There does not appear to be any special germination or
cultivation requirements (05,08). The seeds do not appear to require
after-ripening (08). Plants are easy to grow and require only shade
and reasonable temperatures [below 43 degrees C (110 degrees F)] (05).
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Limiting factors for the Arizona hedgehog cactus include
specialized soil type, Mediterranean-type climate, frost and perhaps
fire (12,15). The species prefers open slopes or the understory of a
more open canopy, rather than the dense shrub overstory of typical
chaparral (12). The cactus requires the stability of protected rock
cracks, ledges and flat spots for establishment (12). This taxon
appears to be in a healthy reproductive state (12,15). Several size
classes are represented in each population and 52 percent of observed
plants were reproducing (15). Populations vary in density from 1 to
155 plants per 1000 square meters (15) and estimates of numbers of
plants range from 1500 to 14,000 (12). Borers and leaf-foot bugs
(Coreidae) attack the stems and rodents eat the fruits (07,15).
Without the adverse impacts caused by man, Echinocereus
triglochidiatus var. arizonicus appears to have stable, viable
populations and therefore favorable recovery potential (12).
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus is normally found on
orthoclase-rich granite which has many veins of mineralization and is
of late-Cretaceous age. Other geologic parent materials in this area
consist of volcanic tuff and mid-Tertiary age dacite (12,19). The pH
ranges from 5 to 6, slightly acidic (12,15,19). Elevation of the
preferred habitat ranges from about 1050 to 1600 m (3445 to 5248 ft)
(04,12,15). The soil texture is sandy where the surface is not
bedrock; slopes range from 0 to 100 percent (15). There has been no
detailed soil survey of this area (12).
The terrain throughout virtually the entire range is rugged with
steep-walled canyons and boulder-pile ridges and slopes (12). The
cactus is scattered on open slopes, in narrow cracks between boulders
and in the understory of shrubs.
Climatological data are for Superior, located about 19 km (12 mi)
west of the population areas and 150 m (492 ft) lower in elevation
(16). Average annual precipitation is 48 cm (19 in). This results
from thunderstorms in July and August and winter showers, some of
which falls as snow. The average daily temperature is above 27
degrees C (80 degrees F) in summer, and readings above 38 degrees C
(100 degrees F) occur quite often. Mid-day temperatures in winter are
often in the 60's (degrees F).
TROPHIC STATUS:
Phototrophic (18). Cacti have Crassulacean acid metabolism
(CAM). Carbon dioxide is absorbed at night, incorporated first into
malic or isocitric acid by a reversible process requiring darkness.
At low temperature the equilibrium lies toward the acid side, but at
higher temperatures carbon dioxide is released. The lower the night
temperatures the more carbon dioxide that can be fixed as an organic
acid and the more that will be available the next day for
photosynthesis. Therefore cacti do well where there is a pronounced
periodicity in their environment, such as in arid regions (18).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Component (12,15,19). Plants are widely scattered along a
corridor of favorable habitat 11.2 km (7 mi) long by 6.4 km (4 mi)
wide in relatively inaccessible terrain. Intensive searches have
covered only a small fraction of available habitat (12,19).
Populations vary in density from 1 to 155 plants per 1000 square
meters (15) and estimates of numbers of plants range from 1500 to
14,000 (12).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
Arizona hedgehog cactus grows in the specialized habitats
discussed in the "Habitat Associations" narrative above. The sites
are in a mixture of Interior Chaparral and Madrean Evergreen Woodland
(06). The plants prefer open slopes or the understory of a more open
canopy, rather than the dense shrub overstory of typical chaparral
(12). The vegetation is of medium stature [2 to 4 m (6 to 12 ft)
tall], characterized by shrubs and small trees (12,15). Quantitative
data on percentage of ground cover and canopy closure are not
available. With the exception of possible influence of livestock
grazing, these communities can be considered stable climax
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
communities.
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Borers and leaf-foot bugs (Coreidae) attack the stems and rodents
eat the fruits (07,15). Javelina feed extensively on cacti in some
areas. The impact of javelina feeding on this species of cactus needs
to be investigated (12).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Agricultural Practice
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Regulating commercial harvest levels
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Native Vertebrates
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse
Existing
Adverse Predation
Existing Predation
Adverse Surface Mines
Existing Surface Mines
Adverse Highway/Railroads
Existing Highway/Railroads
Adverse Transmission Lines/Towers
Existing Transmission Lines/Towers
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
At the time of listing as an Endangered species perceived threats
to Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus were (15,17):
collection, mining activities, road construction, predation and
freezing.
Comparison of isolated and roadside populations shows evidence
of diminished population levels in readily accessible portions of the
range of this cactus and tends to support reported collecting
pressures (12). Its bright red flowers are attractive and plants are
probably collected by private individuals for landscaping (15). It is
a beautiful form horticulturally, and grows at lower elevations than
most E. triglochidiatus, so would probably do better in landscaping
(08). The effect of collecting on long-term survival is not presently
known (12). The extent of seed collection is unknown (12).
Construction of Highway 60 and its later realignment destroyed
some suitable habitat. The construction of a transmission line
probably displaced some plants and habitat. Six plants were removed
and transplanted by Boyce Thompson Arboretum in 1978 to permit
construction of the Silver King substation for the Salt River project
(12,15).
The Globe-Miami-Superior area is one of concentrated mining
activity (08,12). Numerous mines occur within and at the periphery of
the range of this cactus. It is not known how many plants have been
destroyed by mining, but in general the cactus does not prefer the
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
mineralized areas. Surveys around old and active mines have failed
to turn up any substantial populations close enough to be adversely
affected (12).
The effects of livestock, javelina and insects on the plants and
habitat are not known (12). Freeze damage occasionally reduced
populations significantly in more exposed sites. No studies have been
conducted on the extent of loss or damage by freezing (12).
The greatest future threat is mining exploration. Roads to
provide exploration access and exploratory drilling for underlying
deposits are having an increasing impact on this taxon. Although the
surface geology of the habitat is not well mineralized, the subsurface
geology is sufficiently mineralized in portions of the range to
warrant test drilling, and in some locations large areas of occupied
habitat have been claimed. The amount of disturbance from mining is
dependent both on whether the mine is open pit or shaft and how much
surface area will eventually be covered by tailings (12).
UNAPPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Agency Review Draft: Recovery
Plan for the Arizona Hedgehog Cactus. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Albuquerque, New Mexico. 37 pp.
The most apparent serious threats to this species are:
Habitat destruction by mining, especially during exploratory efforts;
and collection. Enforcement of existing regulations are the highest
priority to prevent the extinction of this species. Land uses that
might affect populations, including grazing, mineral exploration,
road maintenance, transmission lines, water development and recreation
(particularly ORV use) should be monitored so that potentially
threatening activities are recognized early and modified to eliminate
impacts. Collecting is limited somewhat by the rugged terrain
occupied by much of the population, but losses appear to be occurring
in those areas near roads. Enforcement of the Endangered Species Act,
CITES, the Lacey Act and the Arizona Native Plant Law (ARS 3-901B) is
recommended as a means of limiting collecting losses. The Forest
Service Action Plan should manage; ORV use and vehicular traffic;
grazing; mineral exploration; road and transmission line maintenance;
water and recreational development; and monitor the effects of
javelina on populations of this species to implement control methods
if proven necessary.
The Recovery Plan also recommends:
1) Studies on the ecology and population biology of the
species, including soil needs, water needs, freeze effects,
effects of large (javelina, cattle) and small (rodents)
herbivores, pollinators, life history characteristics,
demographic trends and the application of this information
into management plans.
2) Taxonomic comparisons with similar varieties of hedgehog
cacti by morphological, chromosomal and electrophoretic
methods.
3) Searches for other populations within the known area and
in suitable habitat nearby.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
4) Mapping of populations to determine population size.
5) Protection of known populations on private lands by
enforcing existing laws.
6) Implementation of a Forest Service Action Plan.
7) Documentation of collecting losses through permanent plots.
8) Development of propagation techniques to provide nursery
stocks both to reduce collection and for possible
reintroduction.
9) Development of public awareness, appreciation and support
for the preservation of Endangered and Threatened species.
Current recovery activities include chromosome counts and a
survey for additional populations by the U.S. Forest Service.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Benson, L. 1940. The cacti of Arizona. Edition 1 (with the
assistance of J.J. Thornber, A.A. Nichol and L.B. Hamilton). Univ.
of AZ Bio. Sci. Bull. 5.
02 Benson, L. 1950. The cacti of Arizona, 2nd ed. The Univ. of AZ
Press, Tucson.
03 Benson, L. 1969. The cacti of Arizona, 3rd ed. The Univ. of AZ
Press, Tucson.
04 Benson, L. 1982. The cacti of of the United States and Canada.
Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA.
05 Brack, S. 1985. Pers. comm. Museum of Northern Arizona, Mesa
Garden, Box 72, Belen, NM 87002.
06 Brown, D.E., C.H. Lowe, and C.P. Pase. 1980. A digitized
systematic classification for ecosystems with an illustrated
summary of the natural vegetation of North America. USDA/FS Gen.
Tech. Rept. No. RM-73. Rocky Mtn. For. and Rang. Exp. Sta., Fort
Collins, Co.
07 Crosswhite, F. 1976. Threatened and Endangered species habitat
study area notes on Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus.
Prepared for the USDA/FS.
08 Crosswhite, F. 1985. Pers. comm. Museum of Northern Arizona,
Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, Superior, AZ.
09 Earle, W.H. 1963. Cacti of the Southwest. Sci. Bull. No. 4.
Phoenix, AZ Cactus and Native Flora Soc.
10 Earle, W.H. 1980. Cacti of the Southwest. Ironwood
Lithographers, Inc., Scottsdale.
11 Fletcher, R. 1979. Status report: Echinocereus triglochidiatus
var. arizonicus. Prepared for the USDA/FS.
12 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Agency Review Draft:
Recovery Plan for the Arizona Hedgehog Cactus. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 37 pp.
13 Gierisch, R. 1976. Threatened and Endangered species habitat
study area notes on Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus.
Prepared for the USDA/FS.
14 Kearney, T.H. and R.H. Peebles, et al. Arizona flora, 2nd ed.
with supplement by J.T. Howell, E. McClintock, et al. Univ. of CA
Press, Berkeley.
15 Phillips, A.M., III, B.G. Phillips, L.T. Green, III, J. Mazzoni,
and E.M. Peterson. 1979. Status report: Echinocereus
triglochidiatus Engelm. var. arizonicus (Rose ex Orcutt) L. Benson.
On file at: USFWS, Albuquerque, NM.
16 Sellers, W.D. and R.H. Hill (eds). 1974. Arizona climate. The
Univ. AZ Press, Tucson.
17 U.S. Government. 1979. Determination that Echinocereus
triglochidiatus var. arizonicus is an endangered species. Federal
Register 44:61556.
18 Went, F. 1982. The physiology of cacti. In: The cacti of the
United States and Canada. Benson, L. Stanford Univ. Press,
Stanford, CA.
19 Wisner, T.F. and D.F. Evans. 1977. Range of Echinocereus
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, HEDGEHOG, ARIZONA
Species Id ESIS702010
Date 13 MAR 96
triglochidiatus var. arizonicus. A report on an individual project
of the January 1977 Interim Term at Cornell College, Mount Vernon,
IA, under the guidance of Dr. F.S. Crosswhite, Boyce Thompson
Southwestern Arboretum, Superior, AZ.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Agency Review Draft:
Recovery Plan for the Arizona Hedgehog Cactus. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 37 pp.
02 Hunt, C.B. 1974. Natural regions of the U.S. and Canada. W.H.
Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
03 Phillips, A.M., III, B.G. Phillips, L.T. Green, III, J. Mazzoni,
and E.M. Peterson. 1979. Status report: Echinocereus
triglochidiatus Engelm. var. arizonicus (Rose ex Orcutt) L. Benson.
On file at: USFWS, Albuquerque, NM.
04 U.S. Government. 1979. Determination that Echinocereus
triglochidiatus var. arizonicus is an endangered species. Federal
Register 44:61556.
References - 2