(DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
TAXONOMY
NAME - CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
OTHER COMMON NAMES - CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY; CACTUS, PLAINS and BRADY
ELEMENT CODE -
CATEGORY - Angiosperm
PHYLUM AND SUBPHYLUM - MAGNOLIOPHYTA,
CLASS AND SUBCLASS - MAGNOLIOPSIDA,
ORDER AND SUBORDER - CARYOPHYLLALES,
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY - CACTACEAE,
GENUS AND SUBGENUS - PEDIOCACTUS,
SPECIES AND SSP - BRADYI,
SCIENTIFIC NAME - PEDIOCACTUS BRADYI
AUTHORITY -
TAXONOMY REFERENCES -
COMMENTS ON TAXONOMY -
Brady Pincushion Cactus
Pediocactus bradyi L. Benson
KINGDOM: Plant GROUP: Angiosperm
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta CLASS: Magnoliopsida
ORDER: Caryophyllales FAMILY: Cactaceae
Pediocactus bradyi is a small, semiglobose cactus with one
(occasionally more) stems up to 6 cm (2.25 in) tall and 5 cm (2 in)
in diameter. Its areoles are elliptic and densely white or yellow
villous. There are usually no central spines, but each areole has 14
to 15 whitish radial spines, each 6 mm (0.25 in) long and spreading
nearly pectinate. Benson (08) cites records of plants with central
spines. The straw-yellow flowers are about 2.5 (1 in) in diameter.
The green top-shaped fruit turns brown at maturity. During the dry
season (and winter (13)), the plants largely retract into the soil
(05,14,18,25,26).
Major L.F. Brady first collected this cactus in July 1958 and
gave two living specimens to the Museum of Northern Arizona and one
to W.H. Earle of the Desert Botanical Garden. The specimens at the
Museum of Northern Arizona died without blooming (22) and were
deposited in the herbarium. Mr. Earle showed the living plant to L.
Taxonomy - 1 (DRAFT) - Taxonomy
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
Benson (02,11), who visited the approximate locality on April 21,
1961, located plants and described the new species in honor of Major
Brady (02,03). Additional descriptive information was provided by
Benson (05).
Earle used the name Toumeya bradyi (Benson) Earle in the second
edition of Cacti of the Southwest (12). Toumeya, originally described
by Britton and Rose in 1922, was amended by Marshall in 1947 (20) to a
have wider scope and included several species which Benson united
under Pediocactus in 1961-1962 (01,02,04,05). Earle has since
returned to the use of Pediocactus bradyi for the taxon (13).
Lyman Benson (01,02,04,05) placed the species in the genus
Pediocactus, section Pediocactus, along with P. simpsonii, P.
knowltonii, and P. paradinei. Although there are many dissimilarities
between the species placed in Pediocactus, Benson recognized the
overriding similarity: the structure and method of dehiscence of the
fruit; and the dull-colored dry fruits open along a vertical slit in
the ovary wall and fold back, with the top opening like a lid (01,18).
The Brady pincushion cactus is also referred to as the Brady plains
cactus.
The type specimen is deposited at Pomona (POM), with an isotype
at the Desert Botanical Garden (DES) (02). There are many published
descriptions of the species (02,05,06,08,12,13,18,25,26). The most
complete and accurate original descriptions are those of L. Benson
(02,05,06,08), and Heil, et al. (18).
Many publications have photographs of the species and its habitat
(02,05,06,08,11,12,13,16,18). Drawings occur in publications (02,
05) and at the USFWS/OES, Albuquerque, NM. Specimens have been
deposited at the Desert Botanical Garden, Museum of Northern Arizona,
Navajo Community College, Pomona College, University of AZ, and the
University of NM.
Taxonomy - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
STATUS
Coded Status
E: Federal Endangered
Commercial
Non-consumptive recreational
Ornamental
COMMENTS ON STATUS -
U.S. STATUSES AND LAWS:
The Brady pincushion cactus (Pediocactus bradyi) has been
designated an Endangered species pursuant to the Endangered Species
Act of 1973 (50 CFR 17.12; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884; 16 U.S.C.
1531-1540), as amended. The species has this status wherever found
including the State of Arizona.
Removal and reduction to possession of any Federally listed plant
from an area under Federal jurisdiction is unlawful (50 CFR 17.61 and
17.71).
On the Navajo Indian Reservation this species is considered
Endangered and therefore protected under Navajo Tribal Code, Title 17,
Subchapter 507.
Provisions of the U.S. Mining Laws (Provision 3809.2-2d of the
Surface Management of Public Lands Law (45 FR 78902) state: "The
operator shall take such action...to prevent adverse impacts to
Threatened and Endangered species, and their habitat which may be
affected by operations."
This species is protected by the Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79, as
amended; 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.) which makes it unlawful to possess
any wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) within U.S.
territorial or special maritime jurisdiction (as defined in 18 U.S.C.
7); or to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or
purchase in interstate or foreign commerce any wild plant (including
roots, seeds, and other parts) taken, possessed, transported, or sold
in violation of any State law or regulation. It is also unlawful to
import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any
wild plant (including roots, seeds, and other parts) taken or
possessed in violation of any U.S. law, treaty, or regulation or in
violation of Indian tribal law.
RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCIES:
USFWS -Responsible for the management/recovery, listing, and
law enforcement/protection of this species.
BIA -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for management/recovery on Bureau of Indian Affairs
Status - 1 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
lands.
BLM -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public land under their control (43 CFR 4140). Also
responsible for management/recovery on Bureau of Land
Management lands. BLM regulations on ORV use (33 FR
34834, June 15, 1979) state: "No person shall operate
an ORV on public land in a manner causing or likely to
cause significant, undue damage or disturbance of the
soil, wildlife, wildlife habitat, improvements,
cultural or vegetative resources or other authorized
uses of public lands.
NPS -Responsible for the law enforcement/protection of this
species with applicable State and Federal laws on
public lands under their control. Also responsible
for conservation (Nat. Park System Organic Act - 16
U.S.C. 1, 2-3)/management/recovery on National Park
Service lands. Taking, possessing, or disturbing of
Federally listed species is prohibited on NPS lands
(36 CFR 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3).
All Federal agencies have responsibility to ensure that any
action authorized, funded, or carried out by that agency is not likely
to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or result in the
destruction or adverse modification of Critical Habitat (50 CFR 402),
and to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the
conservation of the species.
STATE STATUSES AND LAWS:
STATE: Arizona
DESIGNATED STATUS: Protected
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY: Arizona Commission of Agriculture and
Horticulture
STATE STATUTE: Arizona Revised Statutes, Chapter 7, Sec 3-901B
STATE: Utah
DESIGNATED STATUS: None
INTERNATIONAL STATUSES, TREATIES, AND AGREEMENTS:
This species is listed in Appendix I of CITES.
ECONOMIC STATUSES:
This species has horticultural value and is commercially
available from cactus and succulent dealers. It's rarity makes it
particularly desirable to collectors. This species may be of value
for some of its yet undetermined phytochemical products. It has
value as a component of Arizona's natural heritage of biotic
diversity.
75/07/01:40 FR 27823/27924 - Notice of review
76/06/16:41 FR 24523/24572 - Proposed Endangered
Status - 2 (DRAFT) - Status
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
79/10/26:44 FR 61784/61786 - Listing as Endangered
85/07/22:50 FR 29901/29909 - Five year review
Status - 3 HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS
HABITAT - TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL
LAND USE -
Transportation, communications, and Util
Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Bare Exposed Rock
COMMENTS ON HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS -
Pediocactus bradyi grows in the restricted habitat of the Kaibab
limestone chips overlying soil derived from the Moenkopi shale and
sandstone outcrops. Chert and quartz pebbles eroded from the
Shinarump member of the Chinle Formation are also present at some
sites (16,25,26). The contact between the Moenkopi and Kaibab
Formations is an erosion surface. The cliff-forming limestone members
of the Kaibab Formation contribute to the walls of Marble Canyon.
Populations grow on soils mapped as the Winona-Boysag Association
and Moenkopi-Rock Outcrop Association (28). The Winona Soil Series
are in the Lithic Torriorthents Subgroup, and the Boysag Soil Series
is in the Lithic Ustollic Haplargids Subgroup. Soil texture varies
from very gravelly or shaly sandy loam through fine sandy loam to clay
loam (28). Soil depth varies from negligible to 50 cm (20 in) on
fractured limestone or calcareous sandstone bedrock (28). Soil pH is
6.6 to 8.4 (28).
Observations indicate that the plant is habitat specific and is
not found on other soils. The plants grow on gently sloping (0 to 10
degrees) benches in exposed, sunny situations. The known elevational
range is from 1170 to 1360 m (3860 to 4480 ft) (25).
Weather data is available for Lees Ferry, AZ (27), located within
3.2 km (2 mi) of some sites but 213 m (700 ft) lower in elevation and
enclosed within canyon walls, in comparison with the Brady pincushion
cactus habitat. The average annual precipitation is 15 cm (6 in). Of
this, 40 percent usually falls in July through September.
Precipitation during this period is in the form of high intensity,
short duration thunderstorms associated with strongly heated, moist
air which advances into Arizona from the southeast and Gulf of Mexico.
These storms produce light rain showers and are preceded by strong
gusty winds and blowing dust. The average seasonal snowfall at sites
is probably greater than the mean 3.1 inches that falls at Lees Ferry
(27); windstorms are prevalent. Summer temperatures are hot (35 to 39
degrees C) (high 90's or low 100's degrees F), with cool evenings.
Winters are cold (below freezing at night), although temperatures are
usually above freezing during the day. The average frost-free season
is 234 days (27).
P. bradyi occurs in the shrub and brush rangeland land use/land
cover associations, specifically in the desert shrub forest/rangeland
association. The vegetation is of low stature (less than 1 meter
tall) and very sparse, characterized by low shrubs, grasses and
annuals.
Dominant associated species include: Atriplex confertifolia
(Shadscale), Mormon tea (Ephedra viridis), desert trumpet (Eriogonum
inflatum), prickly pear (Opuntia polyacantha), hedgehog cactus
(Echincereus engelmannii), multi-headed barrel cactus (Echinocactus
polycephalus) and globemallow (Sphaeralcea sp.) (14,25,26). A
candidate species (Category 1); Pediocactus peeblesianus var.
fickeiseniae occurs within several kilometers (26).
Site-specific soil surveys and climatological recordings have not
been made. More quantitative and taxonomic observations need to be
Habitat Associations - 1 made on vegetation and flora of the habitat.
A small portion of the population lies adjacent to U.S. Hwy. 89A
and has been disturbed through highway maintenance and in some cases
plants have recolonized disturbed areas along the highway. Powerlines
run through a small portion of the habitat also (26).
Habitat Associations - 2 (DRAFT) - Food Habits
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
FOOD HABITS
TROPHIC LEVEL -
AUTOTROPH
Food Habits - 1 (DRAFT) - Environment Associations
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G = General A = Adult
LIM = Limiting RA = Resting Adult
J = Juvenile FA = Feeding Adult
RJ = Resting Juvenile BA = Breeding Adult
FJ = Feeding Juvenile P = Pupae
L = Larvae E = Egg
RL = Resting Larvae
FL = Feeding Larvae
LIFESTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS
G Terrestrial Features: Cliffs/ledges
G
G Availability of fence rows: roadside ditches and grassy
G
G
G
G
G
Environment Associations - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
LIFE HISTORY
HABIT:
Succulent (06,08).
LIFE CYCLE:
Perennial (06,07,20,21).
TYPE OF REPRODUCTION:
Sexual (21,25,26).
REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY:
Pediocacti usually form buds in fall, but do not open until
spring (08,17). Variation in anthesis dates may occur depending upon
environmental conditions, but the later time is more common (21).
Germination dates are unknown, anthesis occurs from mid-April (21) to
early March (02), and fruiting dates are from May to early June (21,
26). References include: (02,08,17,21,26).
SEX OR SPORE STATUS:
Monoclinous (02,06,08,21,26).
POLLINATION, SPORE AND SEED DISSEMINATION:
Pollen dissemination agents are bees and seed dissemination
agents are wind, rain water and ants (Pogonomermex) (18,21,25).
Dispersal of the genus seems to be limited by the dry, dull-
colored fruits which do not appear to attract birds or rodents.
Apparently wind and rain water are responsible; this tends to produce
relatively scattered colonies with fairly high density (18). Often
these small populations are separated by distances of several miles
even when suitable habitat is contiguous (18). Disturbance of the
habitat by overgrazing or off-road vehicles causes erosion and
compaction of soil, and influences success of seeds being dispersed to
suitable habitats (21).
SEED BIOLOGY:
An average of 25 seeds are produced per plant. Usually 3 flowers
occur per plant and they are open 1 day (15,21). Eighty percent of
the seeds are viable and plants live a maximum of about 20 years (21).
Percent germination has not been studied.
Pediocacti in general require summer dormancy (09,18), and
Pediocactus bradyi retracts into the soil as other species do (05,14,
18,26). The germination requirements described here are applicable to
Pediocactus and Sclerocactus and apply to greenhouse conditions (09,
18).
1) First month: temperature minus 8 degrees C (20 degrees F)
night, 2 to 5 degrees C (35 to 40 degrees F) day; soil 50
percent peat moss, 50 percent sand; mist and bottom water pot;
not in full sun.
2) Two weeks: 5 to 20 degrees C (40 to 70 degrees F) night to
day; moist.
3) 10 to 40 degrees C (50 to 110 degrees F), partial shade, wet
and humid one week per month, drying out for 3 weeks.
Life History - 1 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
4) Late fall let dry for 2 months.
Seedlings are removed when they germinate and put in partial sun,
fresh air, given occasional waterings and feedings, and cooler
temperatures rather than warm (09).
Heil et al. (18) advocates stratification of seeds by freezing
dry seeds 30 days at 1 degree C.
POPULATION BIOLOGY:
Limiting factors for Pediocactus bradyi include: specialized soil
type, winter moisture (21), summer dormant period, and drying out
periods (08,09,18,25,26). This species appears to be in a healthy
reproductive state (26). Although there is a high turnover rate (19,
21) and several dead plants occur at most sites, several size classes
(including young plants) are represented in each population and
fruiting success appears high. Ninety-four fruits were attached to
148 plants in 6 populations (26). Populations vary greatly in size,
number of individuals (range of 6 to 72 plants per population) and
density (10 to 15 plants over 1000 square meters) (26). Plants are
trampled by cattle, sheep, eaten by pack rats and rabbits (17), and
seeds are harvested by ants (Pogonomermyx) (16,21,26). In addition,
plants are susceptible to frost-heaving and root rot (14,16,18,21).
Without the adverse impacts caused by man, Pediocactus bradyi
appears to have stable, viable populations and therefore favorable
recovery potential (25).
ECOLOGICAL/EDAPHIC FACTORS:
Pediocactus bradyi grows in the restricted habitat of the Kaibab
limestone chips overlying soil derived from the Moenkopi shale and
sandstone outcrops. Chert and quartz pebbles eroded from the
Shinarump member of the Chinle Formation are also present at some
sites (16,25,26).
Populations grow on soils mapped as the Winona-Boysag Association
and Moenkopi-Rock Outcrop Association (28). The Winona Soil Series
are in the Lithic Torriorthents Subgroup, and the Boysag Soil Series
is in the Lithic Ustollic Haplargids Subgroup. Soil texture varies
from very gravelly or shaly sandy loam through fine sandy loam to clay
loam (28). Soil depth varies from negligible to 50 cm (20 in) on
fractured limestone or calcareous sandstone bedrock (28). Soil pH is
6.6 to 8.4 (28).
Observations indicate that the plant is habitat specific and is
not found on other soils. The plants grow on gently sloping (0 to 10
degrees) benches in exposed, sunny situations. The known elevational
range is from 1170 to 1360 m (3860 to 4480 ft) (25).
The average annual precipitation is 15 cm (6 in). The average
seasonal snowfall at sites is probably greater than the mean 3.1
inches that falls at Lees Ferry, AZ (27); windstorms are prevalent.
Summer temperatures are hot (35 to 39 degrees C) (high 90's or low
100's degrees F), with cool evenings. Winters are cold (below
freezing at night), although temperatures are usually above freezing
during the day. The average frost-free season is 234 days (27).
TROPHIC STATUS:
Life History - 2 (DRAFT) - Life History
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
Phototrophic (06,08,30). Cacti have Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
(CAM). Carbon dioxide is absorbed at night, incorporated first into
malic or isocitric acid by a reversible process requiring darkness.
At low temperatures the equilibrium lies toward the acid side, but at
higher temperatures carbon dioxide is released. The lower the night
temperatures the more carbon dioxide that can be fixed as an organic
acid and the more that will be available the next day for
photosynthesis. Therefore cacti do well where there is a pronounced
periodicity in their environment, such as in arid regions (30).
CHARACTERISTIC DOMINANCE:
Component (19,21,26). Populations vary greatly in numbers of
individuals (they range from 6 to 72 per population in one survey)
(26) and density (average 10 to 15 plants per 1000 square meter in
the same survey). Plants are usually widely scattered in each
population (19,26).
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY:
Brady pincushion cactus grows on the specialized Kaibab outcrops
discussed in the above sections concerning habitat and ecological/
edaphic factors. Most of the populations are in the Great Basin
Desert Scrub Biotic Communities (10,26). The plants in these
communities are generally low in stature (less than 1 meter tall),
and vegetative cover is sparse. No quantitative data is available.
With the exception of possible the influence of livestock grazing,
these communities can be considered stable climax communities. Any
modification of the habitat would probably have a negative impact on
the species (21).
SPECIES INTERRELATIONSHIPS:
Plants of Brady pincushion cactus are eaten by pack rats and
rabbits (17), and seeds are harvested by ants (Pogonomermyx) (16,21,
26).
OTHER LIFE HISTORY DESCRIPTORS:
None.
Life History - 3 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
RESULT MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Off-Road Vehicles
Beneficial Restricting/regulating human disturbance of populations
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Mining
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Road Maintainance Actions
Beneficial Stocking captive-reared wild-strain animals
Beneficial Restricting Poaching
Beneficial Controlling/Restricting Noncommercial Harvest
Beneficial Regulating commercial harvest levels
Beneficial Controlling/Removing Domestic Animals
Adverse Collecting
Existing Collecting
Adverse Commercial Exploitation
Existing Commercial Exploitation
Adverse Off Road Vehicles
Existing Off Road Vehicles
Adverse Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Existing Inherent Reproductive Characteristics
Adverse Low Gene Pool
Existing Low Gene Pool
Adverse Underground Mines
Existing Underground Mines
Adverse Grazing
Existing Grazing
COMMENTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -
At the time of listing as an Endangered species the perceived
threats to P. bradyi were (26,29): collection, off-road vehicle use,
uranium mining and livestock grazing. Natural factors, such as the
restriction of the species to a specialized and localized soil
type with low total population levels in small scattered disjunct
populations, restriction to a small geographic area, subjectivity to
root rot and frost-heaving (14,16,21,25,26) in conjunction with the
human activities made the species more vunerable to these impacts and
threats. All these factors are still threatening to the species.
This cactus is in worldwide demand by collectors of rare cacti,
and removal of plants from native habitats by both private collectors
and commercial suppliers occurs (07,14,23,24). Populations are well
known to collectors and easily accessible from the highway, by dirt
roads or cross-country hiking (21,25,26). Seed collection can also be
very detrimental because P. bradyi populations depend very heavily on
current seed production. Damage to apical meristems (which may occur
due to carelessness or ignorance during seed collection) prevents
plants from flowering or fruiting again (15,21).
The off-road vehicle threat is most intense near populated areas
west of Marble Canyon (16,21). Vehicles kill plants by dislodging and
crushing, or damaging apical meristems so further reproduction is
impossible; habitat is disrupted so that potential sites for seedlings
are destroyed and associated species are damaged or killed.
Management Practices - 1 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
As of mid-1984 there were mining claims filed within five
sections located near P. bradyi populations. Uranium is found in
collapsed tubes that have eroded out of the limestone at the edges of
cliffs and breaks in side canyons to the Colorado River. Pediocactus
bradyi habitat is just above such areas and would be heavily impacted
by roads, buildings and equipment used in the mining, if not totally
destroyed by the mining process itself (25).
Trampling of the plants and habitat by cattle and sheep,
especially during wet seasons of the year when the ground is muddy and
the plants are emergent, is a definite threat on portions of the range
which are administered by the BLM, the Navajo IR, and on private lands
which are grazed (14,21,25,26). Areas near water developments where
cattle tend to concentrate are of particular concern (25).
APPROVED PLAN:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Brady Pincushion Cactus
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New
Mexico. 68 pp.
The major serious threats to Pediocactus bradyi are habitat
destruction and collection. Enforcement of existing regulations are
the highest priority of the Recovery Plan to prevent the extinction of
this species. Planned actions include:
1) Controlling ORV's utilizing existing NPS and BLM regulations.
2) Controlling uranium mining impacts on habitat by enforcing
provision 3809.2-2d of the Surface Management of Public Lands,
under U.S. Mining Laws, and compliance with Section 7 of the
Endangered Species Act.
3) Controlling collecting by enforcement of the Endangered
Species Act, CITES, the Lacey Act and the Arizona Native Plant
Law (ARS 3-901B).
Important management actions planned include:
1) Maintenance of existing fences, particularly along the
highway adjacent to the species habitat, to control ORV use.
2) Removal and reclamation of the Arizona Department of
Transportation gravel pullout that also provides a "pullout"
for collectors.
3) Putting up signs to prohibit ORV use in cactus habitat. And,
4) Ensuring that grazing does not impact P. bradyi through proper
management and implementation of a Habitat Management Plan by
the BLM.
The Recovery Plan also recommends:
1) Studies on the ecology and population biology of the Brady
pincushion cactus.
2) Monitoring of existing populations.
3) Searches for other populations within the known area and in
suitable habitat nearby.
Finally, it is recommended that:
1) A comprehensive trade management plan be developed.
Management Practices - 2 (DRAFT) - Management Practices
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
2) A public education program be implemented.
3) Propagation in nurseries be developed for plants for future
reintroduction into historic range.
Current recovery activities include:
1) 1980-present, establishment of plot and annual monitoring.
2) Development of a Habitat Management Plan, dated 02/20/86
(BLM).
3) Surveys on the Navajo Reservation and establishment of plots
to be monitored annually.
Management Practices - 3 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
References
***** REFERENCES FOR ALL NARRATIVES EXCEPT N-OCCURRENCE *****
01 Benson, L. 1961. A revision and amplification of Pediocactus I.
Cactus and Succulent J. (US) 33:49-54.
02 Benson, L. 1962. A revision and amplification of Pediocactus II.
Cactus and Succulent J. (US) 34:17-19.
03 Benson, L. February 1, 1962. Letter to Major L.F. Brady.
04 Benson, L. 1962. A revision and amplification of Pediocactus III.
Cactus and Succulent J. (US) 34:57-60.
05 Benson, L. 1962. A revision and amplification of Pediocactus IV.
Cactus and Succulent J. (US) 34:163-168.
06 Benson, L. 1969. The cacti of Arizona. 3rd ed. The Univ. of AZ
Press, Tucson.
07 Benson, L. 1979. Pers. comm. Pomona College, Claremont, CA.
08 Benson, L. 1982. The cacti of the United States and Canada.
Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford.
09 Brack, S. [n.d.]. Germination tips for Sclerocactus-Pediocactus-
Toumeya. Unpubl. manu.
10 Brown, D.E., C.H. Lowe and C.P. Pase. 1980. A digitized
systematic classification for ecosystems with an illustrated
summary of the natural vegetation of North America. USDA/FS Gen.
Tech. Rept. RM-73. Rocky Mtn. For. and Range Exp. Sta., Fort
Collins, CO.
11 Earle, W.H.A. 1962. A new Arizona cactus. Saquaroland Bull. 16:
40-41.
12 Earle, W.H. 1963. Cacti of the Southwest. Sci. Bull. No. 4.
Phoenix: Arizona Cactus and Native Flora Society.
13 Earle, W.H. 1980. Cacti of the Southwest. Scottsdale, AZ.
Ironwood Lithographers, Inc.
14 Fletcher, R. 1979. Status report, Pediocactus bradyi.
Unpublished report on file at: USDA/FS, Region 3.
15 Gibson, T. and C. May. 1981. Impact of collectors on wild cactus
populations: an overview. Paper presented at Dec. 7-8, 1981 Cactus
Trade Meeting, Tucson, AZ. Sponsered by the USFWS.
16 Gierisch, R. [Memorandum to BLM files regarding (4340-5873)
Threatened and Endangered plants.] On file at: Phoenix District
Office, BLM, 2015 W. Deer Valley Road, Phoenix, AZ 85027.
17 Gierisch, R. T/E habitat study area notes 1976-1977. On file BLM
Arizona Strip District Office, 196 E. Tabernacle, St. George, UT
84770.
18 Heil, K., B. Armstrong, and D. Schleser. 1981. A review of the
genus Pediocactus. Cactus and Succulent J. (US) 53:17-39.
19 Hughs, L.E. Memorandum to M. Butterwick, Botanist, Phoenix
District Office, BLM, regarding monitoring Pediocactus bradyi
(Pebr); Dec. 4, 1984. District Range Conservationist, Arizona
Strip District, BLM, 196 E. Tabernacle, St. George, UT 84770.
20 Marshall, W.T. 1947. Revisions in the taxonomy and some new
recombinations in Cactaceae. Part III. Cactus and Succulent J.
(US) 19:75-77.
21 May, C. 1985. Pers. comm. Museum of Northern Arizona, Pima
Community College, Tucson, AZ.
References - 1 (DRAFT) - References
Species CACTUS, PINCUSHION, BRADY
Species Id ESIS702011
Date 13 MAR 96
22 McDougall, W.B. March 30, 1962. [Letter to Major L.F. Brady].
23 Newland, K.C. 1979. Statement presented at Fish and Wildlife
Service hearings on the proposed Endangered cacti in Arizona,
Phoenix, AZ. July 11, 1979.
24 Newland, K.C. 1979. [Letter to A.M. Phillips, III] Evaluation
of private and commercial collecting on five Arizona Endangered
cactus species, July 1979. Located at the Mus. of Northern AZ,
Flagstaff, 86001.
25 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Brady Pincushion Cactus
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New
Mexico. 68 pp.
26 Phillips, A.M., III, B.G. Phillips, L.T. Green, III, J. Mazzoni and
E.M. Peterson. 1979. Status report: Pediocactus bradyi L. Benson.
On file at: USFWS, Albuquerque, NM.
27 Sellers, W.D. and R.H. Hill. Arizona Climate. 1931-1972. The
Univ. of AZ Press, Tucson.
28 USDA/SCS. 1972. Soil survey of Coconino County area, AZ.
29 U.S. Government. 1979. Determination that Pediocactus bradyi is
an endangered species. Federal Register 44:61784-61786.
30 Went, F. 1982. The physiology of cacti. IN: The cacti of the
United States and Canada. Benson, L. Stanford Univ. Press,
Stanford.
***** REFERENCES FOR N-OCCURRENCE NARRATIVE ONLY *****
01 Benson, L. 1979. Pers. comm. Museum of Northern Arizona, Pomona
College, Claremont, CA.
02 Heil, K., B. Armstrong and D. Schleser. 1981. A review of the
genus Pediocactus. Cactus and Succulent Journal (US) 53:17-39.
03 May, C. 1985. Pers. comm. Museum of Northern Arizona, Pomona
College, Tucson, AZ.
04 Phillips, A.M., III, B.G. Phillips, L.T. Green, III, J. Mazzoni and
E.M. Peterson. 1979. Status report: Pediocactus bradyi L. Benson.
On file at: USFWS, Albuquerque, NM.
05 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Brady Pincushion Cactus
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New
Mexico. 68 pp.
06 U.S. Government. 1979. Determination that Pediocactus bradyi
is an Endangered species. Federal Register 44:61784-61786.
References - 2